1. Diet (plant-based, fibre, healthy fats) 2. Going for a walk every day 3. Look after your teeth 4. Social interaction 5. Avoid Diabetes Also: hearing aids help prevent onset of dementia. You’re welcome.

Fascinating discussion. Would have been better if the interviewer didn't keep interrupting/cutting off Professor Steves.

As others have said, it becomes difficult to follow this very interesting conversation with the level of interruptions. I absolutely appreciate the aim is to clarify what's being said, but I would like to hear complete sentences from Professor Steves because they might actually make things clear enough.

I accept that its useful to have a non expert sum up when needed, but really J speaks far too much and it becomes very irritating. Claire is perfectly able to explain things in a way in which most of us understand. Very interesting and useful subject to explore.

Professor Steves is very interesting, would be nice to hear her in full flow.

I’m relieved that others have also noted that Jonathan talks over and interrupts guests frequently. It really interrupts the flow of expert opinion and advice coming from the guest and disrupts my ability to absorb and process the information. Whilst I’m sure his intentions are good, his approach disadvantages rather than benefits the audience and defeats his own desire to ensure valuable advice to listeners

Has an expert on and he speaks more than the expert!

Like most comments here: let' Claire Stevens talk and stop interrupting!

Claire is very knowledgeable and very interesting to listen to and I wish she was allowed to finish her sentences. Jonathan seems worse than usual this time, interrupting and forcing through his sentences even while she is speaking. A close relative passed away recently after being a dementia sufferer for nearly 10 years (with symptoms actually starting to show a bit earlier) but that was vascular dementia, in most likelyhood caused by oxygen deprivation during a heart surgery.

I wish the guest would be allowed to complete a sentence without being interrupted!

Glad to see others commenting the same already. Way too much interruption, cutting off, butting in with explanations. I get you need to explain in layman's terms. But really some of the points would be more clear if you let the guest finish her point first...then reflect any comments back. Or clarify with the guest beforehand what terminology to use/avoid perhaps? I never comment on KZfaq but felt the need to with this one.

I wish the host would let the conversation flow a little more and let the guest direct the conversation at times so we can hear what this wonderful guest has going on in her mind.

When Jonathan has guests on this channel it would be interesting to hear from them instead of all of Jonathan's self-interested meanderings.

I love these Podcasts but Jonathan, you are starting to speak too often and over-clarify. You are doing a great job but there’s a fine line between clarification and stopping the flow of the specialist. ❤

Very informative thank you but Jonathan should not be interrupting the lady this often

Jonathan doesn't need to repeat everything the expert says - we're listening, and if we miss something we can rewind. Worse than usual this episode, presumably because he had a personal interest. So we learned about what pregnant women should do and those in their 40s,but that was pretty much it.

I hope Jonathan reads these messages and lets the guests talk more than he does from now on

My mother died recently aged 95 with mixed dementia, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Her sister is still going strong aged 93 and looks 20 years younger. The difference being she walks 2 or 3 miles a day, is sociable and doesn't have diabetes. Mum was shy, ate the wrong things and alrhough never obese, didnt do any exercises, preferring to stay home and knit ...

We all process listening and learning differently but for me I like to listen to the uninterrupted flow of an expert who is incredibly knowledgeable. Also Jonathon does tend to use 10 sentences when one would do. He over explains and the interruptions are just not working on overall understanding. Is there an ego problem?

Jonathan, I know you're the founder and all - and I DO enjoy the podcasts. But for the love of nutrition, PLEASE stop interrupting your guests.

I agree with the previous comments that it's a great shame that a highly knowledgeable and interesting professor is continually interrupted. I wanted to hear so much more of what she had to say and the interviewer didn't really listen to her and cut in several times just as she was abiut to say something important. This is a topic close to my heart as my mother has dementia. I'm going to see if I can find an interview with this professor conducted by a more professional interviwer.

This expert is quite capable of explaining her field of expertise clearly without constant annoying interruptions from the interviewer !!!! He spoke 2/3 of the time!

I’ve listened to Zoe from the beginning but I ‘m tired of the continuous interruptions from Jonathan .

I hate the cut off intros so much. It's incredibly annoying.

Why does Jonathan keep interrupting the expert? I'd love to also hear the ends of Prof. Steves's thoughts.

Some constructive feedback - could the interviewer please stop interrupting the guests (not just the guest in this podcast) so frequently. Keeping them on track is important, but overdoing it is irritating.

Whilst clarification is useful, continuously talking over your guest is rude and extremely frustrating for the listener. Your guest is the reason why we are here.

Please stop interrupting professor and let her speak. He constantly stops her in mid sentence ! So annoying.

Professor Claire Steves is very gracious responding to the continuous stream of interruptions If I visit an expert obviously it makes sense to remain silent and . . . LISTEN . . . i.e. keep mouth firmly shut As others have said, this video has been spoilt by the continuous stream of unnessary interruptions

Have only just joined, and thought Jonathan was the interviewEE😂

Johnathan is usually very good but in this episode he seemed super stressed and he didn't give professor Steve's the chance to talk....I felt there was more that she had to say but Johnathan kept cutting her off.

Very interesting but I do wish Jonathan would stop interrupting and talking over the presenter

Wow what a brilliant person. Claire’s clarity is incredible. So yes we did not need so many recaps from Jonathan as it was all already pretty clear (I guess a topic close to your heart gets one a bit too excited…😊).

I actually want to thank Jonathan for clarifying with Prof Claire quite so frequent as it gives me a deeper understanding and clears my own misconception of Dementia. My thanks to both Jonathan and Prof Claire.

Yes Jonathan is irritating in the way he unnecessarily over explains. Dumbing down the content. Not necessary. For most of the folk listening to this. Sorry Jonathan - work on only unpacking in this way if you are confused… most of your experts are very understandable

I like the conversational style rather than a lecture. Keep up the excellent work Jonathan. And may you live to be a healthy 90 year old!

Claire was really interesting and informative, but the interview was ruined by the extremely poor interviewer, who was constantly interrupting her, and explaining everything again, after Claire had already been vey clear! He did most of the talking and it was extremely irritating!

*SUMMARY:* *What is a dementia?* 04:56 *A **_dementia_* is a condition that involves *_cognitive functions_* (of thinking, learning, memory, more than one domain of it) which is *_altered_* to such a degree that it *_causes problems in day-to-day living,_* and it *_gradually progressive_* over time. 05:16 The condition need to be existing at least for *_6 months_* or more, to be called a dementia. *Dementia vs. normal aging brain:* *A) Normal aging brain:* - 06:13 There's *_brain atrophy_* in the older people. - 06:28 *_Slower processing speed_* in older adults. 07:26 That's why when some older people (the *_younger_* ones) fall, they would *_fracture their wrists,_* while others (the *_older_* ones) might *_fracture their hips._* The _younger ones could move their hands quicker_ to protect their body. *B) Dementia:* - 09:10 *_Short term memory loss._* - 09:18 *_Not able to function in normal activities_* of daily life. e.g. 09:22 Not able to manage _finance_ or _medication._ *What is the cause of dementia?* 10:13 The most common *presentation and cause* of dementia is *_Alzheimer disease._* Symptoms: *Not much change* in *physical appearance* or *mobility,* but that person would have *_short term memory loss_* (like, asking the same question again and again). *What does happen in the brain with dementia?* 12:11 There's *_inclusion/deposition of a certain protein_* either inside of or outside of the cells. 55:53 There are *+/-25 types of dementia,* such as: - 55:46, 10:13 *_Alzheimer_* is the most common type of dementia. - 37:39 *_Vascular dementia._* 13:02 *What does differentiate each type of dementia?* - The *_type_* of deposited *_protein._* - The *_brain area_* where the protein deposited. - The *_pattern_* formed by the deposited protein. Progress of *drugs treatment for dementia:* - 29:31 There's a *_new antibody-based drug_* which removes protein from the brain which could slow down dementia process, with some risks: -> 31:35 *Edema:* swelling in the brain -> 31:45 *Micro-hemorrhage/micro-bleeding* in the brain. - 48:18 *_Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)_* is *not going to be the cure of dementia,* but probably *contributes to the cognitive reserve.* 27:34 *Early symptoms of dementia:* *1) **27:58** **_Short-term memory loss_* --> Alzheimer. *2) **28:03** **_Personality change._* *3) **28:11** **_Falling over._* *4) **28:15** **_Difficulty with the blood pressure regulation._* *5) **28:19** **_Difficulty with sleep regulation._* 13:41 *Dementia vs cardiovascular disease:* - *Similarity:* Both have *_accumulated substances_* in the body, mostly due to chronic poor diet. *- **14:19** Difference:* *-> Cardiovascular disease:* The accumulation is on the *_artery_* and *_blood vessel lining._* *-> Dementia:* The accumulation is on *_neuron cells_* and *_neuron supporting cells (e.g. microglia)._* 16:54 Who does *have greater risk of dementia?* *1)* 17:37 People with *_APOE 4 genes._* 18:23 APOE 4 genes affect *_how the brain cells use fat,_* and are *_influenced by our diet & medications_* that we take. - 18:03 25% of people have 1 APOE 4 gene. - 18:08 2% to 3% of people have 2 APOE 4 genes. 17:50 These people have *_8x greater risk_* of dementia. *2)* 20:33 People with low *_cognitive reserve._* 20:36 *_Cognitive reserve_* = maximum *_cognitive ability (intellectual & psychological)_* that we might have. 19:56 *Cognitive reserve* should be built since *_fetus and early childhood,_* because: 20:56 If we start off with really high functioning --> we build a lot of cognitive reserve --> we might get dementia much later in life. Examples of people *who might have low cognitive reserve:* - 21:50 People *_whose mother was drinking alcohol or smoking_* while pregnant with them. - People who were *_under/malnourished_* in childhood. - People who grew up in *_dysfunctional family_* (suffered from *_abuse or neglect)._* 26:39 There are *strong interactions between brain and other body systems:* *1) **26:50** **_Brain & hearing/sensory ability._* Decrease in hearing or sensory ability --> *reduced stimulants for the brain* --> increased risk of dementia. *2) **41:47** **_Brain & teeth._* 42:02 There's a strong relationship between periodontal disease and cognitive health: *a)* The teeth are located very close to the brain. *Harmful germs in teeth cavities* or gums could easily enter the brain. *b)* 42:26 It's a *viscious cycle:* Dementia makes it difficult to take care of teeth --> Bad teeth makes it difficult to eat --> *less nutrients are absorbed* --> dementia is worsening. *3) **26:45** **_Brain & cardio-acrobatic health._* Healthy cardio is crucial to pump blood to the brain --> ensures *brain gets enough oxygen & nutrients.* *4) **37:28** **_Brain & vascular health._* *Vascular health =* The health of *_the blood vessels_* within your body, including within your heart. *5) **_Brain & digestive system._* 36:22 There's a *brain-gut axis* in the body, which means what happens in the brain affects the gut, and vice versa. *6) **_Brain & immune system._* 27:02 *_Infection & chronic inflammation_* can affect how our brains resilient to those changes which might happen in that balance between proteins being set down or not. *7) **_Brain & metabolic health._* 46:12 Having *diebetes significantly increases* the *risk of* having *dementia* of all types. 46:22 People who *have both dementia & diabetes* should be careful in *managing blood sugar level,* because *low blood sugar is dangerous for dementia.* 24:05, 35:31 How to *build/increase cognitive reserve* to delay/counter dementia, especially _since fetus & early childhood:_ *1) **21:38**, **24:13** **_Dietary nutritions._* *a) **35:50**, **36:29** Eat **_fiber & many different colors of fruits & vegetables._* Purpose: To *feed gut microbiome.* Because of *_the brain-gut axis,_* what happens in the gut affects the brain and vice versa. *b) **35:55** Eat good **_plant-based fat._* Purpose: To support *brain metabolic activities.* *2) **21:22**, **24:14** **_Intellectual stimulation,_* through *education & parental influence.* *3) **21:31**, **24:17** **_Psychological balance & stability_*_ (a.k.a. mental health)._ *4) **24:59** **_Healthy social interaction._* 44:19 One of *the most complicated things we do* in our brains is to really *interact socially.* It is even better than brain games. *5) **25:07** **_Physical activities/fitness._* - 25:45 *_Reduction in sedentary time_* has an effect not just on *dementia,* but also on *brain aging.* - 38:58 *_Going out everyday._* - 38:53, 41:03 *Exercise* at least *_walking_* for *_45 minutes 3x a week._* - 45:17 Physical activities which are really good for cognitive task: *_table tennis, dancing._* - 26:39 Physical fitness also includes *_taking care of other body systems,_* because of the *strong interactions between brain and other body systems.*

It’s incredibly annoying how much the interviewer is interrupting and cutting off this brilliant woman.

Johnathan thank you for these fascinating and for me very beneficial podcasts. May i make a serious request though - PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE just sit on your hands when you are talking to your interviewee. Thanks so much.

Too much talking by Johnathan!

Disappointing that there was no follow up question to Claire's statement that women are more likely to get dementia than men!

Jonathan, stop interrupting someone who knows more about this subject than you do.

Brilliant guest!

I believe there is a connection between the gut and the brain. However, my brain / memory/ recall has been noticeably improved since I upped my fatty meat intake. I tried a high fibre / low animal fat diet for many years, but gradually my recall deteriorated. My teeth have also improved since I reduced my sugar/carb intake. I’m 64 and feel better than I did in my 50’s.

I wish the host would talk less and allow the guest talk more since she is the experts ! It's a great subject !

Agree with so many of the comments - the interviewer really needs to curb his interruptions and let us listen to Professor Steves.

I'm just now seeing this, it is so intresting. It appears that some people were expecting a lecture, I'm sure there's another channel for that. I can enjoy the back and forth, somewhat the kind of interactive thing I enjoy. We have a host, we have a guest, we have two very bright minds giving a full perspective. Thank you for all this enlightenment. If I wanted a lecture I would go elsewhere.

before I stopped monosodium glutamate, yeast extract and other food additives, I was constantly sick with severe migraines, nerve pain in the neck nausea and ate sick amounts of painkillers I was sick for 25 years before I read on Facebook about all our poisons in the food, I stopped immediately and cook all the food myself today I am healthy and never have any headaches or migraines or nerve pains, I love life and do yoga 🧘‍♀️ every day and only eat what I cook myself 🤗🙌🏼💛💫

Excellent in so many ways: highly relevant topic, knowledgeable guest and clear good advice. Jonathan, please try and ask more succinct questions without the long ‘back-story’s.’

Thank you Jonathan for your questions & summaries, as I find your style helpful to my understanding. As I approach my 80s & I'm permanently exhausted, my brain is slower than it used to be, therefore I'm grateful for what others define as "interruptions", "mansplaining", & unnecessary. I enjoy how you interview these experts, as they don't use ordinary everyday language; you help me understand more easily. I wish to live well as I age, and to be able to care for my health to the best of my ability. Everything that you bring to my awareness is an enormous help.

I'll just add my stone to the edifice: I want to have more guest speaking time with fewer interruptions mid-sentence.

So the lack of dentists is a also risking many more more people getting dementia. The is horrific!

Usually I appreciate Jonathan's interruptions but he doesn't nee to reframe everything. She is a good communicator and he didn't need to constantly interrupt. He has made it a difficult interview to listen to.

I am trying to steer myself away from dementia to 'get' this, precisely why I love Jonathan's concise early questions, keeping the discussion on track with where he wants to take this. Being a vast and complex topic getting all this into one hour is flippen amazing - getting an excellent professional onto platform most of us ordinary people can follow is a gift. Summary at 51 mins, thank you !!!

What a fantastic guest is Professor Claire Steves. Really loved hearing her speak. I wish she has more long form video content.

The pre-diabetes / diabetes connection is clear from this interview (45:00). Reducing carbohydrate / blood glucose levels is essential for overall health. And not forgetting the vital importance of Omega 3 fatty acids (DHA in particular) naturally obtained primarily from fatty marine fish. Professor Michael A Crawford (of Imperial, London) has been “banging-on” about this for more than 50 years!

Not only people from the UK and US are watching these episodes, you know. You could integrate some other countries in the statistics. Thank you for your work. I enjoy every episode very much !😊

Thank you for this information regarding dementia. My mum suffered with dementia from the age of 68 till she died at the age of 76. It was really hard on us her family and has always been on my mind if I will have it too. I will try and follow this information for my own good and my family too. Thank you 😊

Thank you so much Professor Claire and Mr. Zoe for the great health analysis about dementia. ❤

Claire mentioned infections and inflammation as risk factors. Vitamin D deficiency is an endemic problem; and yet Vit D plays an important role in modifying inflammation and immune system effectiveness. Very simple and cheap risk factor to rectify that always gets overlooked.

Two examples of slow reaction time in the very elderly (by the way, I'm 76). In Vancouver BC I was walking and witnessed an '"accident." A man was in the process of parallel parking and somehow slammed into the back of the car behind him. He then reversed gears and slammed into the car in front of him. This back and forth slamming continued until someone walked across the road, opened his car door and turned the car off. The guy just couldn't process what was going on and come up with a decent solution - put on the brake, put the car in park, and turn the engine off. He was advanced in age. Another time I was waiting for a bus in an area that was covered by a building, the location was a major bus exchange. A woman came driving into this area, very slowly. The area was restricted to all vehicles except buses. She then proceeded to drive up on the sidewalk while people scattered, very slowly I might add, taking a bit of time bringing the car to a halt. When the police arrived they had her walk to a cop car. Due to her age, quite old, she could barely walk and had to be assisted. She had entered the area with low lighting and that disoriented her, she couldn't process what was going on and the inevitable occured, with no one hurt fortunately.

Interruptions may be partly due to personal anxiety specifically about dementia, alluded to by the revelation of Grandma’s dementia and Dad’s fear thereof. Pray she rests in peace, confident the host will absorb the feedback, grateful for such high quality health advice being available for free.

Thank you both so much for this fascinating and very helpful exchange. I'm making great strides but will endeavour to do more! x

It would have been easier to take in what the expert was explaining if the interviewer stopped wittering about his own experiences and family.

Let her speak for goodness sake

Grateful for all the interesting, up to date science info and I am reassured I'm already doing everything I can to lower risk.

Very interesting, clear and comprehensive look at a subject that troubles many people, myself included, bringing together all the bits of information I've picked up here and there, and some new details as well. I like the discussion format, too. Thank you. I shall share with everyone I know!

Having healthy GUMS as well as teeth ie treating any Periodontitis (gum disease) by maintaining good oral hygiene, smoking cessation, no/ low alcohol consumption, as well as regular visits to your dentist and hygienist is key.

Jonathon you may want to read some of the comments.

Two way conversation as it should be..keep up the good work Jonathan

I have to say this interview is soooooo CONVOLUTED !

So wonderful to hear real communication

In common with other commentators: Jonathan, your efforts to simplify and clarify what the experts are saying are very welcome, but you need to work on your timing.

Thank you both professor Claire and Jonathan, lots of very helpfull info 😊

Thank you so much, both Claire and Jonathan.

My first time listened to this interviewer but found he interrupted too often.

Jonathan, listen to your viewers. This is about the worst I have seen you interrupt a guest over and over! Your viewers are fairly sophisticated. I think we are more adept at reading between the lines then you give us credit for.

Thank you Jonathan. Can you keep your questions short & to the point.❤

It would be interesting to know why urinary infections seem to make dementia much worse. My grandmothers dementia definitely stepped up a level every time she got an infection but I don't know why that happens 🤔

Presenter needs to educate himself. Professor is v informative and fascinating to listen to, but the language used by presenter “head explode” stops me from forwarding to people it could help.

A very interesting and highly knowledgeable professional. Unfortunately, she was interrupted too many times. It feels like Jonathan is trying to dumb everything down and also making it quite personal to his own concerns about dementia. I have noticed recently how often men interrupt women or talk over them. Hmmm. Just saying

Great podcast, as usual. Thank you. So helpful.

Prof. Steves provided such clear knowledge on dementia. Someone has to tell that interviewer that interrupting people is not only rude, but in the case of a professional, also so unhelpful.

Question: does anyone from ZOE read these comments or is it just us viewers/listeners commenting on each other?

A really interesting interview, spoilt by the host constantly interrupting & talking over the top of the guest, not letting the guest fully answer the question. It becomes so frustrating when trying to listen. It is like you are trying to compete with her for speaking time.

Thanks for all the great information you’ve put out to the world. Following the recommendations all of you have shared have improved my family’s health a ton. Would it be possible to do a podcast with Tim about diet and gut microbiome for people with autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis? Considering Tim was trained as a rheumatologist and a world leading expert for gut microbiome, it would be so helpful to listen to his takes on the subject. Thanks

Very interesting! Thank you 🙏 going through the process right now of getting my mom tested. She currently has the issues you’ve mentioned, short term memory loss, inability to manage medications, and household appliances are now a challenge. Very difficult to manage the process here in the States.

Jonathon has been so annoying during this discussion constantly interrupting and talking over. Dreadful interview skills

Good stuff for a brief overview. Could be it's own series really, the demand is obviously there 👍

Thank you for this informative broadcast.

Excellent episode though we felt, on this occasion, Johnathan should have interjected less, and have allowed Claire more time to expand on the points she was making.

To be fair, I think Jonathan is conscious of listeners/viewers who may not understand some of the medical or technical terms so he's ensuring that these are understood by asking her to clarify. He also needs to ensure he has everything straight in his own mind for this summary.

I love Professor Claire's style and attitude and straightforwardness and integrity. What I missed in this presentation was a lack of analysis of the impact of processed/highly processed foods and a look at why diabetes and cancer and heart disease etc have all rocketed in UK and US populations since the 1970s. To be colloquial: What's that all about? What's the significance of those substantial rises across the board?

Great info by the learned Professor Claire! Please keep it up!

Wonderful session. Very useful and could benefit millions around the world!

This is very interesting, and Claire is really positive. I have worked across care support, helping people with learning disabilities but also dementia. I have an interest in diet and food effects on our health. Look at blue zone study, people that live active lives, but live in zones around the world, which provides these people with the right types of food, which reduces the risk of heart disease, dementia and their are many centenarians.

My father always said "keep active keep alive".. And " if you don't drink champagne your kids Will"......😂😂😂🥂🍾

This is a very helpful conversation, loved it.

So much wow!! I'd love to hear more about the brain gut axis.... if you were thinking of revisiting this topic.