Over the years I find more and more quality youtube channels like this. Finally a positive side of the internet. Sitting at home in another continent , drinking my tea and I get lessons from a physicist from Fermilab. What a time to be alive.

Thank you, Doctor, for all that science explained, and also for the joy you bring to us

As always, ultra interesting. Thank you Dr. Lincoln.

Thank you for your amazing videos Dr. Lincoln! And thanks to Fermilab for their amazing work!

Love Don's enthusiasm, and love for his subject.

That was awesome. The Q&A section is a great addition that brings your videos to an even higher level. Please do keep on! :)

Keep these amazing videos coming up! Thank you so much for the knowledge!

Love these video's. No background music , very clearly. thanks.

But how are electron, muon and tau related to their respective neutrinos? How do we know that which one is whose?

What a nice series! Thank you.

Hi SIR! With my sincere appreciation for your effort and willingness to share such valuable knowledge, I'd like to ask a question: I have a problem with these little guys here: (charm, top, bottom, strange, muon, tau). I can not fully understand what do they do in the universe? We know for example Up and Down are building blocks of protons and neutrons, Higs bosons are responsible for mass and so on... but how about these particles? What do they build? Or what do they do? And most importantly would universe still exist without them ? Do we need them ?

Thank you so much for all your videos !

Thank you Fermilab and Dr.Don Lincoln.

Great video, really enjoyed the Q and A very much. Cool T-Shirt too! Thank you again.

Thank you for the links in the video description, they were helpful :)

Great videos as usual and I’m really pleased you give a good slice of time over to answering viewer questions ... one which I’ve pondered and never felt comfortable with is why particles decay when they do and what dictates their longevity? I appreciate (to some extent as I’m far from a good student of physics!) that travelling at the speed of light affects how long you are perceived as living ... but presumably this is adjusted-for when lifetimes are compared. Stay safe and keep up the great work!

Thank you Doc. Thank you for doing this still.

Great video, and thank you for answering my question!

Humor is a fundamental particle in Physics. Thank you Dr. Don

Thanks Dr. Lincoln.

The subject matter of the video is very scantly described but the Q&A segment answered many of my own queries. So yeah this was satisfying.

I really enjoy these films. Thanks.

Como tenho ampliado meus conhecimentos, so tenho a agradecer, thank you !! Very incredible!!

Good work, Dr.

Very accurate information about this mysterious particle...Thank very much you, sir

THANK YOU... PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!!

1)Why the Pauli exclusion principle applies to fermions only? 2)How can there be charged waves? 3)does the neutrinos pass through our bodies via quantum tunneling? 4) how many types of particles are there in universe? (Spoiler: hundreds ) Thanks for recieving my questions.

The flagship Dr from the flagship research facility! THANK YOU!!!

I'm enjoying how much of these videos you dedicate to question response. Thanks for being so engaged! Question: you mention that neutrinos only interact via the weak force. But since they have mass, they must also interact gravitationally. Did you phrase it this way because there is no way to model gravity with QM?

This channel is just awesome

at first I was about to skip the Q&A. But it turned out to be more interesting than the actual episode. I got hooked.

Love this man. Emotionally balanced with a highly functionning brain all the while just humble enough. Great role model.

I think we have much to learn about this fascinating tiny particle, and I am glad that the scientists at Fermilab are hard at work on the ‘matter’.

1:04 project poltergeist. That sounds badass af

I love your quarky personality!

Nice

you are a wonderful man. thank you for doing what you do

Thanks Dr Lincoln, for making neutrinos more or less understandable to a simple novelist/cabinetmaker.

Subatomic Stories: the best thing to come out of the coronavirus lockdown

I think this series is my new favorite thing on youtube.

I don't comment often but thank you for sharing your knowledge. Knowledge is power and everyone should know!

Do more of this stuff. And also longer videos.

I do remember the news about the start of Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment. It brought the curiosity back to my mind, and it took me 20 years to understand, due to the new ways of asking questions...

Phenomenal. I'm a chemist and mostly look at electronic interactions, but this discussion about quarks, bosons, and neutrinos has peaked my interest. I might have to study some more physics!

Thanks for the review of neutrinos and the feast of prior videos about neutrinos and the Weak Nuclear Force. MAY THE 4TH BE WITH YOU.

I like your videos. I grew up in Batavia and remember seeing the admin building driving down Kirk road and Butterfield quite often, and then driving through when my sister lived in Warrenville. I also had a quantum and relativistic mechanics class at NIU taught by one of the researchers at Fermi. Glad to see you guys are still doing good work. it has been a while since I delved into this side of physics and I love the refreshers. I also had a fascination with particle physics through my schooling, reading my first book on it in middle school. My parents were kind enough to subscribe me to Science News (and I still am 40 years later) which kept me up to date on the overview latest findings. Now onto my question. How is the Buffalo herd doing there?

Always like the “lessons” 👍

Great sense of humor, IMO!

Thanks for the video, Dr Lincoln! As a non-scientist, I find this stuff absolutely fascinating. I can even understand some of it! 😛

Dear Don. Thank you for your continuing effort. I have 3 interrelated questions, if I may... :) 1. What do you think of the 3 generations of quarks and leptons of being the different excitation states off a sort of more basic matter? 2. Didactically, what would you suggest as a way of imagining the 3 charges of strong force, except the "colors", and where else can one find their manifestations in the nature? 3. What do you think of Preon models, and particularly the Rishon model? Does it offer a better explanation than the Standard Model?

Whoa, so the W bosons can change particles’ identity? That's huge-it raises all kinds of metaphysical questions! As a computer programmer, it brought back nightmares of my early C/C++ programming years. Variables and objects were just bytes in memory. They had no inherent identity of their own. Any code that accessed those memory locations could assume their identity to be whatever it wanted. ‘Clever’ coders back then did unnatural things with unions and the omnipotent typecasting operator. I still have terror attacks when I recall debugging those monstrous hairballs. Subsequent languages like Java and Python assigned a permanent and immutable identity to every variable and object created, banned identity changes, and reduced the power of the typecasting operator to a mere shadow of its earlier self. I was happy; I believed that was the balanced and harmonious order of nature. And today I learn that the identity of the very fundamental particles of nature can be changed? Noooo...say it ain’t so, please...!

I would love it there was an infinite number of amazing videos like this in this channel, but I would also be infinitely sad because I wouldn’t be able to watch all of them

im a little drunk and i was listening to it and my face melted... sounds cool ill watch it again tomorrow when sober just so i can nod along again not understanding stuff :D love your vids keep going

fist. Also i would enjoy longer episodes.

I love all of the Fermi lab videos you do Don I'm going to make some low grade videos off my phone soon hope you'll get to see one one day

More time!!

Prof! U make it sound so easy to learn about S A particles! Like, for instance how an electron converts a proton into a neutron. But then, it is the contraptions to set-up these observations that take all the resources & best minds - CERN & other labs & scopes.

I'm loving his smile.

2:14 I don’t think that guy is swimming in a pool of cleaning fluid.... 😂

Question: How and when was it decided/discovered that there are 4 fundamental forces and why should they unite

You know, I do like your videos. 👍

He's the best teacher

Thank you for this series! Since Fermi Lab is pretty clever in generating those elusive particles, is there an idea or an attempt to influence their change in flavour in order to understand the underlying mechanism?

Dr. Lincoln, a couple of things you said in different videos that I watched recently have 'clicked' and given me a kinda-cool idea that may interest you. I'll try to form it as a question, but first, what led me to the idea: - In this video, you mention that neutrinos only interact via the weak nuclear force (aside: Wait, wouldn't they also interact via gravity??). - This reminded me of another recent video you did on Dark Matter, where you mentioned the possibility of 'complex' dark matter (I think that was what you called it), where the dark matter can perhaps have some structure if it interacts via some other as yet unknown force (oh, the temptation to call it the Dark Force is strong in this one! 😜), that only interacts with other dark matter. - Putting neutrinos' only-weak (and I'm guessing but-also-gravity) restriction and dark matter's only-gravity (plus that-we-know-of-yet) restriction together, it makes one wonder ...: How do we know (or can we even know) that there aren't one or more forces that don't interact (directly) *at all* (not even via gravity) with the standard particles and forces taught in physics? Perhaps there's a 'darker matter' that only interacts with 'dark matter' via unknown-force UF1, and not even gravity? And maybe a hidden 'even darker matter' that only interacts with 'darker matter' via unknown-force UF2? Such that UF2 doesn't even (directly) interact with normal, gravity-interacting dark matter. Presumably, in principle, this is potentially a testable hypothesis, if we could get a better grasp on making observations of normal dark matter, and infer the existence of 'darker' and 'even darker' matter through those observations. But then again, maybe there are some already-known limitations on what's possible to exist that I'm not aware of, and maybe there's a limit to how 'dark' any exotic matter or forces can possibly be. So, I guess my question is, "Is there such a limit, or is it basically 'anything's possible'?" P.S.: I'm a big fan of Occam's Razor, so I understand why one wouldn't want to 'multiply entities', but I'm also a big fan of science fiction, so I'm still curious as to what yet remains within the realm of physical possibility.

Fun fact about neutrinos: the first detection of neutrinos was awarded a Nobel prize 7 years AFTER the Nobel prize was awarded to the discoverers of the second type of neutrino.

Hi Dr. Lincoln, Loving your videos! However, I have one simple suggestion. Could you clip that microphone someplace where it doesn't rub against your clothes when you move your body around? Thanks and keep up the great work!

Love the T-Shirt :D

I can't wait to learn about the bosons!

Hi dr. Lincoln! It's hard to believe how lucky we are to have a top scientist, that work in one of the greatest labs in the world, explaining the most fundamental basis of the reality! =) Thanks! Please consider someday make a step by step video of what happens in a delayed choice quantum entanglement according to different interpretations of QM! =)

I already visited Cern last year, now i wanna visit Fermilab..

Dr. Don, Fred Reines landed at U. C. Irvine, and was there while I was an undergrad. For what it's worth, his name is not pronounced "Rains," but "RY-nes." And, yes, it was a special treat to have him as one of my professors! Regards, Dr. Kirk Kohnen.

Thanks for these videos Don and greetings from Romania! What do you think is next for particle physics? Do you anticipate the graviton being discovered and a solid quantum gravity coming up? Do you see dark matter particles as the next big step for quantum mechanics assuming WIMPs are the answer? So many questions.

The water tanks are always so beautiful.

I'm glad to see there's a book called "Collider" on Dr Don's bookshelf 😉

I was the proud recipient of the Clyde C. Cowen Scholarship offered from the Physics Department at the Catholic University in Washington D.C. back in 1989.

I love these videos I just think it's funny 4 minutes in Don is like "Welp, that's all the time we have to talk about neutrinos!"

Dr. Davis at B.N.L. Long island NY. Retired from there. Miss my work and that lab ....

Don, please share your ideas about neutrino mass doubts as well as about hypothetical sterile neutrino. Thanks

You should give us tour of the bookshelf behind you!

Question: how do the fundamental forces merge as energy increases in a collider and as we look back to the big bang? What does that even mean?

What I've always found interesting regarding neutrino oscillations is that (I presume) the electron, muon and tau neutrino's have different masses. Do they? Do we have reliable measurements on that and if so, where does the mass differential come from/go to during oscillations?

Question: We have learned about pair production. So doesn't electron converts into photons before striking nucleus?.

Dr. Don. A neutrino detection question that relates to neutrino oscillation. The distance that the variety of neutrino detectors are away from the center of the Sun varies depending on the rotation of the Earth (facing towards the Sun, facing away, in between at sunrise/sunset, etc.) and the Earth's seasonal distance from the Sun. The source of the neutrinos is not a single point at the center of the Sun, however; rather a (huge) sphere with a radius about 0.24 that of the Sun's radius. An enormous (!!!) amount of neutrinos are created (I recall reading about a percent that of surface-emitted photons but I could be wrong). Considering the times of flight (distance) required for a neutrino to oscillate, and the neutrinos can originate from anywhere in that 0.48 solar diameter sphere, would the effect of the comparatively tiny day-night, seasonal and Earth's slightly non-circular orbit variations in the detector-Sun distance be washed out, lost in the "noise" of the oscillating neutrinos? Or, can important oscillation information be teased out of the measurements based on the ever-changing detector-Sun distances? Thanks again for your interesting videos, taking the time of sharing them with the public. Physics IS everything, isn't it? Oh, and that quesadilla sure sounds good... :)

Thank you Dr Lincoln for your videos. Does Quantum Mechanics help to explain consciousness. Is consciousness another fundamental 'energy'? Is consciousness a 'physical' energy that comes from fundamental particles?

Hey Don, could you explain the MINOS experiment that happened at the Soudan Mine in northern Minnesota and how it relates to Fermilab? I went there as a kid and never understood what they were studying about neutrinos.

Thank you for those videos, my question would be : what's the actual difference between chirality and spin of a particle

How many discoveries fermilab done and just how many of them are done you doc don

I'd like a video on the moment of transition between the states - especially at the Bose-Einstein and Plasma levels. Specifically ... the return to normality - as temperature rises from the condensate and lowers from the plasma state.

wow sir i really enjoyed

Hi Dr. Lincoln! I heard recently about the (empirical) Koide equation relating the masses of the charged leptons. I wondered whether there is a theoretical model explaining how it might arise, or whether it's considered to be pure coincidence, or something else entirely?

Question: How do they generate entangled pairs? How do they know where the other particle is? I heard a test once showed entanglement at 140 miles (or some large distance). How do they find the entangled particle so far away?

Why does gravity not work like other forces and how could we find out why it works this way?

Thanks for the video! is Fermilab looking into using the neutrino beam & sensors to create an 'x-ray' of matter? much like having sensors to give us a picture of celestial bodies and gravitational forces? I'm curious if a black hole can be detected using neutrinos?

How to reconcile the quantum mechanics and the redshift/blueshift phenomena? How is the energy released from/added to a photon, respectively?

Question: what would it take to study internal structure of quarks? Is it possible to come up with an experiment to break them?

Thank you doctor! I have a question, what does it mean that the superposition of electrons with different wave function would make them non-existent? What does the anitisymmetric wave function of fermions mean?

Is that a stack of vinyl records on the shelf at the viewer’s upper right? And here I thought this channel couldn’t get any cooler!

Hi Fermilab! I know I should have asked that question for the last video, but I'm going to ask you this way. The question is: how do pentaqvarks work, their lives are short (something tells me they are very unstable) or long? What do they interact with, and do they have anitpentaquarks? Thank you in advance for your reply. :)

Bon appetit.

Good veryviuthifor