As an Englishman I find it fascinating how America evolved demographically, geographically & culturally since we lost the continent.

My ancestors attended German language public schools in Baltimore, Maryland. During World War I, German language public schools in the US were required to change to English language curriculum.

I read a statement by someone that during the War the South's largest population center was New Orleans, and the 2nd largest was wherever a Union Army was.

Couldn't help but notice that Maryland was excluded as a border state and overlooked when comparing other southern states with slave populations. Maryland is a prime example of why statistics are quite deceptive state-to-state. There were several reasons. 1) Nearly 80% of slaves were located on plantations in the south eastern counties surrounding the Chesapeake Bay. 2) Counties along the Mason-Dixon line to the north were devout Welsh Quakers - mainly those living along the Welsh Track - vehemently against slavery and going before congress in 1790 declaring their opposition. 3) From Fredrick County into Western Maryland, slavery made up less than 6% on average due to the high number of Germanic religious groups embracing pacifism and apposing slavery to such lengths as to purchase slaves solely to free them and provide employment. This did not come without its retractors however. Roughly 35-40% of residents in Hagerstown, Washington County were pro-confederate supporters at the start of the war and who would participate in the violent Baltimore riots in 1861 preceding the firing on Ft Sumter. In fact, the first blood actually spilled in the Civil War began in Baltimore - not Ft Sumter. Washington County in Western Maryland would become a prime breeding ground of internal strife with both Pro Union and Confederate supporters harassing one another and leading to family dissolutions and the literal accounts of brothers fighting against brothers. Lee would take advantage of this political divisiveness to coordinate his supply train routes through Washington County during his second invasion, knowing he could rely on Southern sympathizers supporting his logistical lines as well as obfuscate troop movements through the Cumberland Valley into PA, relying upon this logistics line of support as a route to escape back into Virginia after Gettysburg. In short, Maryland was very unique in its role as a boarder state during the Civil War.

Thanks for sharing!..I read a book about pre war 1860s but the analysis presented here is so much more revealing...So much more derived from the 1860 consensus!

Quickly becoming my favorite channel!

I have barely begun this post, but as a current southerner I wanted to express my abhorrent disapproval of our enslavement of fellow humans. I realize that those were different times, but nothing can excuse slavery. Not here in North America, not in the Caribbean, not in Africa and not in modern day China. The South was wrong. Period. However, there is an irrational tugging for those southern lives lost because they were local and often relations. No excuses. No attempt at justification. Just my relations were wrong and, well, they were my relations.

Really enjoyed this presentation. The details of the population distributions gave me an insight into what America once was.

Awesome video. Great channel. Thank you so much!

With all the advantages the North had in 1860, it is incredible that the South survived as long as it did during the war.

Most folks familiar with American history, might not realize the tie the Civil War has to the rivalry between Hamilton & Jefferson circa 1790-1805. Hamilton, of New York admired Britain. From, perhaps as early as 1740 to as late as 1870, Britain's industrial output exceeded the entirety of continental Europe combined. In Hamilton's view, independence meant not being dependent or vulnerable to Britain's strength, but instead emulating. Towards that, Hamilton produced his famous Report on Manufactures to Congress in 1791. This report was an attempt at using public policy to impel America to industrial and economic development that could eventually match Britain's. The plan had 3 main components: 1) high tariffs to help infant industries, 2) Huge investments in infrastructure (roads, canals) to create national markets; 3) A central bank to moderate currency panics/depressions and to fund infrastructure and new industries. This plan would later be taken to Europe by Friedrick Lists, who succeeded in putting it in place in Germany (despite it being politically fractured) behind a customs union called the Zollverein in 1832. This forced other states to adopt the plan: France, Sweden, Austria, later Italy and Mexico and Japan (minus tariffs until 1906, instead Japan's government built factories then sold them to private merchants) and later still Russia. Every one of the nations that adopted Hamilton's plan in the 19th century, became a 1st world nation in the 20th century - except Mexico, which was the only nation that did not provide universal elementary education so couldn't internalize the knowledge required by new technology of industry. Hamilton's view of an industrialized United States were vehemently opposed by Jefferson who foresaw the US being a country of yeoman farmers. Hamilton's view was shared by much of the North Eastern states, but the Southern states all embraced Jefferson's as did the early Midwestern states which, like the south, were large and initially very agricultural in outlook. The United States - never completely adopted the plan 100%. Hamilton managed to get the first Bank of the United States established in 1791 which lasted until 1811, and then Democratic-Republicans allowed it to disolve. A 2nd Bank of the US was created in 1816, to help counter the recession that hit after the end of the Napoleonic wars (which, being a non-combatant, had been a boom for the U.S.) that lasted until 1836 where upon Andrew Jackson let it die. But it got the US, by fits and starts, to the 1840s, which was long enough for the US economy to develop past the point of being an economic colony providing raw materials to, and therefor dependent upon, Europe. The adoption of Hamilton's plan was always mixed. The North East had large populations, so it had significant influence in Congress, and so the U.S. usually had significant tariff's which were needed as the only reliable way to fund the Federal Government. Jefferson's South and initially the Midwestern states fell behind and supported Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party. Meanwhile the North-Western states pursued Hamilton's ideas individually and regionally. Infrastructure improvements shortened the overland journey from Boston to New York from weeks to days even before Jefferson became president. But then, New York state implemented the biggest infrastructure project yet contemplated, all entirely within its own borders: the Erie Canal. The canal wasn't completed until 1825, but it's impact was huge. Suddenly Midwestern agriculture flowed east over the canal into New York City, while New Englanders and other NorthEasterners, flowed west to help settle the Midwest. Suddenly the orientation of the MidWest was re-orienting itself in alignment with the North East. This was reinforced with the growth of railroads after 1835. One aspect of that was literacy: the Northeast was highly literate thanks to Puritan religious legacy, and that ethic made its way into the Midwest. Thus facilitating industrial growth there behind U.S.'s tariffs where as the South was not as literate, and so this might have contributed to its lack of economic development. By 1850 the North East had a comprehensive and dense railroad network. In the 6 years that followed 1850, a huge railroad investment was made in the Midwest - creating an equally dense railroad network there and fully integrated with the NorthEast's railroad network and economy. The Erie Canal was the hinge that caused the Midwest to become a reflection of the NorthEast instead of the South. This huge burst of economic activity all occurring in 6 years alters the context under which the Civil War was fought. One wonders what the outcome might have been if the California compromise had not delayed the onset of the war by 10 years. But on a higher level view - the unfolding development of the United States from 1791 forward is the Northern half unfolding much like Hamilton envision versus the South unfolding closer to Jefferson's original vision, except for the reality of slavery which he never fully reconciled, but nevertheless proceeded. These two models stared down each other, even as each advanced westward. We all know the story: Hamilton was shot by Jefferson's Vice President, Arron Burr in a dual. In a sense, this made Hamilton the Civil War's first casualty. But in the end, Hamilton's model prevailed, at least in 1865. Some of this battle is still taking place, culturally, but in 1865, Hamilton's vision clearly and overwhelmingly prevailed - and would until deep into the 20th century and the South began to belatedly develop, first with the help of Roosevelt's New Deal, added industrialization with the World War II and then post 1970 growth as "the Sun Belt."

Totally excellent work 👍👍👍👍🙏🙏

Two things to also consider: 1.) Not only did the majority of slave states have lower total populations compared to free states, but with such high proportions of slaves, that meant only 3/5 of large chunks of the population would be counted towards House representation and presidential Electors (a major reason Lincoln won, despite 10 slave states barring Republican Electors from being on the ballot. 2.) Not only did free states have just as farms and close to similar total agricultural land, slave state production were mostly cash crops (cotton, tobbaco) with much less staple crops (wheat, rice), while in free states nearly all crops were foodstuffs (wheat, corn, barley etc).

15:12 That's a beautiful train. The South didn't have many trains though. Atlanta didn't grow until later when it became a railroad hub.

Jeffrey, you're a gentleman & a scholar, literally'

Atlanta having a population around 10,000 wasa shock. Great videos!

Very well done. I've subscribed.

Oregon became a state in 1859 I think? Most people don’t know that no black people could live in Oregon, it is in the Oregon constitution. It seems strange that at the time southern states are about to leave the union Oregon joined but did not allow black people. Why? I think it shows that anti black racism was everywhere not just the south. My family came to Oregon around this time to escape poverty in the south. People could not compete with the plantation owners and slave labor. As crazy as it sounds was it a way ( in their minds )to keep rich plantations from ruling Oregon like they ruled the south. I wonder what they thought?

Thank you for another fascinating presentation

Great storytelling

I appreciate that you lead with facts and that lets the "student" form their own picture or narrative that is rooted in facts. Too often pseudo historians are preoccupied with pushing a narrative that is often at odd with the facts. Thank you sir.

Now do the census estimates of the UK, occupied Canada, British Caribbean in 1775 and the soon to be independent US. This would include urban to rural, slave percentages and existing industrial base. Assuming the German mercenaries and the late war French regiments offset one another in numbers for each side. You guys may be surprised....yet that war for independence worked.

Thank you for the vdeo.

Thank you for this. Did you know that Bill Hader (SNL, The Skeleton Twins, Barry) has two spectacular ancestors? King Edward I (or is it Henry, now I forget!) and .... Charlemagne!!

By 1860 Philadelphia was Philadelphia county and the original Phila., at its core, which was what W. Penn defined and designed. The consolidation in 1854 is what caused the Phila. population to jump past Baltimore.

really enjoying your videos. thank you

Very interesting material.

EXCELLENT, VERY INTERESTING

Two wifi engineers got married. The reception was fantastic.

How do you make these map videos?? I’d like to do some of my country: Miami-Dade County.

civil war: raging cali / oregon: keep us updated, ok?

8:28 Rome topped out at 1M in AD 250. (It paid to have water & sewer infrastructure in streets that were paved. ) 🤠

Since the cotton business was located in the south, New York City, and England, why not consider a deeper layer to the Civil War. Not North vs. South, but Chicago and Midwest versus New York City and the South? The war happened very quickly once abolitionists in Massachusetts joined forces with a politician from Illinois. And railroads and telegraph wires had a huge effect too.

Good video if you don't mind being inundated with mid roll ads

It would have been worthwhile to provide some more background to this Census-such as the legislative requirement for same and the Federal office charged with its compilation. Admittedly this can be found through standard internet search but it would have highlighted the important role played at the time by the Marshals' Service -being the closest the U.S. had at the time to a Federal civil service and police force. Little seems to have been written about the missed opportunity that an expanded Marshals' Service presented at the time for the maintenance of Federal authority in the 'Upper South' slaveholding States which eventually joined the Confederacy-Virginia,Tennessee, Arkansas and N.Carolina. While the Constitution assigned the suppression of rebellion to a federalised State Militia under the the control of the President, apparently this was only used on one occasion-the so-called' Whiskey Rebellion' in the early days of the new Republic in Western Pennsylvania. The 'Force Act' passed by the Congress at the request of President Jackson during the Tarrif Crisis with S.Carolina envisaged the use of military force after a district had been 'proclaimed' President Lincoln's "militia call' call to the Northern States in 1861 mentions, I think ,the failure of the Marshals' in the Deep South to halt secession: it is generally held that it was this call that drove the 'wavering' Upper South States to join the C.S.A. as they resented the threat to use military force against their Southern brethren. However an alternative would have been a greatly expanded Marshals' Force in these States' -recruited by deputising among the considerable body of unionist sympathisers in such States. Such a move would have provided such sympathisers with a positive way of exchanging State loyalty for a more fundamental Federal one. There was widespread resentment in many of the slave States that DID remain loyal to the Union to the deployment of Union troops with wide powers of arrest and detention with no appeal to the Courts and 'habeus corpus' writs ignored. The Congress might usefully have enacted legislation enabling the Federal Courts to take over the running of States where seccession moves were strongest-after all the Marshals service was partly under their control. Americans , having being described as a 'litigious people', would have found the legal processes-and challenges- a useful way of 'taking the heat' out of the crisis! Most nations threatened with internal disorder and rebellion traditionally have relied on their police forces in the first instance and the military as a last resort. Nobody denies that thwarting secession in the Upper South would have been an entirely bloodless affair but deputised Marshals with concealed side-arms and staves might have limited the violence to bruised limbs and bloody noses.For such an approach to be successful it would have to be accompanied, of course, by a 'standing down' of the Street Militia in these States to avoid conflicts of loyalties. The altogether milder use of force might have served to satisfy Northern opinion without driving the 'wavering' States into rebellion. With secession thus confined to to the seven 'hothead' Deep South States -and the military taken out of the picture- an eventual resolution might have been easier.

Should have pasted the comments over a map of the states in 1860. It doesn't make as much sense to do it over a terrain map.

Sidenote: Michigan is above Indiana, not Illinois as you stated. How did you manage to nearly skip over Indiana and discuss more at length Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois, when All four states were carved out of the Indiana territory?

I've always been intrigued with the British Army's attitude to, what British people call, American war of independence. Redcoats aka 'Royal Marines' had to sail 2,000 miles to fight many American soldiers of English descent, including George Washington himself. I often wonder if this was instrumental in Britain employing thousands German Hessians? Some ships sailed from Canada. The Ships of the line were incredible warships of the day.

Not one word about Texas? Are you kidding me? Already in 1860 Texas cotton was very important to the Southern cause...and it's soldiers fought very bravely in the Civil War. Famously so.

Good video. Is there a reason why you rounded the southern states from 900,000 to 1 million but didn’t round NY from 3.9 mil to 4 mil and PA from 2.9 mil to 3 mil? Also, how did ppl live in the south in 1860? I live in middle Georgia and the heat and humidity is almost unbearable. Not to mention the bugs and snakes which were way more populated back in the day due to development and habit destruction. Lastly, I been to New Orleans and it’s hot as hell too. To have a population over 100,000 in 1860-how did they survive from April to October when its 90-100 degrees and 70% humidity.

I predict that 33% of those who ever watch this will notice just how many times we see n hear 33 or 33% on everything about everything. Experts say *33%* know why this is really as it's no big secret for those who'll do the research to find out. Experts also said only approx *33%* will be curious to know. *Gosh, I feel as if I have written this 33 times in the past* *Golly, Look @ The Time - It's **03:33*

This guy sounds like Mr Beat

@Jeffrey the Librarian Would you happen to know if in 1860, the majority of African Americans in New York State resided in New York City?

we’re any cities out west sizable enough to be recognized? What was San Francisco’s population?

You were wrong about Virginia. The info you gave was the state after the Civil War. The state included West Virginia before the War and that gave Virginia almost 1.7 million people. That made the state the fifth largest population in the union. Huge for the times.

The 1860 Census, a few months before The Civil War 1860 Census Total American Population: 31.4 Million American People 11 Americans per square mile 0:25 3 Regions Northeast: 10.5 Million People Midwest: 9 Million People South: 11 Million People 0:49 The Uppermidwest was settled fairly quickly. Midwest 1800: 51,000 People Midwest 1860: 9 Million People *Rural or City?* 1:52 Northeast 60% Rural 40% City Midwest 90% Rural 10% City South 90% Rural 10% City *Farms* 2:05 Virgina: 31 Million acres of Farm land. 2:35 4 Million Bales of Cotton *South, 1/2, 1/4 African American* 3:19 Virginia, 45% African American 3:31 Alabama, 50% African American 7:02 South Carolina, 60% African American 3:44 Georgia, 50% African American 4:08 Tennessee, 25% African American 5:12 Ohio populated from 45,000 -> 2.3 Million People in 60 Years 5:33 New York’s 3.9 Million Residents. *West Coast States; California and Oregon* 7:22 shift 7:35 California 330,000 residents, Oregon 52,000 Pioneers. 8:13 Washington DC: 75,000 People 8:50 Boston MA 9:07 Providence Rhode Island 10:24 Jobs of New Yorkers 11:23 Philadelphia had more people living in Philly than in Arkansas in 1860 12:34 Ohio Jobs. 13:10 Abraham Lincoln and Illinois. 9:13 New York City 🏙️ Brooklyn, Buffalo, Albany, Rochester, Troy. 14:30 Louisville Kentucky

Part of the reason DC population was lower is taxes and spending were lower. Federal power didn't explode until the twentieth century, and with that explosion came people to take advantage of that money and power.

How much were the farm laborers in the north paid? Can you get that data?

Good, thanks

You know imagine if your lifetime was 1780 to 1860 how much demographic development you would’ve seen in your lifetime in the US.

how did the census define urban? would a farm in a town be considered urban?

12:42 -- I've walked that bridge, many a times.

230.000 per month cross the southern border . No accountability nor the possibility for timely assimilation. This will lead to continued segregation and minimization of the founders influence of smaller governance.

The interesting thing about the 1850 and 1860 census is the number of black slave owners in the South, although there were slave states in the North also, including Maryland and Delaware (which fought for the Union in the Civil War, despite being slave states).

irish famine 1845,.millions died, a lot made it to usa,get as far away from the uk as possible certain death .from trevelyan/himmler..,christianity what a joke.love thy neighbour

No matter how you slice it, the South got its ass kicked 🤷

What are the reasons all of these people were not counted?

What was Minford and South Webster Ohio like in the 1860s? On second thought better push that up to the 1890s..

Lots of people

The North had all the representatives in Congress and that's why the Milner Tariff was passed to give all the money to the north from tariffs that affected the South.

And NYC population exploded on a Island, which mean it was more difficult to get to compared to other U.S cities, and more difficult to connect tracks to the broader U.S system.

Compare this to the migration of some 40 to 60 millions of people across the Southern Border of the United States and some 10 millions who overstayed their visas or crossed the Northern Border and Coast lines from 1980 to 2022. This being of persons without official permission or right to do so. The largest migration in human history. The political situation and factors prevent serious sociological examination and study of this event.

And to think we're still 14% of the population

It's interesting that over 65% of federal revenues in 1860 were derived from taxes on cotton.

Skipped Florida

Does the demographic figures include slaves? If it does, then the actual numbers that could serve in the war look even worse for the South. If North had 2:1 advantage in population, but around half of Souths population was slaves (who wouldn't be used as soldiers, then the Norths advantage is 4:1.

i enjoyed the video. i love history and maps and the visualizations in the immigration #s was well done. this can be a great teaching material. im sorry all the neo-confederates flock to anything remotely civil war related and praise "facts without a agenda" while spewing their own agenda. well done.

Cotton Gin patented 1794. Made America's seedy cotton valuable. Erie Canal opened up the MidWest in 1825.

What a pity the Arkansas and Tennessee people could not see this video in 1861. I think not only the most East Tennessee counties, 1 county in Middle Tenneessee and 5 counties in West Tenneessee would have voted beside the Unio and not only Ozark region in Arkansa would have been prounionist. Less than 750 000 people would have dead!

Can somebody explain to me how it was possible for the US Citizens to explode in numbers in such short time. I mean 5-10 kids per mother were pretty normal during that time, but that was also the case in Europe e.g Germany and England but their numbers didnt quadrupelled at all.

So Iowa didn't exist?

Missouri: the slave state with no slaves🤔. (I get it, the 1860 census showed 10%). All the dramatic Congressional hassle surrounding my state's admittance to the Union in 1820-21 seems silly by 1860. I think Congress sort of got it right with the Kansas-Nebraska Act where each state could decide the slavery issue for themselves...until it went horribly wrong in Kansas. Immigration patterns decided the issue in both states. There was a huge somewhat natural movement of "free thinking" Germans to Missouri, versus the forced unholy mess of both sides rushing to Kansas.

It seems like you are randomly throwing out data regarding certain areas while ignoring other areas completely.

Doesn't this mean that Ohio by 1860 had almost as many occupants as the whole United States had at the first presidential election and New York had almost half again as many?

US population now is 330,000. Ten times increase in 162 years. People propagate exponentially. In 250 years since US was formed people have over populated all across the continent. I'm happy I won't be around much longer so I don't have to experience even more desecration of the earth by too many people.

I was curious to see what the population in Texas was in 1860, but it wasn't mentioned.

I would like to see information about the relative amount of tariffs and taxation that was levied on the north vs. south in 1860. I've read that by far, most of the tariffs and taxes were born by the south, with most of that money being used for northern railroads and infrastructure. The south was paying most of the bills and receiving very little benefit.

GOT TO GET OFF KZfaq, TOO MANY ADVERTS

Got more out of the comments than the video itself

Interesting how Massachusetts had more shoemakers than factory workers

In quoting population, are these numbers for the 'white population'? Did Census include African Slaves? You are certainly correct that the North overwhelmed the South in Population, Large Cities, Industry and Transportation. Great Presentation. Like your Style for Learning.

The good ole days when labor was cheap and the air was clean

It's interesting that the West states are not even in your count. How would I find out what was going on in Wyoming in 1850, online?

The textile mills in the north demanded cheap cotton so they could work their indentured servants. Cotton from the Caribbean was banned in the USA at the time and slave labor in the South is what kept the North’s mills profitable

That population thing if you live in a town of 700 people and you go to a town of 9,000 people that's a big town if you go if you live in a town of 700 people and you go to a town of 16,000 people that's a big city

slaves are NOT considered "residents" by any means. you are giving a wrong impression here

Great video, but "Wisconsonian" made me cringe, as a Wisconsinite.

FYI Michigan is not above Illinois

We're most slaves owned by a small number of families?

This is the third video where you have excluded Mississippi's historical significance. You failed to mention Biloxi as a French colony created in 1699 in another video and in this video you also failed to mention that Mississippi was the most wealthy state in the union at this time. If you are going to make a video about history maybe you should tell the whole story? Natchez was the most wealthiest city in the US before the war It boasted more millionaires per capita than any other city in the US at that time. Also fun fact for another one of your videos. Pensacola, Florida pre-dated St Augustine in 1559 by 6 years as a Spanish colony but it was destroyed in 1561 by a hurricane. Please do more research before you put out a video like this.

Did your initial population numbers for the 3 regions include slaves? The population of potential soldiers in the North is far greater than the 2:1 population advantage quoted if those initial numbers included slaves.

Doing finger math on your opening population commentary where roughly 30MM people in the US in 1860..North, Midwest and South. The South's total was 11 MM but had about 4MM slaves??? So its voting population and military strength but slave labor played a key role in its capacity to wage war in terms of logistics, construction, agricultural production??? I would love to hear your perspective??

The figure for the South must include slavery border states that didn't join the Confederacy. I recall a figure of 9 million people for it.

another documentary stoking the embers of racial tension by talking about slavery O.o (rolls eyes)

I enjoy these, but, wondering if the "Librarian" has ever been to Disneyworld? That pan handle is a place called "Florida"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (I think...)

Numbers matter. The South could never win. Imagine living in a state where 60% of the population was enslaved. What went on in the minds of these people? In some ways it reminds me of the Spartans and Helots. Surely the prevailing feelings were fear of uprisings and vicious oppression?

I'm English by name but have plenty of German ancestry. Starting with my Grandfather marrying a deutsch girl and also my father. Those German women can cook.

🧢

Other than the increase in numbers, not much has changed. The narratives are still intact

Why does he keep saying African American? That was not a classification used in 1860 to my knowledge...he should use the term of the time and then provide context....say African American is misleading...I think he knows it too!!