I've been subscribed to Cool Worlds for years and I'm just now finding this diamond in the rough. Late to the party but here all the same! Excellent work, David.

Thank you! This kind of exposure is really awesome to see! Great conversation. =]

Just started watching, gave a like before starting because your content never disappoints. Now stop apologising for being busy and just keep em coming when you're able.

Great conversation! Thanks Viraj, thanks David.

Candidate picking advice: Get down to a smaller group of all acceptable candidates using normal methods, then start the games: randomize the list and then blindly reject half-don't want anyone who is unlucky on your team-repeat until you are down to having a list with two candidates for each open position, then blindly reject the first half of the final list-for not being lucky-and then put them on wait list. Now, importantly, you then reject all of the last remaining candidates-the winners-for having just used up all of their good luck in getting selected. Now with no candidates under active consideration, extend offers to all of the wait-list candidates. That'll give you very lucky candidates who still have some good luck remaining that can be put to good work finding cool worlds. Oh, and it can always be held over their head that they were not your first choice to encourage some attitude changes towards appreciation, or to drive them to greater effort in an attempt to prove their worthiness.

What a great conversation! Thanks to David and Viraj!

Buldges within disks. Sounds like my life

Wow wow wow what a treat this was, thank you both very much.

Super interesting. Worth a second listen.

Yeah, I think that the only way that we're going to make any progress regarding our understanding galaxy formation is once we begin to think about the dominant forces being those of electromagnetism, and NOT collapsing matter due to gravity. Just as strings of star formation in Orion Nebula are not the result of gravity, cigar shapes are not produced by gravitational collapse. Gravity creates spheres and possibly disks, but definitely NOT strings or cigars. There are different forces at work, but gravity is definitely not the dominant one.

love love when i new podcast gets release this needs way more subscribers

I wonder what is the orientation of the Super Massive Black Holes in a pickle-shaped galaxy. Fascinating interview.

Nice talk. Thank you for sharing. I had wondered if galaxies polls had any relation to local groups and within the cosmic web. With luck some people can interview Kerr while he is still alive.

Just watched both of your separate interviews with Frasier Cain also🤯

Those observed elongated early structures are quasars (AGN); The LINE hypothesis suggests that the mass of the central black hole of each galaxoid is highly influential to the galaxoids schedule for stellar ignition. Galaxoids form during each universal transition event (UTE) as the sphere of primordial particles that is the central black holes Wall of Fire (WOF) undergoes cosmic inflation to encompass the central black hole. Given its inflationary UTE origin, the WOF halo encompassing each galaxoid is initially an ultra-low entropy, highly homogenous sphere of very low-density primordial matter particles that informs the transition-light (CMB) anisotropy. The WOF halo is initially highly susceptible to the influence of the central black hole. Consequently, it falls upon the mass and spin dynamics of the central black hole to determine the evolution of the galaxoid into a future galaxy. For example, how quickly, or if at all, the initial sphere of the WOF halo will flatten into a disc shape is determined by the dynamics of the central black hole. The inflation of the WOF reduces the angular momentum (spin) of the central black hole. Galaxoids that emerge from a universal transition event (UTE) having a more energetic and supermassive central black hole will typically begin stellar ignition sooner than galaxoids having a much less massive and slower spinning central black hole. Supermassive to intermediate-mass central black holes will ignite star formation by beginning turbulence, accreting, or feeding sooner upon its WOF halo of primordial material. Additionally, a moderately massive central black hole with greater spin dynamics may circumstantially create a more violent stirring of its WOF halo to form more massive more numerous, and brighter ultraviolet stars. Less massive transitional black holes that form galaxoids will typically take more time to perturb its WOF halo. Thereby, star formation will take more time to begin relative to neighboring galaxoids leading to Schrodingers galaxy confusion. Because all WOF halos are initially homogenous due to their common inflationary origin, low energetic central black holes will produce primordial stars that tend to be less massive as material very slowly aggregate only by circumstantial, often weaker, gravitational perturbances from the local environment due to its less energetic central black hole. Hence, these stars will be less massive, more numerous, and burn redder throughout the galaxoids evolution into a galaxy, unless it becomes otherwise involved. Hence, large dimmer red galaxies existing among large brighter very blue galaxies are typical. These features and more are a consequence of the initial properties of the galaxoids central black hole. Further, observations of quasars existing predominantly within a particular range of time in cosmological history, predominantly at 2.44 BLY (z = 0.158), is due to some galaxoids initially having immense central black holes. These galaxoids begin the violent accretion of their WOF halo material on a largely common schedule only to deplete their fuel source on a similarly common schedule, to soon become undetectable or unrecognizable quasar remnants. This uniformity in observed quasar existence in cosmic evolution can only occur by the LINE hypothesized evolution of galaxies originating simultaneously from galaxoids during each UTE. Because quasars are the first visible and most numerous galaxies to form, due to their common schedule of formation, when the next less energetic galaxoids form visible galaxies, they will be in an expanding space populated by preexisting quasars. These moderately energetic galaxoids that form early galaxies are less energetic than existing quasars and so become much larger as their WOF halos are more gently perturbed and much less devoured by their central black hole compared to their voracious cousin the quasar. Such large early galaxies are sufficiently energetic to become large x-ray galaxies amidst a larger population of preexisting quasars within an expanding space-time. Consequently, quasars will be among the first galaxies with the opportunity to interact visibly with another galaxy. As large x-ray galaxies interact with a large population of quasars, incident quasars, being the compact gravitational galaxies that they are, become fodder for its larger cousin host. X-ray galaxies will collect quasars within their large gravitational envelope of primordial matter and dark matter, like a fisherman with a large net catches fish. Hence, quasar momentum and redshift become quantized because a particular host galaxy will capture only those quasars having momentum that is resonant to the host's specific momentum and gravitational features. Like half-backs catching footballs, particular host galaxies only capture particular quasars. Captured quasars being on their own high momentum trajectories and under the influence of their host x-ray galaxy will often be expelled by the most energetic manifestations within the host galaxy, often an accretion jet from the central black hole. In this interaction, quasars become like cannon balls shot from the cannon of the host galaxy and will be observed to populate the area around the host galaxy. Further, the appropriate size and spin of some central black holes of galaxoids inform the stratification of the WOF halo material that will form bands of stars, dust, and other matter to form the spiral arms that are a defining feature of spiral galaxies. Lower size and angular velocity transitional black holes that form galaxoids will evolve into a wide variety of types of galaxies. A very small central black hole in a galaxoid may not be sufficiently massive to agitate its encompassing WOF halo to influence stellar ignition to a significant degree leaving the WOF halo of the galaxoid with a stellar evolution that is essentially orphaned. Such galaxoids become highly vulnerable to external circumstances. Such galaxoids could very easily lose their central black hole from its central position. Orphaned galaxoids are a remnant WOF halo that becomes a primordial nebula with or without stars for a significant portion of its evolution into a galaxy. Such orphaned galaxoids that become intergalactic nebulae are either sequestered by other galaxies, become a lone intergalactic nebula, become a cluster of stars, or default to become the dispersed intergalactic dust that forms the stellar population that creates the phenomenon known as the intercluster light (ICL). Additionally, debytonic (dark) matter envelopes all galaxoids in the early universe. Dark matter population becomes locally diminished by the formation of numerous dark holes. These gaps in debytonic population create voids that will influence the separation of primordial nebulae from their debytonic matter envelope. Because debytonic matter gravitates with no rest mass, debytonic matter is not attracted to normal matter. However, normal matter, having rest mass, is attracted to debytonic gravitation. Consequently, debytonic matter will pursue its own trajectory unperturbed by factors that would divert normal matter as seen in the so called bullet cluster interaction. Hence, the primordial matter of the WOF halo of orphaned galaxoids can be circumstantially separated from its enveloping debytonic matter during gravitational encounters and gradients. Also, as voids become increasingly prevalent in the early universe, so does opportunities for galaxoids that become primordial nebulae to be stripped of their debytonic (dark) matter envelopes as early voids create gravitational gradients with the surrounding universe. Primordial nebulae may, or may not, retain their dark matter envelope. Primordial nebulae to less energetic galaxoids that do retain their debytonic (dark) matter, in the absence of other gravitational influences, will be shaped by its dark matter envelope distribution even as it evolves into a galaxy. {LIVE Science; Forums, History and Culture; Culture History & Science; What is a living individual and is it naturally universally mobile?}

How much energy is involved in the movement of galaxies in the Universe? I have come to believe that Inertia and entropy have some things to say about gravity. How much influence do these thing have on the Universe, and the energy that is involved in spiral galaxies? Can we measure how much angular momentum is in the Universe?

Great interview 👍

"We just don't talk about it." Hmmm... What else don't they talk about? Hannes Alfven, Halton Arp, Anthony Peratt, Pavel Kroupa ? This would be my STARTING point.

Dr. Kipping, do you accept requests related to topics you discuss in your videos? Lets say questions related to Sag A*, for example. Thank you for your incredible work as a scientist and as an educator, sir.

Thank you for the great discussion as alwasy Dr. Kipping and thank you for you're research and you're communication of it Dr Panya. i hope many of the general public get to see such a conversation!

Can I suggest that the speed of light isn’t constant considering that the values to measure the speed which are time and distance are not constant across large distances? The earth is flat locally the same as the speed of light is constant locally. Over large distances the earth is not flat and the speed of light is not constant. Light only slows down where and when it encounters the gravity of a galaxy which slows down time and shortens distance the same as we observe it locally on earth.

Pickle Ri-i-ick! Now that is why I follow this channel.

Definitely disappointing to hear the introduction as a non-traditional undergrad finishing up my physics degree this upcoming Spring and I do not have an overly strong application that you mentioned, though I knew it was coming as I’ve seen the data on how few applications are getting accepted vs. how many applicants there are right now.

BE... CONSISTENT... BE... BE... CONSISTENT!!!

Lets Gooooooooooooo

How do galaxies 'merge' in a universe where everything is accelerating away from everything else? How do galaxies cross paths?

yea I want to hear about these pickle and banana shaped galaxy s

You mean a prolate spheroid?

Pickle Rick!

Remember top applicants, those with many extracurriculars, often come from generational wealth. Maybe look for less "well rounded" kids from lower income who still have top grades, as theyve likely worked even harder to overcome and get to their place. Just a thought professor

Football shape is a sphere.. .. a 3d circle.

but...but while you describe the shape of galaxies are you not only describing what is apparent visually . you are describing the shape the matter takes . but are there regions of each galaxy that are in shapes other then discs . bubbles and jets ...and well I am a layman so I don't have the vocabulary but I am sure there are more parts to galaxies that we are not able to see? like I thought I heard of giant bubbles above and below our milky way ? and really how sure are you all about the shape of the milky way as none of us have ever seen our galaxy except from inside of it?

"A single tile that took days with Hubble only took hours with JWST." And yet, no one thought to point JWST at one point for days? Nope. When asked by Fraser Cain, literally no one thought of this. A complete failure of imagination.

I want you to admit me! 100/1 chance😢