Thank you for organizing! 정리해 주셔서 감사합니다! ^-^♡

ihuoma chukuigwe You're welcome ! :)

Emma Jaworowski thats great to hear Emma! good luck on your exam :)

But 1 procariotic gene can have many ORF’s => many proteins from one gene

He just messed words eukaryote and prokaryote.

It's chemistry bruhhh Hope ua still alive to see this after six years😂😂

TY SO MUCHHHH

and many more than that! but that would of been a very long video :)

Aud :3 you're welcome! glad to hear it

Can you be specific as to where I said that? Im pretty sure that by linear I meant single-stranded. The three-dimensional structure of RNA does in fact give it its unique properties (i.e. the structure of tRNA gives it the ability to act as a carrier of amino acids)

You did say single stranded multiple times. I misinterpreted what you meant. Thanks for clarifying! Good video otherwise!

Michael Welch No problem! thanks! :)

You're welcome!

Glad to hear that! You're welcome!

Drumming Spain I think its much more productive to you if you discover these answers on your own. Its natural to have these questions at the beginning and you will appreciate it much more if you get to the answers yourself. However you should note that to really appreciate nature and its many micro-processes, you have to study it from all different sorts of angles (don't only focus on biology but also on physics, chemistry, biochemistry). To fully appreciate the answers to the questions you've listed above, you should probably have a strong foundation in biochemistry and physics.

AK LECTURES Ok, thanks for the reply

Drumming Spain yup.

1. Everything is signaled/coded/instructed originally from DNA. Trial and error similar to hydrogen bonding will take place with tRNAs that are trying to attach to the mRNA until there is a right fit. If the bonding isn't strong enough it will leave the ribosome either be broken down for parts or reused. There are only 21 different amino acids. This brings up the idea that our genetic code is redundant. That is, we have 64 different codons and only 21 amino acids. More than one codon can specify for an amino acid. 2. When mRNA leaves the nucleus, it first goes looking for a ribosome, special proteins built to accept the mRNA strand. When translating at least one kind of tRNA is present for each of the 20 amino acids used in protein synthesis.Topoisomerase deals with super helical DNA. Helicases are enzymes that use ATP-driven motor force to unwind double-stranded DNA or RNA. Recently, increasing evidence demonstrates that some helicases also possess rewinding activity-in other words, they can anneal two complementary single-stranded nucleic acids. Single stranded binding proteins prevent premature annealing, to protect the single-stranded DNA from being digested by nucleases, and to remove secondary structure from the DNA to allow other enzymes to function effectively upon it. 3.The amino-acid sequence of a protein determines its conformation. A protein molecule folds spontaneously during or after biosynthesis. While these macromolecules may be regarded as "folding themselves", the process also depends on the solvent (water or lipid bilayer), the concentration of salts, the pH, the temperature, the possible presence of cofactors and of molecular chaperones. Minimizing the number of hydrophobic side-chains exposed to water is an important driving force behind the folding process. Formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds provides another important contribution to protein stability. The strength of hydrogen bonds depends on their environment, thus H-bonds enveloped in a hydrophobic core contribute more than H-bonds exposed to the aqueous environment to the stability of the native state. Also reference Anfinsen's dogma and Levinthal's paradox. Hope this could help! These answers are from several sources: www.hindawi.com/journals/jna/2012/140601/ education-portal.com/academy/lesson/trna-role-function-synthesis.html en.wikipedia.org/ education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-role-of-ribosomes-and-peptide-bonds-in-genetic-translation.html

Henry Shelonzek Thanks Henry... that's going to take me a while to digest! Many thanks for the reply

Yes, perhaps I should have cleared that up. The rRNA are assembled in the nucleolus and trimmed there as well. They then bind to their appropriate proteins (which come from the cytoplasm) to form the 40S and 60S subunits. However, the two subunits do not combine inside the nucleolus to form the ribosome. They are transported out of the nucleus at different times and then combine with their appropriate mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm. Sorry for the confusion! I put an annotation to clear that up.

I beg of you to make a video about secondary and tertiary structures of RNA as well as modified nucleotides. PLEASE do

Old "used" proteins are disassembled + new amino-acids are continuously brought from the outside of the cell - result of the food digestion.

thanks! AK are the initials of my full name :-)

it should have Oxygen atom there, right?

yeah

no

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Uracil_chemical_structure.png/150px-Uracil_chemical_structure.png

according to my biology teacher, uracil requires less energy than thymine and because proteins are constantly being synthesized in large numbers, the body tries to save as much as energy as possible