"Even I don't understand what this means" is the most terrifying thing you can hear from a physics professional

Did no one notice how TSC literally ran almost as fast as the average speed of Usain bolt, at 10m/s? Dude could run faster than most of us as a stick figure

1:54 I had a conversation with my sister and we realized that this “ice floor” is actually the slippery, frictionless plane we often find in highschool physics tests. “Assuming there is no friction” type of problems, so when an object recieves force, it gains 100% of it, just for the sake of clean numbers for practices.

There's some touching on String Theory going on in this video. The basic, VERY basic summation is that the dimensions of space we can see are only part of a larger group of dimensions. Space and time are just the 'expanded' dimensions, while there are more that are 'compacted' or folded in on themselves. But the scale at which the compacted dimensions exist is down at the Planck length, more or less that distance that was getting infinitesimally small as TSC 'swam' towards the singularity near the end. In these folded dimensions, small 'strings' of energy vibrate, being forced into open or closed one-dimensional patterns. Now, the last time I read a book on this was the 2000s, but it went on to discuss how all these string constructs, in combinations, are the most basic form of all the matter an energy in existence. The Calabi Yau Manifold is the name of the shape of the compact, folded up dimensions the strings are vibrating around in. That is why the quantum apple briefly morphed into it. The reason it is called a manifold is because, quite literally, it is a manifold. A series of dimensional 'tubes' folded in on itself. Of course, quantum mechanics and string theory are something to take with a salt mine. You're at the far end of theoretical physics when you get to them. The part where physicists get into fist fights, and mathematicians drink themselves under the table.

You know the team did a good job when even the one that’s trying to explain doesn’t actually know what’s going on

Physics is life. Physics is everything.

its refreshing to see that when someone doesn't understand something, they admit it. it made me laugh that after the newton's law stuff you were just like "i have no idea what is happening" felt like we are learning together! i haven't learned a thing but maybe you have, i'm still trying to understand the math one

this is my best interpretation of the video from 11:36 11:36 starting from here, TSC is falling through a red cylinder. This is a worldsheet, which is a one-dimensional enclosed string (a circular shape) stretched into a cylinder. The height dimension of the cylinder represents time. Essentially, worldsheets describe the path a string will take over time. TSC has shrunk to the point where he is falling through one of the quarks, since quarks can be represented as strings. Neutrinos are also seen flying by, which makes sense since they are much smaller than quarks. 11:45 Now TSC has shrunken to the point where he leaves the quark. My guess is that the worldlines represent the light cone of the singularity at the center. There are two light cones that emanate from an object. One cone represents the past possible light paths and one cone represents the future possible light paths. Anti de-Sitter space (AdS space) is a type of space where no points in space or time can be told apart from one another, and it has a negative curvature (aka hyperbolic geometry). Conformal field theory is a type of quantum field theory that remains unchanged when its lengths and curves are changed but its angles are kept the same. SInce the video directly mentions Anti de-Sitter space and a conformal field, this implies that the video is referencing AdS/CFT correspondence. I don't really know too much about it though. This also implies that the black hole that TSC entered was an AdS black hole, which is a black hole with a negative cosmological constant. A black hole with a negative cosmological constant approaches AdS space. Maybe AdS black holes have some special properties. AdS space is probably why hyperbolic space is mentioned at 13:17. 12:02 In the bottom right, there is a diagram. The diamond on the right is our universe, and the diamond on the left is a parallel or alternate universe. Black holes that are connected to white holes have a special property. The black hole region can contain particles that fell in from either universe, and particles in the white hole region can escape into any universe. White holes are a region of the singularity's past, while black holes are a region of the singularity's future. That's why there's a "future singularity" and "past singularity" in the two circles that TSC is approaching. The distance meter that is on the screen displays a distance close to a planck length, or the smallest possible length possible in the universe. Also, keep in mind that I am not an expert in quantum physics and most of this is speculation, so I might be extremely wrong about most parts. (And unfortunately, in real life you can't use black holes and white holes to cross between universes. It is impossible to enter a white hole, so you can't enter the other universe throught the white hole side. Meanwhile, if you try to enter through the black hole side, you will reach the singularity and die.)

I love how accurate everything in the animation is! Taking physics now and man, if it doesn't feel like I'm using an education for something finally! Really though, its fun how everything is logical and reasonable up until the black hole, where quantum mechanics go "Eh... probably!"

11:45 By the time you reach this point, we get into string theory, meaning everything that happens after this point is not absolute. Only what is believed with current science of 4d mechanics.

4:34 _"Gravity is so weak!"_ Black Hole: _"Hold my beer."_

Even though you didnt understand it as much as your math one, you still did a great job! Loved this video when it came out!

As a student of black hole physics and having some research in the area of black hole, I've endeavored to explain each physics concept presented in this absolutely amazing masterpiece by Alan Becker. I'd greatly appreciate your comments on my review, "Black Hole Physics Student Reacts to Animation vs. Physics by Alan Becker | Comprehensive Analysis," as it would enhance our mutual learning experience. I started working on my review just an hour after the video was released, and I feel fortunate to have stumbled upon your review after posting mine. Much respect from my side. cheers!

Not bad! Though I have a nitpick with the displacement definition at 0:40 -- displacement is the distance between TSC and some starting position (so the distance between d1 and d6), not total distance accumulated. I don't blame you however, since the animation confusingly presents displacement with the sum of distances traveled for some reason. Since I'm a college physics student and I have no life, I'll write down some more detailed notes for the underexplained parts of the video just for fun: 6:06 - Gravity assist equation: U = planet's velocity, v_i = initial velocity of TSC before entering the planet's gravitational field, θ = angle between the planet's velocity U and TSC's initial velocity v_i. 7:29 - "H = (B/μ) - M" is the equation for the magnetic field strength (also called "magnetic field intensity"; SI units are Ampere/meter), where: * B = magnetic field (more specifically called "magnetic flux density" since "magnetic field" is a very vague term; SI units are Tesla) * μ = the magnetic permeability, which describes how easily a material can become magnetized in a magnetic field. In a vacuum (empty space), the magnetic permeability is μ0 = 4π x 10^-7 Henry/meter. The animation doesn't write the subscript 0 next to μ, which is a minor mistake. * M = magnetization, which describes how strongly a material is magnetized (SI units are Ampere/meter) 7:29 - "B = (μI)/(2πr)" is the equation for the magnetic flux density (B; SI units are Tesla) produced by a circular loop of a wire (circumference 2πr) with current (I) flowing through it. 7:29 - The vectors for force (F), current (I) and induction (B) are all perpendicular to each other. This is in accordance to the equation for the magnetic force experienced by a wire with a current (I=dq/dt) in a magnetic field, F = IL × B, which involves a cross product (×) that makes all three vectors perpendicular to each other. This equation is derived from the more general magnetic force equation F = qv × B = q(dL/dt) × B. Here, L = length, distance traveled by charges in a current, q = charge, and v=dL/dt, velocity or change in distance. 7:31 - "F = ∇(m⋅B)" is an equation for magnetic force (F). The upside down triangle "∇" (called "nabla" or "del") tells us to take the gradient (partial derivatives for each x, y, z component) of (m⋅B). "(m⋅B)" is the dot product of magnetic dipole moment (m) and the magnetic field (B). The magnetic dipole moment (m) is a measure of the object's tendency to align with a magnetic field. The dot product (⋅) of two vector quantities (m and B have magnitude and direction) produces a scalar quantity (magnitude only, no direction). The gradient essentially means that F = ∇(m⋅B) =〈∂/∂x (m⋅B), ∂/∂y (m⋅B), ∂/∂z (m⋅B)〉; the partial derivatives (∂) for each direction (x, y, z) tell us what is the rate of change of (m⋅B) is depending on the position (x, y, z). Also note how the gradient turns the scalar quantity (m⋅B) into a vector. 7:34 - The animation shows the symbol ∇ with parentheses enclosing a bunch of horizontal arrows pointing left. I honestly don't know what it means exactly, but I'm guessing it's a visual way of writing out the magnetic force equation "F = ∇(m⋅B)", where (m⋅B) probably represents the horizontal arrows. I don't know if this is accurate, but it looks cool! 7:36 - "Φ=BAcosθ" is the equation for magnetic flux (Φ; SI units are Tesla * meters^2), which is a measurement of the total magnetic field (B) passing perpendicularly through a surface area (A). The cosine part of the equation (cosθ) just tells us to include only the component of the magnetic field vectors (B) that are perpendicular to the surface area (A). 11:33 - A proton is made up of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark. The quarks are colored red, green, and blue, which visualizes their property of "color charge". The quarks are stable under the strong force since their red, blue, green colors cancel out. Note that the word "color" in "color charge" has nothing to do with actual color that you see with your eyes; it's just an analogy (because physicists suck at naming things). 11:34 - A photon collides ("interacts") with an up quark to produce a quark-antiquark pair. The antiquark which has opposite electric and color charge to its normal quark counterpart (the antiquark is colored green, which I assume means "antigreen" to pair with the green quark?). I'm not sure if the photon-quark interaction shown here is accurate, because electric and color charge should be conserved in a particle interaction---if the quark-antiquark pair is a green-anti-green pair, then their colors would cancel out, leaving only red and blue in the proton, which wouldn't be stable to the strong force. 11:42 - Worldsheets = similar to a worldline, but in two dimensions: a worldsheet is a 2D path (like a sheet of paper or ribbon) traced out by a 1-dimensional string (objects that make up the fundamental particles like electrons according to string theory) moving in 4-dimensional spacetime (3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time). 11:49 - The worldline is a 1D path (like a line or curve) that is traced out by a point-like object moving in 4-dimensional spacetime. 11:49 - (3+1) conformal field = A conformal field theory (CFT) is a quantum field theory that does not change under coordinate transformations that preserve both angles and shapes, but not size or curvature. 11:49 - 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space = An anti-de Sitter space describes a universe that has a constant negative curvature, kind of like how a 3D saddle shape has negative curvature. An anti-de Sitter space universe would have a decelerating rate of expansion. I think the "5-dimensional" part of the name refers to 4 dimensions of space, and 1 dimension of time. For further reading, I'd like to direct you to "Simplified Guide to de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter Spaces" by Bob Klauber. 12:01 - The diagram shown at the bottom right is called a Penrose Diagram, which graphs space horizontally and time vertically. The black hole's event horizon or point of no return is represented by the top triangular region bounded by the two solid diagonal lines that separate the "parallel universe" (left) and "universe" (right) region.

I have not got a Theoretical Physics PhD or degree. But, I think: The Wormhole thing they were messing around with was an Einstein-Rosen Bridge. Or, a wormhole. As an aside, any Mass moved via the Einstein-Rosen Bridge must be taken out of it, but due to a Black Hole having Infinite Density, this can be avoided. But as Space and Time are linked (Space-Time) it can also affect Time too, by creating Tipler Cylinders as seen in the video. Those 1-D Strings come from String Theory. Everything is made up of them. That's the extent of my knowledge there. The Apple turning into a 6-D object was likely due to, at this unfathomable, Physics-Breaking gravity inside the Singularity, the several hidden dimensions (from M-Theory) of the Universe can act on objects here.

After 11:45 where majority of the stuff gets Theoretical physics and some quantum physics stuff. After a somewhat "ok-ish" understanding from google/wikipedia here is what the terms I think means: Worldsheets: Worldsheets are basically a part of string theory, where basically it is a 2D surface which shows how a string (from the string theory, is 1 Dimensional so that the traced path thing becomes a sheet) is embedded in spacetime. It basically shows the properties it is currently exhibiting. World line: World lines are kind of similar to worldsheets. It is basically the same, showing the properties of a particle (0-Dimensional so that the traced path thingy becomes a line) over space time Conformal Field: This is yet another Quantum Mechanic + String theory thingamajig. Basically in this, it is a field where you can change the size of an object, while maintaining its shape. For example, in a 2D Conformal field, A quadrilateral's size could increase but the angles of each sides would remain the same. In a 3D one, the apple size would be increased, while the shape of the apple remains the exact same, down to the minute details Anti-De Sitter space: (AdS) is basically like a solution to Einstein's equation of general relativity if we were to apply negative cosmological constant (determines the shape of spacetime). It basically suggests that the universe is shaped like a Pringle's shape (or like a Horse saddle, where all points curve away from each other) (12:02) Penrose diagram of blackholes: Basically this is a pretty complex (took my like 1 hour to understand) diagram/concept. In the simple diagram, it is just the sheet of spacetime in a diamond like shape, with the left-right vertice being space-infinity (space-like infinity bcuz if you were to calculate the distant between the starting point of your journey to this vertice it would be infinity), and the top-bottom vertice being time-infinity (top being the infinite future and the bottom being the infinite past). The side between the timelike infinity and spacelike infinity is called lightlike infinity. Basically the simple one is a down-scaled graph showing the path of an object in space and time as its axis. Now for the diagram shown in the video, it is the Penrose diagram for blackholes & singularity. In this the angles of the sides are 45° because photons (light) always travels at a 45° angle (thus why that side is called lightlike infinity) (Google Light cones for more info). And so when TSC enters the blackhole region of the diagram, his trajectory shifts towards the center, because in the horizon, space and time axis swap, making space unidirectional (only move in one direction, while time you can go forward and backward). Because of this he ends up where his future self would end up, where basically all of his versions are going to end up (kind of making like a destined fate *once* he entered the black hole). Calabi-Yau Manifold: What Gallium-Gonzollium said was not exactly correct. Basically it is a geometric space (like a sheet of graph) which is a very complex manifold (fancy way of saying another dimensions. Like basically it is telling us the shape of the dimension its referring to). This Manifold has features such as having Ricci Flatness (basically flat everywhere) and Vanishing Chern Class (basically Chern Class is a measurement to display the value of the curvature of one point to the other on a geometric space. Its like a tool rather than a object, but pretty sure its used here for Visualization and entertainment form. (13:24) Outside of the whitehole side of the penrose diagram: Basically it is showing how due to TSC once he entered the horizon, he went downwards in the Penrose diagram (depicting him going back in time) and so he can view him at the start of the video. Also a fun reference to that scene from Interstellar... i think. (13:55) neat representation as to how in string theory, the way those 1-D strings vibrate can make different matter. here the close looped one made the big heavy ball and the open one made the rope, and the third one Future TSC configured it in such a way it represented a rocket (altough in reality if string theory is true, the strings would represent the subatomic particles not entire objects) (14:57) Reminds me of the Oppenheimer soundtrack "can you hear the music?". Lol (15:20) No idea why it came back, most definetly bcuz of Entertainment purposes. (15:33) Just like I said before in the penrose diagram of blackhole, current TSC we have been following is now the future TSC for the past TSC we were looking from the Hyperbolic disk, basically fate is destined for TSC. Basically the bootstrap paradox. (15:38) Probably the future TSC going to parallel universes (exiting the blackhole region of the penrose diagram on the opposite side). (No idea I could be 100% wrong) Thanks for reading :)

2:24 when you throw the ball it pushes you in the back, but when the ball is on the rope it puts you back where you were. Look at the shuttles they have to leave some mass behind to go to the front. Newton's third law of motion

There is one thing i'd like to ask to Alan, when did TSC had the time to carry all those things to his "past" self, or it could maybe be the original TSC at the very start of the first timeline where there was basically no predetermined future or past, where TSC hasnt met his "future self" in the singularity and had to offer his past self the items needed Tbh, thats the only valid explaanation i could think of

I like how all the parts where magic is introduced just go unexplained

I like how once it got into quantum mechanics and string theory, you just went blank, just like every one of us pretty much.

Bro calculated 1 million times my brain in just 6 hours meanwhile my ass just sittin there watching, knowing 25% of this sht Nice job

Thanks to your Animation Vs Math Over Analysis I was able to get a few things I didn't understand. So same with this one. Amazing how quickly your able to put these out. I'm subscribing so that if Alan Becker puts out another one of these videos I can watch your over-analysis video first so I can understand the video more when I watch it for the "first time".

Bro just learned physics in 16 minutes when i cant learn the sum(Σ) of a triangle💀

Thank you for doing this video! This was so helpful in remembering all the physics concepts I've forgotten haha!

It got so complicated even Gallium-Gonzollium couldn't explain it

dude i love your videos, they make me appreciate the work you and alan do to create and explain this, pretty sure you also did this for math and it was amazing :) good job

Distance: "Measures how far you have traveled at a particular point in space" Velocity: "Your speed at a particular direction measured as: distance/time"

Title: "An over-analysis" Gallium at 11:50 : "Even I have no idea what this means." lmaoo

I have several questions 2:23 does this actually work? It's still a closed system, so there shouldn't be a way to gain momentum like this, right? 8:24 shouldn't the magnetic ring pull TSC back as well? I thought such a speed up effect could only happen if the ring is an electromagnet and turns off after he passes it (like a railgun).

4:40 I’m pretty here TSC pull himself onto the rocket but we just can’t tell because he doesn’t have hands or fingers.

i was waiting for this. thank you so much for making this

For people who don’t know, TSC stands for “The Second Coming”

Barely even a day and you got this video out. You are incredibly smart!

11:48 This is showing stick-figures world line as he passes closer to the black hole; time flips to space, space flips to time - you can travel through time but move through space where normally it's opposite. The Anti-De Sitter space is space that exists outside of stick figures world line; it doesn't exist! it can't ever be, nor ever could have been, visited. Topology inside a black hole is... weird. 12:04 actually shows the time and space flip; instead of moving toward the future as time normally does, stick figure can move around time - but space ticks inexorably forward, toward the singularity, like the inexorable march of time outside a black hole.

This intricately constructed video, with its multifaceted layers of thematic depth and nuanced intricacies, resonates profoundly with my appreciation for complexity.(or simply i love this complicated video)

Animation and physics are two fields that may seem distinct, but they actually have a deep connection and influence on each other. Let's delve into an over-analysis of the relationship between animation and physics: 1. Core Principles: - Animation: Animation focuses on creating the illusion of movement through the manipulation of visual elements. It relies heavily on principles such as timing, spacing, anticipation, and exaggeration to bring characters and objects to life. - Physics: Physics is the study of the fundamental principles governing the natural world. It involves understanding concepts like motion, forces, energy, and the interactions between matter and energy. 2. Realism and Believability: - Animation: Animators strive to create animations that are visually appealing and believable. They often draw inspiration from real-life movements and apply the laws of physics to ensure that characters and objects move in a way that feels natural and realistic. - Physics: Physics provides the underlying principles that govern real-world motion and behavior. By understanding these principles, animators can accurately simulate physical forces like gravity, friction, and inertia, which contribute to the realism of their animations. 3. Technical Implementation: - Animation: Animators use various tools and techniques to bring their creations to life. Traditional hand-drawn animation involves creating a sequence of frames by hand, while computer-generated animation uses sophisticated software to render and animate 3D models. Animators need to understand the technical aspects of their chosen medium to achieve the desired results. - Physics: Physics is a highly mathematical and scientific field. It uses mathematical equations, formulas, and simulations to describe and predict the behavior of physical systems. Animators can incorporate these principles into their work by using physics-based simulation software or by manually applying physics concepts to achieve the desired visual effects. 4. Artistic Interpretation: - Animation: Animation allows for artistic interpretation and exaggeration. Animators can choose to deviate from strict physics principles to create more visually appealing or stylized movements. They may emphasize certain aspects of motion or manipulate physics for comedic or dramatic effect. - Physics: Physics seeks to describe the natural world as accurately as possible. While it provides a foundation for realistic animation, it is not bound by artistic constraints. In the pursuit of scientific understanding, physics aims to explain phenomena precisely and predict their behavior with mathematical rigor. Overall, animation and physics share a complex relationship. Animators draw upon the principles of physics to create realistic animations, while physics can also benefit from animation as a tool for visualization and explanation. The intersection of these fields allows for engaging and visually captivating animations that are grounded in scientific principles.

That black hole animation was gorgeous.

Alan Becker animated the speed of light correctly where in 5:37 , if you change the playback speed to 0.25, you will notice the light will still be there for a split second even when Orange blocked the light for a very short time, this explains light's speed is not infinite but finite.

good job bruh you made me burn my brain for making it even more smarter... too smart

"even i have no idea what this means" yeah we're fucked

Really good explanation! Although I was a little disappointed that you didn’t explain the part about a singularity being in the finite worlds future

One thing that I believe that they’re toying around with it some form of stable time loop as it shown that one relies on the actions of another, that are actively changing something in the past, for the one who came in the present to get to the location of where the past self is standing; implying that this is a very precise and well thought out storyline to exhibit the best chances of a hypothetical phenomenon; otherwise, this would be considered more or less paradoxical. Also, that thing on the bottom where “past” TSC change before entering the Einstein-Rosen bridge might be hinting at the fact that these “modes” might be representing the different theoretical and mathematical models; one comment was mentioning this type of black hole is specific and that dial at the bottom is making a reference to the other hypothetical models of what occurs this far down. In my opinion, this is fitting, considering that it is unknown which model is exactly correct and it may never be known unless there’s one model that makes all them fit or something; this is a clever way of implying that the“setting” is representing each of the models that possibly exist and/or are considered to be the most widely agreed-upon models for all we know… All we have to go off of this is that there’s different types label on it along with a visual, which might as well be, possibly implying a representation of what model is being looked at

Multiple TSC exist simultaneously in the black hole, explaining that inside black hole scene

I love how you dont pause the video and interrupt it and you just put the text in! it makes the video so much comfortable and watchable

man i just learned a lot today, this is literally better than doing it in class.

Love you. ❤ Enjoyed the math vid more. Still, GREAT JOB! edit; yeah this video has got some tough sh*t. Did that include philosophy or something? Anyway i have to say mad respect for the effort you made! Thank you

Great job! Even keeps downing this just for lacking in the quantum mechanics but idc and no one else should either, it’s not that easy to just straight up explain,lectures exist for a reason, also is it just me but watching that makes me feel like I’ve seen things I should see or I might cause some time phenomenon. Some crazy shit exists in our universe(?)

i love your explanation!

The density of physical: the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. The subject matter of physics, distinguished from that of chemistry and biology, includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, and the structure of atoms.

I WAITED FOR YA NOW YOUR HERE FINNALY LOVE YOUR VIDS MAN

Physics and math teachers should show those videos to their students, it will show them the beauty of math and physics

10:01 You forgot that as the gravity increases the flow of time also slows down. The Black Hole being infinitely (kind of of) dense has a huge gravity which bends space much more than most other gravitational fields and can almost freeze the time in comparison to a perspective from outside it. However, the time keeps flowing for TSC. If you get infinitely much time in comparison to the outside world then you may as well witness your past and meet your future self.

I decided you were legit once you commented basically “GOSH that planet is dense!”

Just to clarify distance is a scalar value while displacement is a vector, meaning that while distance was always positive, displacement had a direction and your total is the sum of your displacements, not distance Eg: you can have negative displacement, but not distance

The world sheets and mention of anti-DeSitter space portion means that we're moving into a speculative geometry -- specifically, the Penrose diagram of a spinning black hole is presented. Because the singularity at the center of a black hole is not physical, it's a coordinate singularity where the math simply fails, AB is moving beyond literal physics a bit at that point. His physics friend is also clearly a string ... I want to say crackpot but I'll give benefit of a doubt and say 'theorist), given the display of Calibi-Yau manifolds, which are used to explain the compactification of the excess spatial dimensions found in string pseudoscience and the later presentation of literal strings. While you're right that fitting five squares around a vertex necessarily implies a hyperbolic geometry, the fact this is referred to as dodecahedral hyperbolic geometry means we're actually tiling dodecahedrons (without any gaps, impossible to do in 3D geometry!). The fact we learn the sources of the objects isn't merely convenient, it's actually critical! By closing these loops, the physics friend of AB is invoking the Novikov Self-Consistency principle and in a sense using it to solve the blackhole paradox (since QM requires conservation of quantum information and black holes would seem to destroy quantum information, black holes under current models present a paradox). Here the information is 'leaking' back out through use of the Tippler cylinder, as the only way out of a black hole under current models is through the use of a time machine, of which a Tippler cylinder is a mathematically consistent (but physically unrealizable due to its having to be infinitely long) approach to time travel. The common description of Hawking radiation, particle-antiparticle virtual particles being separated, is an oversimplification that isn't accurate, but captures a core concept of it (indeed, if I recall correctly, Stephen Hawking himself originates this simplified model). The fact of the matter is that virtual particles do not, according to the mathematics, physically exist. PBS Spacetimes gives a much more accurate description of how Hawking discovered Hawking radiation in the math in their video, "Hawking Radiation" (video: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/p7Z7nZOK07Glfqs.html ). At the very end, where TSC exits through the wormhole, you missed commenting on the significance of the labels under the wormhole. These are references to the various sub-theories that emerge out of M-Theory (or ostensibly merge into M-Theory). Type I refers to a model where strings are non-orientable and is the only one where open strings occur, type IIB leads to the AdS/CFT correspondence. Given the tip of the cowboy hat, this is clearly a reference to Type IIB being the variant found in Texas, explaining why Texas is so weird. (okay, this part is me just being funny... ;) )

would pay to watch this in theaters bro

I'm a Physics graduate, and I totally get "Even I don't understand what this means" part...

You did pretty good man. It is way harder than the math video.

Im about to enter highschool in 6 months and now I'm EXTRA confused on what the christ these animation vs physics/math videos cover. Thanks for explaining!

A calabi-yau manifold is the shape of space as described by m-theory (the sorta generalization of string theory). That's also related to the thing earlier about worldsheets, and what's up with all the floaty loops of stuff representing particles. Similarly, while I first thought those apparent settings on that einstein-rosen bridge at the end were referring to supernova types, which doesn't make much sense, I'm realizing it probably actually refers to the various string theory frameworks (there are several, with chains of equivalences between them, and taken together you get the aforementioned m-theory)

The portion where permanent magnets were used as an accelerator wouldn't be possible. The rocket would indeed accelerate as it converted the potential energy of the magnetic field into kinetic, but as soon as TSC crossed the center of the ring that kinetic energy would convert back to potential. Magnetic accelerators do exist, but the rings would need to be made from electromagnets. In this way, the magnetic field could be collapsed at the moment of maximum kinetic energy. that is the way electric motors function. Done in this way, the rocket would continue to gain a net positive kinetic energy from each consecutive ring.

When the little guy is at the singularity, you're seeing the world according to string theory. The Calabi Yau manifold he showed is a complex manifold, meaning it locally resembles complex Euclidean space and its transition functions are holomorphic. Complex manifolds generalize the concept of a surface to higher dimensions, allowing for the study of spaces where each point has not just two, but 2n dimensions, where n is the complex dimension of the manifold. A calabi yau manifold is something called a Kähler manifold. This implies that it possesses a Kähler metric, a special kind of Riemannian metric that is compatible with the complex structure and symplectic structure of the manifold. Another key property of a Calabi-Yau manifold is that it has a Ricci-flat metric. This means that the Ricci curvature tensor, which describes a particular type of curvature of the manifold, vanishes everywhere. Ricci-flatness is a condition of Einstein's field equations in general relativity, where it describes vacuum solutions. The holonomy group of a Calabi-Yau manifold falls into special classes, such as SU(n) for n-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. The holonomy group gives information about how parallel transport around loops in the manifold behaves. For Calabi-Yau manifolds, the specific holonomy groups have implications for the types of supersymmetry that can exist in string theory. The end of the video is largely based on superstring theory as far as I'm aware. You see the 5 different universes allowed in superstring theory in the end as those different worlds or game modes. Also, about the thing with entanglement. There's a hypothesis promoted by Leonard Susskind called ER=EPR. In quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox, formulated by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen, highlights the strange nature of quantum entanglement, where two or more particles can be in a state such that the state of one determines the state of the other, no matter the distance separating them and in general relativity, an Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridge is a hypothetical structure linking separate points in spacetime, commonly referred to as a wormhole. It's a solution to the Einstein field equations that manifests as a "tunnel" with two ends at different points in spacetime. The ER=EPR conjecture posits that these two phenomena are fundamentally related. Specifically, it suggests that a pair of entangled quantum particles (an EPR pair) is connected by a microscopic wormhole (an ER bridge). In this view, quantum entanglement is a manifestation of the geometric connection through spacetime. This conjecture has some implications for unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity into a coherent theory of quantum gravity. The ER=EPR conjecture can also provide insights into the black hole information paradox. If a black hole's interior is connected by wormholes to all the Hawking radiation it emits, this could potentially allow information to escape from the black hole, addressing the conservation of information problem. The conjecture is closely related to the holographic principle, particularly as it's realized in the AdS/CFT correspondence. This principle posits that a higher-dimensional gravity theory can be equivalent to a lower-dimensional quantum field theory without gravity. The video also illustrated the AdS/CFT corrospondance with the boundary between the 5 dimensional anti-de Sitter space and the 3+1 dimensional conformal field. Anti-de Sitter space is a type of spacetime that is commonly used in especially string theory. It has a constant negative curvature, which sets it apart from the flat spacetime of special relativity or the positively curved spacetime of de Sitter space. AdS spaces are central in the formulation of the AdS/CFT correspondence, proposed by Juan Maldacena, which posits a duality between a gravity theory in Anti-de Sitter space and a Conformal Field Theory (CFT) defined on the boundary of that space, as illustrated in the video. This correspondence is a major example of the holographic principle, where a higher-dimensional gravitational theory is encoded in a lower-dimensional quantum field theory. In the context of AdS/CFT, this conjecture implies that the entangled pairs in the boundary CFT may correspond to connected ER bridges in the bulk AdS space. This idea provides a geometric interpretation of entanglement in the context of the holographic principle. ER=EPR serves as a bridge (both literally and figuratively) between the geometry of spacetime and quantum entanglement, suggesting that the holographic principle might be a fundamental aspect of nature.

7:18 If you take account of perspective here, you can see that the magnet has been traveling very fast in space.

sad to see this not explained in more detail, although the math one was very good

OMG I LOVE YOU THANK YOU

And the apple used multiple times in this is a reference to Isaac Newton and the apple.

I could definitely see more people using the original video and analyzing it for a school project or assignment

this video is elegant universe

at 11:50 he goes beyond the speed of light allowing him to time travel

Very surprised you didn't mention the bootstrap paradox at the end.

In 2:23 isn't he suppose to move non stop cause its friction less and external force is not applied. until the 1kg ball reduces its momentum by 1kg and his speed will slow down a little but still he is suppose to go infinitely non stop. for those who could't understood what i mean is------- his max velocity was 2m/s his weight is 50kg so his momentum is 100 kg m/s until 1 kg ball is acting as resistance so 99 kg m/s is my momentum so 99/50= 1.98 m/s will be my final velocity so he should be going infinitely without stopping at 1.98m/s

*everything has mass* Massless particles : im abt to end this man's whole career

Pls do more animation vs animator videos!! also thanks for not constantly pausing the vid

If theres future vids like this (mbbe if what alan said in ava reacts is tru) it could be helpful to see if you could ask their lead animator (who I think is the brains of these videos if I remember correctly) about stuff that doesnt make sense.

the video's math to physics in the original looked like enchantment table language to me but this video really explained it

At 6:13, I think it says that the smaller your orbit around a star (or any celestial body), the faster you need to move to counter the star's gravity?

This video was made 8 hours ago and you made it already?! Wow!

I'm pretty sure, that on 2:24 Newton's 3rd law is violated, if assuming, that there is no friction with ice

congratulation, you are the first one to analyze Alan Beckers video

You can't just convert angular momentum to linear momentum. Also when does conservation of torque happen?

“Ok. Now to the part I didn’t get and need help.” “Even I have no idea what this means.” “NOOOO!!”

with this animation and dialogue this can be definetly use in class and kids will surely like this😂

0:30 ''Velocity = your speed'' is misleading. Correction: ''Velocity = your speed + direction'' if you want to keep with this format of the definition. (In reality, it's your displacement vs. time). This gets factored in using the arrow to indicate direction. 0:46 Displacement is NET distance from a given origin, NOT total distance accumulated. I think the animation gets this maths ever so slightly wrong.

The part that you dont understand is called a penrose diagram. In this case of the video its shown as to represent the existence of mirror universe /parallel universe, this comes from a hypothesis where it says the Singularity of a black hole opens up as a white hole in another mirror universe. Thats a pretty cool theory. And abt the tipler cylinder its scarily accurate to have it inside a singularity which is the textbook definition of infinitely long, which fits perfectly for a tipler cylinder which is an infinitely long one. And the part where he rotates the Einstein rosen bridge is accurate too cos anything can pass through the other universe only either through a electrically charges or rotating singularity according to the solution.and yeah its supposed to be vertical

6:44 I love this part so much there’s no atmosphere or air. What is the hat doing to lift him off the collision course somebody should do the calculations theoretically if there was an earth atmosphere over the star, how strong he’d have to be to outdo his courts with this massive star in what the hell is that I had made out of💀

TSC is must be going crazy in that cage if he’s doing physics, I thought math was crazy

Went from moving to dahm time travel

See you, space cowboy

11:50 You can read {The Principle Behind the Interstellar Effect...} (a book)

Physics is so wonderfully vast and yet also sometimes is really simple, sometimes really NOT, and somehow sometimes both

If I didn't know any better, I'd say you really liked this video.

I don't understand how the magnetic accelerator works, seems like free energy. And the acceleration on the ice seems like a reactionless drive

10 bucks says Orange Guy isekas to a magical world and discovers Ye Old Chemistry: ALCHEMY. The rest of that video is them learning and combining elements.

Love the annihilation at 11:35

I will be back next semester for my physics class you have my thanks

Haha! I love that one 3b1b video.

I mean. Now we know that TSC's speed is at least 10 m/s.

other stuff that are not mentioned in the video: disclaimer: this is only based on my general knowledge, and may not be very accurate. Anti de sitter space, conformal field theory: based on Ads/CFT correspondence. Ads is a space with a negative cosmological constant (delta), as opposed to de sitter space. Thus, it acts like a container that can keep black holes in without it ever touching the side, due to the apparent repulsive force from the edges. Furthermore, time runs different and similarly sized objects become smaller when moved near the edge. Ads/CFT correspondence proves that 4 dimensional Ads is equal to 3 dimensional QCD theory and interactions. worldsheet: Plot where space is on the x axis, time on the y axis. world lines can be drawn on it. strings: from string theory. simplest 1 dimensional closed string is graviton, simplest 1 dimensional open string is photon. can be generalised to branes, where a string is 1-brane. selection at bottom when jump into einstein-rosen wormhole: five main types of string theory that found to describe, may arise as limiting conditions of 11 dimensional m-theory i may miss a few things, feel free to add

That can be right because if Tcm is about to land on the star/sun he will need a whole mass which adds to E=mc2

We really need a physicist to react to the original video