My New Favourite C64 One-Liner?

Рет қаралды 43,428

Күн бұрын

Programmer Ian Witham created a short Commodore 64 BASIC program that procedurally generates a very interesting 3D landscape. We examine how it works, and then focus our efforts on optimizing the program so it can fit in a single 80-column line of code.
Subscribe to Ian's channel: / @ianwitham
Ian's original program: • Interesting 10PRINT va...
About Commodore 64 BASIC Abbreviations: • About Commodore 64 BAS...
To support 8-Bit Show And Tell:
Become a patron: / 8bitshowandtell
One-time donation: paypal.me/8BitShowAndTell
2nd channel: / @8-bitshowandtell247
Index:
0:00 Running Ian's Original Program
2:58 Code Walkthrough Lines 5-20
7:55 Lines 30-
12:45 Subscribe to Ian's channel
13:29 Abbreviating our way to one-line? No.
17:30 My original one-line attempt walkthrough
24:25 RUNning the first one-attempt, more commentary
28:22 shrydar's random optimization!
32:49 Ian's POKE 199 optimization
36:45 An imperfect 62-character attempt
39:37 Ian's POS() optimization
42:57 A few more speed optimizations
45:25 Thanks!

Пікірлер: 306

@IanWitham Жыл бұрын

The program really needs a name. I humbly propose "Spicy 10Print"

@eugenetswong Жыл бұрын

Hi, Ian. Thank you for contributing to this. Also, thank you for participating in the comment section.

@whitstodghill6128 Жыл бұрын

I like 10Printian

@Wertercat Жыл бұрын

11PRINT

@RobBlakemore Жыл бұрын

Tiny MountainScape

@ThereIsOnly1ArcNinja Жыл бұрын

THE best talking hands on the whole internet keep on entertaining and surprising me. All those years later I still learn new things about the C64 and its not-so-limited BASIC thanks to Robin and his friends.

@BillAnt Жыл бұрын

We need a face reveal video at some point... or maybe not, and just enjoy Robin's magical hands. :)

@saganandroid4175 Жыл бұрын

"Hi, It's Robin". For me, this gives me the warm fuzzies the way Mr. Roger's opening greetings did for the PBS kids in days of yore.

@DavidYoud Жыл бұрын

Yes!

@JosipRetroBits Жыл бұрын

I'm so glad that you decide to make a video about this amazing pattern, and a big shout-out to Ian Witham :)

@pepstein Жыл бұрын

24:33 instead of an empty REM line to demarcate, I like to use a line with just a colon. Normally colon is used to separate multiple statements on one line, but BASIC allows a colon with no statements before or after it.

@csbruce Жыл бұрын

0:00 Wow - a Commodore calculator! 5:00 When doing boolean operations, Commodore BASIC uses 16-bit signed integers, where having all '1' bits = $FFFF = -1. By using -1 to mean 'true', AND, OR, and NOT are simultaneously Logical ★and★ Bitwise operations. 27:40 In principle, it generates 32 random mantissa bits, so the chance of generating exactly 0.5 is 1 in 4-billion. 36:06 Darn, I had written a note to commute «B=B=(I=1)» to «B=I=1=B»? 43:40 «POS(π)» is 4% faster than «POS(.)».

@mycosys Жыл бұрын

Could you possibly tell me how much faster it is to replace the 1,3 random function with PEEK(162)AND2+1 ? I would be most appreciative

@eugenetswong Жыл бұрын

1) You are telling him something new, as opposed to summarizing, right? A lot of the Boolean operations are still so new to me, that I could understand what he was getting at, but it was hard to really absorb it. 2) Is POS(PI) the fastest known to you?

@csbruce Жыл бұрын

@@mycosys: You can test the timing for yourself in an emulator with a program like: 10 TI$="000000" 20 FORI=1TO1000:X=PEEK(162)AND2+1:NEXT 30 PRINTTI «RND(π)*4OR1» clocks in at 659 jiffies, «PEEK(162)AND2+1» at 593 jiffies, and «RND(.)*4OR1» at 478 jiffies. A problem with PEEK(162) is that the jiffy clock changes slowly relative to printing things on the screen, so you'll see patterns in the maze. PEEK(56324) would work better, though execute slower (730 jiffies) since the bigger number takes longer to parse. If you assign 56324 to a variable, then the test executes in 430 jiffies. Of course, Robin's goal was to make the program as ★small★ as possible. RND(.) is faster than RND(π) since it uses a simpler but lower-quality method, which is essentially the same as PEEK(56324).

@csbruce Жыл бұрын

@@eugenetswong: I assume Robin knows how Commodore booleans work, since he mentioned the 16-bit signed integers later in the video and said he might make a video on the subject. «π» is the fastest dummy argument I know of. Also, the POS() function is going to execute faster than the equivalent PEEK().

@eugenetswong Жыл бұрын

@@csbruce Thank you!

@c64os Жыл бұрын

I really loved how you managed to eliminate the for loop, and then eventually all the variables!! Brillant. Really enjoyed watching this. Thanks Robin.

@duncansparks1675 Жыл бұрын

Here's an assembly version I decided to come up with. Probably not the most optimized but still fun to figure out! lda #12 sta $d021 ldy #40 loop: dey bne same_line jsr reverse ldy #40 same_line: jsr reverse lda $dc04 and #2 tax jsr print inx jsr print bcc loop reverse: lda 199 eor #$ff sta 199 rts print: lda bytes,x jsr $ffd2 rts bytes: .byte 155, 169, 151, 223

@BillAnt Жыл бұрын

After watching this video, I was wondering how fast it would draw the pattern in ML. So I whipped out my good old trusty Merlin assembler (originally made for the Apple II but ported to the C64). Low and behold, it draws the pattern virtually instantly... nice job! :) Coincidentally someone made a video recently about the Merlin assembler. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/l8dnZ7mAr6ewp4E.html

@AureliusR 7 ай бұрын

Assembling this in TMP results in the wrong characters being printed, not sure why

@colinstu Жыл бұрын

17:25 that was a very satisfying "yup"

@markjreed Жыл бұрын

The use of -1 for true lets BASIC get away with just one version of the AND/OR/NOT operators, instead of having separate ones for bitwise vs logical operations like most proglangs (e.g. &/I/~ vs &&/II/! in C). As long as your "true" value has _every_ bit set (and false has every bit clear) the result of a bitwise operator will be the same as the result of a logical one.

@lordanthrax2417 Жыл бұрын

You are so good at explaining! Everything becomes totaly easy to understand! Thank you and everyone involved in this great little oneliner :D

@eugenetswong Жыл бұрын

Yes, thank you to all the code contributors. I really needed these demonstrations in Boolean logic.

@Gooberslot Жыл бұрын

Only you could make a 48 minute video about a one line program. I enjoyed every minute.

@billkeithchannel Жыл бұрын

It flowed quite nicely at 1.5x speed.

@Lion_McLionhead Жыл бұрын

What a tingly memory those inverted character codes for changing colors are.

@NotaWizard Жыл бұрын

Very cool! Ian's a smart cookie and this is a great collab. And your song at the end.. haha amazing. Even more current 23 years after it was written.

@wizball6502 Жыл бұрын

Simply amazing. A piece of art - including the optimizations.

@MichaelDoornbos Жыл бұрын

27:45 I’ve decided to find you the answer. For science. 36:30 this is starting to look like a 1 liner in Perl. Who needs readability eh?

@aner_bda Жыл бұрын

Such a cool effect! I love this little piece of code. Thanks for sharing.

@BreadboxBitfall Жыл бұрын

This sure was interesting and fun to watch! It was like a good plot, always a new twist (of code) behind the corner. More like this, please.

@briangleeson1528 Жыл бұрын

Cool video. I don't really know how to program, but I love watching other people who know this stuff so well. Very cool to see how short the program got!

@TheKetsa Жыл бұрын

So cool. I'd like to see an assembly version, detailed like you did here.

@mycosys Жыл бұрын

Dunno how much smaller it would be but you could make it so much faster, direct access the line position, ditch the RND func and just use the LSB of the system timer for a pseadorandom bool, select form 2 memory adresses, write the char from the rom

@markjreed Жыл бұрын

@@mycosys The system timer doesn't change fast enough; you'd write many of the same choice in a row every tick. But you can write a short 8-bit linear feedback shift RNG that fits in 16 bytes of 6502 machine code. On the 64/128, you can alternatively set up the SID's noise channel and use its oscillator as a random source, but that's probably still too slow for this; the max frequency is 4 kHz, at which rate it only changes about once every 250 clock cycles.

@liorean Жыл бұрын

@@markjreed Do you really mean

@markjreed Жыл бұрын

@@liorean No, I meant size of the assembled code, not the source! 16 bytes of source code is like two instructions. :)

@Alkatross Жыл бұрын

I would love to see how to do that

@AndyHewco Жыл бұрын

There's definitely a game to be developed from that :) Great video. Learnt some new BASIC tricks.

@glenrichards5366 Жыл бұрын

What fun..! I had to try this on the Vic - works just as well, with screen background as a 'light' colour, and the in-line screen having first colour white, and second colour the darker shade of the background.

@MoosesValley Жыл бұрын

Great video, really appreciate you walking through the code and your great explanations. And love the "Remember When" song at the end. 👍 😀

@Centar1964 Жыл бұрын

This would be very fast in VISION BASIC, you should do a video on VISION BASIC. It's the best programming tool I have ever seen for the C64 by a long shot.

@bodoelsel Жыл бұрын

Excellent video. I love those one-liners 😊

@MichaelKathke 6 ай бұрын

That was a really nice conversation. It would straight up fit at the GOTO conference lineup ;-)

@antonnym214 Жыл бұрын

Excellent, fun video and I especially like your trick to use the Signum function. Cute.

@IsaacKuo Жыл бұрын

Very cool! I was into programming kaleidoscope and maze type PETSCII effects in BASIC, but I never came up with anything as cool as this 3D terrain effect.

@thenorseguy2495 Жыл бұрын

It’s always a highlight when you upload a new video. I remember I wanted a C64 when I was a kid. I never got it. But I got a TI99. I had lots of fun with that

@PSL1969 Жыл бұрын

Hey Robin, wow this is really cool! 😎😎 Kudos to Ian!

@CobraTheSpacePirate Жыл бұрын

This was the best episode I have seen! I couldn't stop watching it!

@JohnnyWednesday Жыл бұрын

Love this :) thank you very much - hope you're well!

@rotordave81 Жыл бұрын

Three best words on KZfaq - "Hi, it's Robin.", makes my day every time!

@robinbrowne5419 Жыл бұрын

It looks like the snow bank in my driveway after the snowplow goes by. Cheers from Ottawa :-)

@aresaurelian Жыл бұрын

This is truly cool. So immersive. I can see different shapes depending on what my eyes focus on.

@oni911b2 Жыл бұрын

I am a total layman if it goes to programming 8 bit machines. For me final code looks like code written in one of those esoteric languages designed to mess with the coder.

@RB-cz5jn Жыл бұрын

The way you guys think amazes me. Great video thank you

@svenpetersen1965 Жыл бұрын

It was pretty exciting to watch the evolution of this nice piece of software.

@8BitNaptime Жыл бұрын

The SX-64 keyboard shows all 16 colors on the number keys.

@cokobware Жыл бұрын

This is amazing! Good job guys :)

@johnwells558 Жыл бұрын

Great work, learnt a lot

@billkeithchannel Жыл бұрын

Your Mid$ solution reminds me of an article I read in SoftSide about "String Packing" on the TRS-80 by putting your graphics into a string then using the varptr (variable pointer) command to point to where in memory that string resides and print whatever portion you want.

@ChadDoebelin Жыл бұрын

Outstanding explanation and breakdown!

@machinebyte7235 Жыл бұрын

One of the best broadcasts (in my opinion) and by the way you have an amazing ability to explain and teach others.👍

@fitfogey Жыл бұрын

Changing your life for the better is amazing. I used to party every weekend. These days I watch 48 minute videos of how to proactively make things more efficient by trial and error. Thanks Robin.

@monoamiga Жыл бұрын

Your detailed knowledge is impressive.

@jacekzielina1359 Жыл бұрын

I'm always thinking, that's it, no more chance to improve and simplify something. I'm always wrong... Your knowledge is impressive.

@FredrikAlmkvist Жыл бұрын

Hehe very cool mate! Im gonna show this to my computer science students as an example of how to work with optimisation!

@PregnantSausage Жыл бұрын

ridiculously fascinating.

@petesapwell Жыл бұрын

Absolutely amazing, I am so impressed :) will have to whip,out my C64 to try this, and the the machine code version here in the comments.

@SteveGuidi Жыл бұрын

It never occurred to me that none of the C64 keyboards show both rows of colours on the number keys, but oddly I do I have this memory of seeing both colours on the numbers. I never owned a C128, so what was I remembering? The answer is literally right in front of me right now: the C16 has both colours printed on the number keys and it sort-of looks like a C64 🙂

@BrainSlugs83 Жыл бұрын

Congrats Robin and Ian! That's really cool to see all the variables removed, it feels a lot more "10PRINT"-like now. Also, I would love to see you craft a 6502/6510 assembly version of this program, to see it fill up the screen blazing fast. That would be a ton of fun! 🖖🏻

@-108- Жыл бұрын

Run it through an Assembly compiler and wallah!

@billkeithchannel Жыл бұрын

See the comment above by @Duncan Sparks who wrote it in Assy.

@billkeithchannel Жыл бұрын

Back in the early 80's I looked forward every month to reading my dad's issue of SoftSide magazine and trying out the one-liners they would print every month. I think all the back issues are posted on the Wayback Machine. The TRaSh-80 ones were the best. There was a one-liner car racing game that I expanded upon to be an entire program.

@giuseppe74921 Жыл бұрын

Wow, that is real deepness of thinking!

@tYNS Жыл бұрын

Nice video!

@jurifossaroli3854 Жыл бұрын

you can even shrink and made a little bit faster getting rid of the first poke (53281) and changing colour scheme (use CTRL+4 and COMMODORE+7 for colours in the string text). is not looking good as grey shades, but not so bad too

@rickyderocher3181 Жыл бұрын

Cool! The power of Basic V2!

@davidthompson3798 Жыл бұрын

I learned to program on an ICL 1904 mainframe at school in the 70s. In the 8 bit days we used to create "one liners" & "five liners" . It is amazing what people came up with, the ingenuity (I had a Video Genie - clone of TRS80 model 1). We used to do the same years later on our Atari STFM/STE's too, in STOS. It really does get the old grey matter working. Basic gets a lot of stick, but without it many of us wouldn't have become programmers.

@00Skyfox Жыл бұрын

Next: machine language version! I’m really impressed at how well you guys know the C64’s logic and functions inside and out in order to figure out all these shortcuts.

@Pesthauch666 Жыл бұрын

various assembly version can be found among these comments (I hope these direct links work): kzfaq.info/get/bejne/jKldn8WVndO4f6c.html&lc=UgyxeSL_kB9Sfd25r9Z4AaABAg kzfaq.info/get/bejne/jKldn8WVndO4f6c.html&lc=UgwT2SCwRsBvMjq83_B4AaABAg ... but also Forth: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/jKldn8WVndO4f6c.html&lc=Ugy4YWUVZMJm61R4_OB4AaABAg

@RetroGralnia Жыл бұрын

Very, very nice! :D

@whitstodghill6128 Жыл бұрын

Nice Easter Egg at 6:07!

@saganandroid4175 Жыл бұрын

12:10 I really think we need an exploration and clarification of why Reversing (Inverse) alternating lines creates the 3D look. What's up with that?

@jim_64s8-bitprojects5 Жыл бұрын

Great video! Thanks for going through the whole journey of the optimization. That's the second time I've seen the MID$ trick to randomly pick some specific characters - I want to use this very cool idea! By the way, there is one c64 with all 16 colors listed on the keys - the SX-64.

@8BitNaptime Жыл бұрын

And there's at least once C64 out there with keycaps lifted from a C16 that also have all colors printed on them... I did that in high school when C16 keyboards showed up in surplus stores. I don't know where that 64 ended up but I can't be the only one!

@8_Bit Жыл бұрын

I'm still of two minds about whether the SX-64 *is* a Commodore 64. I mean, you get an error if you type LOAD and press return! I've got hundreds of C64 games on tape that won't work on it. If you're a disk user then it's highly (but not completely) C64 compatible. But a tape-focused C64 fan would say it's not compatible at all.

@8BitNaptime Жыл бұрын

@@8_Bit Allow me to confuse the issue: is a PAL 64 a 64 in NTSC land?

@8_Bit Жыл бұрын

Both PAL and NTSC Commodore 64s say "Commodore 64" on the box they came in, on the case, and on the boot screen, so I say yes, they're undoubtedly all Commodore 64s no matter where they're located. The SX-64 doesn't call itself a Commodore 64 ever, as far as I know, though I haven't thoroughly looked into it yet.

@DavidYoud Жыл бұрын

Great video! Thanks for not just jumping to the answer, but for showing all the process. Using RND(pi) for a slight speed improvement was a new one to me. Bill Gates needs to see this somehow -- he might get a kick out of how people are still exploring all the nuances of code he helped create so very long ago.

@byteforever7829 Жыл бұрын

I love these 10print programs, short program but great visuals

@Lofote Жыл бұрын

A very easy solution would be to just enter it into C128 mode (excuse me if you somewhere mentioned that in the video, then I simply overheard it). C128 mode has a 160 char buffer - which is to allow 80-col mode still have 2 rows of BASIC code.

@thorz7304 Жыл бұрын

I competely watched it and thought it would have been maybe 8 minutes... Love it.

@MatroxMillennium Жыл бұрын

Ooh, that Pi optimization is cool

@saganandroid4175 Жыл бұрын

k19:09 B=B=(I=1) whoah, can you go over that again? 29:40 That's craazzyyyy. I hope you explore larger sets and variations applications at some point.

@kelli217 Жыл бұрын

I got the original code to work on the Commander X16 pretty easily after some modifications. The important thing to get right was that the maximum value of I in the FOR loop was dependent on the width of the screen. And I wanted the program to be able to run in 80-column *or* 40-column mode. So after setting up the color in the X16 way with *5 COLOR 1,12* I added in a line to use the KERNAL routine to return the dimensions of the screen, happily named SCREEN and its jump table address is $FFED. It returns the width of the screen in the X register, which after BASIC returns from a SYS call is found stored at location $030D. Therefore, *7 SYS $FFED:X=PEEK($030D)* was stuck in there. The last modification I made was to change the '40' in line 10 to 'X'. Otherwise it's the same as the original program by Ian. Unfortunately, my additions make it impossible to compact the program into a single line anymore.

@vincent8950 Жыл бұрын

A simpler solution for the rnd. At start make an array c$: c$(0)="[chr155][chr169]":c$(1)="[chr151][chr223]" Then the print is pretty simple: ?c$(rN(1)*2) Together with the pos() solution there are only 72 bytes in the line.

@aribertcarsten Жыл бұрын

Great!! Thanx.

@claudlowe9228 Жыл бұрын

53281 and 53280 are the video addresses for foreground and background. The number afterward is the color, of which there are sixteen.

@scottthomas3792 Жыл бұрын

The image reminds me of those " Stare-E-O " three dimensional images from the '90s...

@Dilligara Жыл бұрын

defiantly what I miss about my teen years with my commodore.

@8BitNaptime Жыл бұрын

I think the pattern looks like a bismuth crystal. Which raises the possibility of choosing different colors in the random color picker. Also playing with the 1 TO 40 generates visually different appearances. Like changing the loop to 1 TO 20 is different from 1 TO 30, etc

@patkelley8293 Жыл бұрын

I'll try it!

@stevesloan7132 Жыл бұрын

Cool pattern. It would make a great desktop background via a screen capture jpeg, among many other possible uses.

@laylarodriguez1710 Жыл бұрын

Love to see a (sort of) 3d game on the 64!

@G.B... Жыл бұрын

A cleverly crafted, brand-new "0 PRINT" for nerds like us. However fine this one-liner came up to be, I don't think I am the only one who went straight to Turbo Macro Pro after watching the video. 🙂

@agranero6 Жыл бұрын

I read and have this book 10 Print. I found amazing that a one-liner was a title of a book.

@meatpockets Жыл бұрын

Wow, that’s pretty cool. It would make a great wallpaper. I wonder how hard it would be to get it to run on a PC at @ 4K.

@Mr101beers Жыл бұрын

Sweet code.

@Aeduo Жыл бұрын

No variables and all math? I didn't know commodore 64 basic could do functional programming. :p

@BelieveNoGod Жыл бұрын

I've been very interested in computers and computing, since 1980. And bought my first computer in 1982. An Oric-1, wich I upgraded to an Oric Atmos. But to the thing, I really would like to tell you, and to see if it's possible to get hold of a little basic program, I found in a computer magazine, in 1984, or around that time. It was basicly (he, he) just called "Animals". The program was asking the user, of what animal he was thinking of, or the characteristics of this animal. Then the program was trying to find what animal the user was thinking about. The thing is, the program wasn't longer than maybe 10 lines, or so. But every time it stored the answer, from the user, and so grew the data base, to implement more, and more animals. I was very impressed with how few lines it was possible to write such a program.

@8_Bit Жыл бұрын

Hi, if you search for: david ahl animal game basic You will find several hits related to that game, or at least variations of it. It's a game that's been around from the 1970s for many different platforms, ported from one BASIC to the next.

@ojonasar Жыл бұрын

-1 is all bits set (as opposed to all bits clear) - since we are dealing with twos-complement numbers, a binary number with all bits set comes out as -1. It also means that you don’t need to distinguish between binary and logical ANDs, ORs , etc.

@philiprowney Жыл бұрын

That was fun. I'm an Acorn guy myself.

@merman1974 Жыл бұрын

To me, it looks like crystalline growths, or the Giant's Causeway (granite columns). The B=B=0 toggle is very clever. Funny how some optimisations are faster OR shorter. No need to apologise for how long the video ended up being, because there are some very interesting moments.

@eugenetswong Жыл бұрын

How many variables can we add to B=B=B=0 until it is no longer useful? I am under the impression that we can use any twice variable, before it becomes redundant.

@merman1974 Жыл бұрын

@@eugenetswong if you had an even number of variables, you just end up with the original value. It has to be an odd number to work like that.

@eugenetswong Жыл бұрын

@@merman1974 Well, maybe I misstated. I think in terms of B=B=0 to be 2 usages of B. So, B=B=B=0 is redundant?

@rager1969 Жыл бұрын

Big brains at work

@timsmith2525 Жыл бұрын

I love the challenge of finding different code to achieve the same result but with different optimizations.

@MoosesValley Жыл бұрын

To get the ultimate shrinkage throw the code in the pool

@macdaddyns Жыл бұрын

such clever out of the box thinking, too bad kids today don't experience the joy we had growing up in the 80's and learning to code on the greatest 8 bit platform.

@TyphinHoofbun Жыл бұрын

I'm always interested in a round of Programming Golf. Get a program down to as few (key)strokes as possible. And if you can make it faster, so much the better! This was a fascinating bit, I really thought the *1.025 would be faster than *41/40, since a lot of hardware of the time had faster multiplication but slower division.

@IanWitham Жыл бұрын

There's an old joke that goes something like, "ask a programmer to review five lines of code and they'll come up with 20 optimisations. Ask a programmer to review 200 lines of code and they'll say it's fine" 😂

@eugenetswong Жыл бұрын

I also thought that *1.025 would be faster. I'm not an expert, but I think that *41/40 is faster, because it spells out smaller tasks to do, one at a time, whereas *1.025 might calculate it all at once. I'd love find out, though.

@IanWitham Жыл бұрын

@@eugenetswong I was surprised to find it. Both because it's an extra operation and because multiplication should be "easier" for the computer! One of my favourite optimizations (in "real life" coding too) is when imperative code can be eliminated with algebraic refactoring. That's probably why I was playing around with Robin's equation and stumbled upon this curiosity.

@csbruce Жыл бұрын

I expected *1.025 to be faster, too. I guess one reason it isn't is that 1.025 isn't "round" in binary, producing a (FAC) floating-point mantissa of $83333333, requiring all 32 bits to be multiplied.

@mycosys Жыл бұрын

Kind of amusing to think every program in C is effectively a one liner, C gives no fox about line breaks or whitespace XD

@donnierussellii4659 Жыл бұрын

When I saw this on reddit I immediately knew you'd make a video about it. Maybe call it the Escher10 program?

@Vermilicious Жыл бұрын

A fun exercise :)

@grymmjack Жыл бұрын

very cool.

@tmlf1239 Жыл бұрын

I used to wonder about -1 for true also until I realized that BASIC actually has no logical operators, but only bitwise. But if you ensure that boolean results are always 0 or -1, then the bitwise operators act like logical. So if/then expressions that use boolean logic in them are actually using bitwise operations. I suppose this is an optimization that BASIC inventors chose back at Dartmouth and has been carried through to this day in BASIC implementations. PowerBASIC and FreeBASIC implement separate logical operators such as AndAlso and OrElse.

@chipacabra Жыл бұрын

OrElse, the most threatening of logical operators

@billkeithchannel Жыл бұрын

Microsoft Access/Excel also uses -1 for TRUE. Sometimes complex queries in Access don't show up as a checkbox for some reason and it shows the 0 or -1 instead.

@monarch73 Жыл бұрын

If your prefence is speed, create a lookup-Table (datas) with random numbers and stick to integer-only operations (variable names end in "%")

@CybAtSteam Жыл бұрын

On the c64, integer variable logic is much slower than floating point because c64 basic has no integer functions. All integers are internally converted to floats for operations and then back into integers for display.

@paulwratt Жыл бұрын

I think it was A+ magazine (for Apple Computers) that had "one liners" (for Apple IIe) on the inside of the back cover (the very last sheet of the magazine, not including the covers) - complete games, sine graphs (?), and other stuff could be seen

@billkeithchannel Жыл бұрын

SoftSide Magazine was my place to get one-liners in the early 80's. Primarily geared towards the TRS-80 but also had code for the Atari and Apple.