Apollo Comms Part 15: Combining Voice, Data and Ranging
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Күн бұрынWe demonstrate the full Apollo uplink with simultaneous voice, data and ranging, as seen and demodulated on the Keysight MXA signal analyzer. Many thanks to Electro-Rent for sponsoring the Keysight equipment rental! ElectroRent: www.electrorent.com
Apollo Comms Playlist: • Apollo Comms Part 1: O...
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Links to doc:
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virtualagc.github.io/virtuala...
www.ibiblio.org/apollo/
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00:00 Recap: Apollo's complex modulation stack
02:19 Running the Keysight VSA modulation analysis software
03:42 Phase modulation principle
06:02 Looking at the demodulated Apollo subcarriers
07:45 I added a tube to my spectrum analyzer!
08:04 Adding the ranging signal
10:18 Apollo's careful modulation weighting
11:19 Full Apollo uplink demo
@tomohlsson9045 2 жыл бұрын
Marc and gang, I've read books on the AGC development and design, I've read books on the Unified S-Band system, I have contacts at Motorola and Rockwell that have provided information over the years, but you have clearly demonstrated how it was done, how it was accomplished and how it works. Your visual demonstration just makes it so clear and easy to understand, it's like I literally had an "aha" moment watching this episode. Hats off to you, Ken, Mike, everyone, your skills are just amazing. Thank you for the gift you have provided us all!
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the kind words. If you know people at Motorola that were involved with these exquisite designs, we sure would like to talk to them!
@benmodel5745 2 жыл бұрын
This is why I love test equipment! It's ability to visualize completely abstract concepts and invisible electromagnetic fields. Makes something that's hard to understand visually apparent. Best one yet Marc, keep up the awesome work!
@77leelg 2 жыл бұрын
Your channel is the best proof that we actually landed on the moon. The technology developed for the moon missions is almost magical.
@cjay2 2 жыл бұрын
I was just thinking that same thing (best proof) myself a couple of minutes ago.
@alpcns 2 жыл бұрын
Absolutely stunning stuff. Fantastic equipment. The engineers and scientists that designed all this equipment and built these spacecraft are absolute geniuses. Using slide rulers, pencils and maybe the first primitive computers. And now, 55 years or so later we have imbeciles that believe it never happened. Bravo Marc, you are doing spectacular work. I loved the vacuum "tube" as well!
@togowack 2 жыл бұрын
It was partially faked and we have a problem in history has been badly tampered with. But a lot of 'smart' people think they figured it out too so we have criminals running free.
@XMarkxyz 2 жыл бұрын
Watching both audio and data being first mixed into carriers for the transmission and then being perfectly unfolded step by step in the two clear streams is so sactisfying
@RemcoStoutjesdijk 2 жыл бұрын
"This was done with some good looking HP equipment from the 60s... and some modern keysight ones as well". Marc, you have a particular modulation there but the message was received clearly :)
@MarcelHuguenin 2 жыл бұрын
I find this such a fascinating series. Having lived through that era and watched the huge leap for Mankind at age 12 it is so very interesting to learn how the communication actually took place. Thank you so much for sharing and teaching us in such an elegant way using the actual equipment.
@Richardincancale 2 жыл бұрын
Same age as me! I went on to spend a lifetime in telecoms, mobile comms, satcom… It was inspirational.
@tbp-channel8870 2 жыл бұрын
Chapeau that you all are looking through it after so much research.. and also for giving a stage to the retired engineers of this stuff.. I am enjoying all of your steps in the videos, thanks so much. Nice USB-Tube.. :)
@kingofcotham9999 2 жыл бұрын
I am from the UK what you are doing in this project is so so so historically and amazingly important! I really think that this should get federal support in your country for generations to come!
@AF29007 2 жыл бұрын
It's an engineering marvel that they managed to develop this technology back then... and implement it in space-flight capable hardware... truly impressive
@michaelhaardt5988 2 жыл бұрын
That was the best explanation of amplitude vs. phase modulation I ever saw. This whole series is actually educational besides highly entertaining.
@Regular6782 2 жыл бұрын
Wow, this is amazing! I can't get enough of this content.
@donmoore7785 2 жыл бұрын
Once again you have knocked the cover off the ball. Excellent presentation!
@danielepatane3841 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for adding the visual information on how the system works! It is still fairly complicated today with all the modern equipment we have now I would not imagine how complicated it was back then to visualize and demodulate carriers and subcarriers....very instructive!
@thefujiapple6313 2 жыл бұрын
phenomenal progress dad and thanks for buying my ice cream
@624Dudley 2 жыл бұрын
So glad you explained this deep RF multi-tasking scheme…outstanding! 👍
@ferrumignis 2 жыл бұрын
Multiplexing rather than multitasking!
@624Dudley 2 жыл бұрын
Fair enough. I’m not qualified to know the real jargon…
@ferrumignis 2 жыл бұрын
@@624Dudley I only commented as I thought the term "multitasking" was actually somewhat apt as several different types of information are being sent at the same time, and is also close to the correct name. The full name is frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and is quite similar to how the sound and picture were sent together on the old analog TV system.
@darrinpearce9780 2 жыл бұрын
Never ceases to amaze me how they developed this in such a relatively short time in the original Apollo program and also the lengths you guys have gone to in recreating it now to demonstrate it. Very very inspiring. Thanks again for the content.
@jeremiefaucher-goulet3365 2 жыл бұрын
From last episode, it was really interesting to see the kind of commands they could send. Now it would be interesting to see how telemetry was encoded on the return link
@tfhmobil 2 жыл бұрын
Very inspiring and almost a deja vu. I have some early background on modulation of teleprinters on to carrier frequency equipment, transmitting both data and voice. This looks very similar, although a different frequency band. Later I did some DIY stuff, on PET hardware, making modems on telephone lines, and later again, I managed to do a solution on NMT cellular on xx86 hardware. But after, it was cheaper just to buy and take advantage of more common hardware and protocols. The fundamentals of all this, must have been developed no later than the 1940ties 1950ties, but still going strong :-)
@jackrubin 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks - your explanations have me believing I can almost understand this stuff!
@chromosundrift 2 жыл бұрын
Always fascinating Marc, I'm no specialist in these subjects so the recaps and elevator sections are incredibly helpful to my understanding.
@BilisNegra 2 жыл бұрын
Same here.
@danielatbasementtech 2 жыл бұрын
Simply fascinating ! ... thanks for exactly the right level of detail to reactivate my EE neurons.
@rackbasedlife9584 2 жыл бұрын
Nice! good work Marc! Thanks for the series and please keep up the great work!
@StringerNews1 2 жыл бұрын
I'm a long-time scanner listener, and the sound of the uplink reminds me of the control channels for early cellular (AMPS) and trunked radio systems.
@rogervanbommel1086 2 жыл бұрын
Seems sensible, i would say it is also like DVB or B/QPSK digimodes
@gigigigiontis8 2 жыл бұрын
It's also quite similar to a V.21 voiceband modem
@mountain177 2 жыл бұрын
Its somilar to to c4fm
@rogervanbommel1086 2 жыл бұрын
@@mountain177 that is totally different because it is FSK, not PSK(high rate PSK starts sounding like noise)
@mountain177 2 жыл бұрын
@@rogervanbommel1086 true.
@Samuel_el_toro 2 жыл бұрын
You had me with the tube👍
@twobob 2 жыл бұрын
The demodulation was certainly the most mystifying. Thanks :)
@vincei4252 2 жыл бұрын
Best channel for tech nerds on KZfaq.
@tekvax01 2 жыл бұрын
Excellent bench demo Marc! Thank you for your amazing content sir!
@KeritechElectronics 2 жыл бұрын
Did I ever mention that your projects are mad, bad and totally rad? No? Then your projects are mad, bad and totally rad. I love them so much! Envious of your lab and test equipment, and even more envious of your skill and knowledge. Vacuum tube USB key? Hmm, gotta make one with EAA91 :) BTW seeing a mains frequency meter too. Cool.
@gnudarve 2 жыл бұрын
This is some of the best content I've ever seen on KZfaq. You and your team have taken a very complex and exotic technology and made it so easy to understand and appreciate, what a gift to the world of engineering and electronics! Thank you so very much.
@soniclab-cnc 2 жыл бұрын
just loving all this Apollo goodness
@kevinmerrell9952 2 жыл бұрын
Fantastic that they could do this at that time. Also fantastic how simply we can re-create it using modern equipment.
@aussiedazvk4djh889 2 жыл бұрын
Very nice Marc. 👍
@MVVblog 2 жыл бұрын
Fascinating!
@andymouse 2 жыл бұрын
Very cool setup...cheers.
@BADGRRL 2 жыл бұрын
This is very well documented! Thank you :D
@davidverbeek4849 2 жыл бұрын
Completely unrelated to this video, but ever since I started watching your channel I am constantly seeing vintage HP test equipment in movies and TV shows. I am currently watching an episode of stargate SG1 and they are incorrectly using a beautiful hp 8903a audio analyzer as a radio transmitter of all things
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
Yes! But No!
@adrianobueno6984 2 жыл бұрын
Great work, thank you!
@m4dizzle 2 жыл бұрын
Would be interesting to see Shahriar from The Signal Path as a special guest at some point in this project :)
@Mrshoujo 2 жыл бұрын
I've always wondered about the math needed to make these circuits work. I've also wondered about the math used in analog television.
@Matt-re8bt 2 жыл бұрын
I'd hate to think about the sum-total-value of the gear you're using. But the vids are great!
@tfhmobil 2 жыл бұрын
This gear is still very important, as without this there would probably never have been things like “the internet”. Therefore money is of no importance. I hope the “real black art”, with all the spells, will emerge from this curiosity.
@anthonyatwork 2 жыл бұрын
Well done 👍
@scowell 2 жыл бұрын
Ready for DSKY commands now!
@AntonyTCurtis 2 жыл бұрын
NICAM digital stereo sound as used in the UK for many decades with analogue TV encrypted the data with a repeating pseudo-random sequence in order to be able to transmit it over a part of the video.
@72polara 2 жыл бұрын
I wish I had put the spectrum analyzer on the baseband and RF when I was a microwave tech. Never though to look at the carriers, signalling, and voice. Instead of all the channels being just SSB, the Apollo uses several different modulation schemes.
@oldwhitelodge 2 жыл бұрын
A fabulous series - thank you. I would really appreciate an episode dedicated to your views as to why the modulation techniques used are so complex? I would have thought it could be achieved in a simpler fashion without a risk of reduced reliability. I guess I am probably wrong!
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
I think the explanation is spread over the previous episodes, but quickly: stuck with PM primary modulation because of the need to preserve the carrier average frequency for Doppler ranging, FM is best for the subcarriers, and PSK is one of the simplest and best method for digital transmission (still used today!). So they made rather straightforward and rational choices really.
@francescozampognaro2544 2 жыл бұрын
Indeed fm was used before digital satellite (i.e. before dvb in the 90s) to be robust to amplitude variations of the analogue signal (due to scintillation). And psk is still the base of satellite digital data transmission today (i.e. bpsk, qpsk, 8psk) so indeed they made the right choices back then.
@stephanc7192 2 жыл бұрын
amazing
@hymermobiler 2 жыл бұрын
Another 12 satisying minutes from the channel built by boffins and played out for the masses. Thank you......... awaiting the next episode 🙂
@Sikuq 2 жыл бұрын
Great videos. Thanks. Would love 4K quality.
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
Yep. Our test equipment is ahead of our camera equipment…
@eumoria 2 жыл бұрын
wow. just wow.
@IndigoAfterglow 2 жыл бұрын
The magic tube!
@ReinouddeLange 2 жыл бұрын
Very interesting stuff and amazing how you guys are putting everything back together. I hope to see an Olivetti Programma 101 too in one of your episodes since it has been part of the Apollo history besides HP and Motorola! Great joke that tube usb stick btw! :-) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_101
@phpn99 2 жыл бұрын
Microwave RF engineering is indeed the most esoteric field of electronics. Those analyzers cost the price of a house.
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
This one, a very nice car. But still, only affordable by professionals. And corporations still wince when they have to buy them, hence the rental market. That’s why amateurs relish the vintage HP stuff. It’s within reach, and still amazingly good if you can repair it.
@jetalse7974 2 жыл бұрын
The video from the moon landing was not in the original plan. Someone raised the idea of a video feed. There was little room in the comms bandwidth, so a special low resolution, low bandwidth video system was designed. The communications during the moon walk was picked up by the radio telescope at Parkes, NSW Australia. It was converted to a conventional TV signal by displaying the video signal on a screen, and filming the display with a TV camera. The video signal was also recorded on reel-to-reel tapes. Tapes in those days used whale oil for adhesive. The use of whale oil was stopped when whaling was banned, and synthetic oil was used instead. The synthetic oil was not as reliable as the whale oil. NASA had a project that required reliable data tapes. Someone said "I know where there are some whale oil tapes." The result was that the only recording of the original video feed of Armstrong's moon was was erased.
@mortjoer 2 жыл бұрын
That USB Tube :D
@Wizardess 2 жыл бұрын
Incase you did not notice, the ranging component of the signal is a very close relative to GPS with only C/A code or only P code. {^_-}
@p1366 2 жыл бұрын
Interesting.. is it similar to DME squitter?
@Wizardess 2 жыл бұрын
@@p1366 A really quick look on Wikipiddle suggests any relationship is more coincidental than intentional. GPS and Apollo ranging not use a pseudo-random sequence sent at a known time to indicate time of flight. Both compare a local rendition of the sequence with the received sequence and measures the time offset needed to make them coincide. The quick look suggests this is not a part of the squitter use. It apparently uses signal strength to make estimates rather than sequence offset. Now, that's just from a really quick look. I've never dealt with squitter signals before. {^_^}
@kippie80 2 жыл бұрын
Ha ha! Had me going with that tube! I'm like whah? What could that possibly be doing that is usefull! That tube is too bright ... Then it gets pulled out. Nice one! An early April Fools gag.
@tfhmobil 2 жыл бұрын
Before this equipment, the radios was on tubes. A large part of the modulation and demodulation was done by relays, at a maximum speed off 96 baud.
@kippie80 2 жыл бұрын
@@tfhmobil Surely. But that would not be in keeping with the Apollo mission which was semiconductors and miniaturization and programming. Regardless, a good gag!
@TheJimbodean67 2 жыл бұрын
It was pretty cool how you beeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeep and the when you beeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeep you guys really know your beeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeep, thanks.
@dammonbutler6951 2 жыл бұрын
That USB stick is awesome! Where did you find it? Also, amazing video as always 😁
@jishcatg 2 жыл бұрын
I was fooled at first. I couldn't believe such an advanced machine would have a spot for a tube to be attached and was really curious to know the necessity. Great trick.
@DAVIDGREGORYKERR 2 жыл бұрын
What about using the Kaiser Window with alpha:=10.056 and number of bins for the FFT:=16384
@proehm 2 жыл бұрын
Deja Vu all over again. I spent a not insignificant portion of my working career dealing with microwave subcarriers. The limitation was that I did it with a function generator, frequency counter and Tektronix scope. Thank God square waves contain a nice 3rd harmonic content...
@ydonl 2 жыл бұрын
... and for Tektronix scopes! :)
@pierrelambert446 2 жыл бұрын
I would guess that the Apolo ranging signal would be kind of an ancestor or the GPS system? Was it the first space craft to use this system or that had satellite before?
@acmefixer1 2 жыл бұрын
Some other interesting information. We had astronaut's lives depending on this system. That's why the error checking and correcting if necessary. The really amazing thing about this is there were a quarter of a million miles between the spacecraft and earth. The large antennas here on Earth were needed to make up for the losses over such a great distance. The spacecraft had an antenna that had to be pointed at Earth to give a strong enough signal. Even so, the spacecraft could not communicate with Earth during times when it was behind the moon or during reentry. And I repeat what others said: "And we have imbeciles who think it never happened." Really stupid. 😞😞 Thanks, Marc.
@RensePosthumus 2 жыл бұрын
Marc, how did the NASA-engineers test this whole shebang back in the Apollo days? Surely they didn't have this beautiful keysight stuff. So what did they have and are you in a position to let us see the whole working with devices from the apollo days? That would really deliver a marvelous video I think.
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
He doesn't have all of the relevant Apollo pieces, that's why he's using some modern gear to stand in. They certainly had spectrum analyzers at NASA to help design this stuff. They just didn't have fancy digital ones with DSP and demodulation built into them. They had other devices to do the demodulation.
@StubbyPhillips 2 жыл бұрын
Dude!
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
says Adam Savage…
@StatusFIX 2 жыл бұрын
is the random noise , a sort of scrambler to stop "others" to listen in on the coms? 1960's style?
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
No, it's a repeating bit stream that allows them to lock onto it unambiguously so they can measure the time delay to and from the spacecraft very accurately. It has nothing to do with encryption or scrambling. Anyone with the hardware could (and did) listen in.
@UnitSe7en 2 жыл бұрын
So... When are you boys going for a fly-by?
@ox2design 2 жыл бұрын
Now this IS rocket science....
@jyvben1520 2 жыл бұрын
prelude to the many digital channels on the cable network ...
@justforfunvideohobby 2 жыл бұрын
Can mike plug this into the Apollo sim?
@muratkoptur 2 жыл бұрын
IS there any link for 11:12 book?
@jeremiefaucher-goulet3365 2 жыл бұрын
Any chance you'll be able to connect it all up to the AGC (emulated AGC of course) to receive those abort commands?
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
I don't think the AGC received the abort commands. They went to a relay that turned on lights. The part of this that went to the AGC were the DSKY commands - basically a remote DSKY keyboard in ground control.
@jeremiefaucher-goulet3365 2 жыл бұрын
@@stargazer7644 I was just using that particular command as an example. I'm not exactly sure of the context of this "abort" command, but if it relates to aborting a moon landing for example, then the AGC would definitely be involved as aborting is all handled by the computer.
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
@@jeremiefaucher-goulet3365 He explained in detail in the previous video how these commands were used. These were not commands to the AGC. They turned on relays that either essentially flipped switches on the control panels, or turned on indicator lights. The ONLY input to the AGC was via the DSKY keyboard, and that had to be specifically allowed by the astronauts flipping two enable switches. It was not on by default.
@jeremiefaucher-goulet3365 2 жыл бұрын
@@stargazer7644 Oh I know. But what do you think happens once the abort relay gets flipped? Should be the same as the button being physically actionned by the astronaut. I never meant to say that a command gets interpreted by the AGC directly. But indirectly the AGC would get triggered by some of these relay flips. There's a lot of discrete IO on the spacecraft that is sensed by the computer. Just like I'm assuming the DISKEY commands too, is just some relay action connected inline with the same circuit as the physical DISKEY buttons themselves. But obviously I'm just speculating/guessing here. I could be wrong.
@foobargorch 2 жыл бұрын
oof, the muzak wasn't even in this one and it's still stuck in my head after watching
@TechGorilla1987 2 жыл бұрын
Hello all!!!
@eugenioarpayoglou 2 жыл бұрын
Radio GAGA!
@SeanBZA 2 жыл бұрын
OK, now i want to make one of those USB keys....... time to go hunt up a gassy tube.
@andrewlecouteurbisson7217 2 жыл бұрын
It does seem strange that at that time anyone with the necessary kit could, in theory, command the Apollo spacecraft. At the time it was so advanced that I suppose it qualified as an encrypted link. :D
@jishcatg 2 жыл бұрын
Wow. Good point. Would have been to the USSR's advantage to sabotage it, I wonder? Could they have done it without being detected?
@nmccw3245 2 жыл бұрын
It’s always a mistake to underestimate Russia.
@Tekwyzard 2 жыл бұрын
That's why there were switches in the space craft, 2 I believe, that on request (and presumably upon successful authentication that it was indeed NASA on the voice link) only the astronauts could physically switch to enable remote command of the AGC or other systems. As it was though, I agree, it was so advanced at the time, that I suspect it was very difficult without inside knowledge, to know what was going on in the mess of phase modulation, to even extract the commands, from the voice, from the ranging, never mind know what they meant at the space craft end of things. Might not have very tricky to jam though, by pointing a sufficiently powerful signal at the capsules.
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
That's why the astronauts controlled when commands could be sent up.
@_Funtime60 2 жыл бұрын
How many videos until apollo 18?
@DKTAz00 2 жыл бұрын
until feet on the moon? *
@nesagljivic 2 жыл бұрын
What is next? F1 engine repair?
@-vermin- 2 жыл бұрын
Is this pseudo random number ranging the origin of its use in GPS?
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
Its use in Apollo isn't even its origin.
@flannelshirtdad 2 жыл бұрын
A magnificent conflagration.
@duffman1010 2 жыл бұрын
Hi Marc. Been loving the Apollo videos Question would you be able to Interface the Microwave gear you have been working on to the AGC? so like upload data from Earth to AGC via the the Microwave link?
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
Yes, but that’s at the end of a very very long restoration chain. For that we need to revive the premodulation processor box, the uplink data box, and the telemetry box on the spacecraft side. These are all quite complicated. Then get the whole telemetry demodulation going on the earth side. Lots of work before we get there! A working SDR will shorten our path before we get there with original equipment, but then we have to make interface electronics.
@zerobow9413 2 жыл бұрын
Should be able to use an SDR and encode/decode this data with GNU radio
@sundhaug92 2 жыл бұрын
Don't even need a proper SDR setup, because they're AFAIK not transmitting as a radio-signal
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
@@sundhaug92 They are transmitting this on the Apollo frequency and receiving it at the other end of the desk with the actual Apollo CSM transponder hardware.
@ariscop Жыл бұрын
8:00 so what you're saying is, the tube literally made it work better?
@MagnusOsterlund 2 жыл бұрын
Now it is only video left?
@RobSchofield 2 жыл бұрын
Hmmmm.... voice and TV on the downlink in the next episode?
@gordslater 2 жыл бұрын
it's Buster Goniometer and his Unfeasibly Large Test Equipment
@xDR1TeK 2 жыл бұрын
I want these too??!!!!
@JaspervanStijn 2 жыл бұрын
For the love of God man. That data carrier is an assault on the hearing
@ydonl 2 жыл бұрын
Just drop in some narrow-band audio filters at 1kHz and 2kHz... job done!
@happysprollie 2 жыл бұрын
Isn't 'structured noise' better known as a 'signal'?
@jishcatg 2 жыл бұрын
Statistically it looks like noise (randomness) but it's pseudorandom (and it's digital), so it can be directly compared to the expected result if you know your starting sequence and how far into the stream you are, but if not, it's pretty indistinguishable from actual noise.
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
Nope. If you don't know the pseudorandom function that generates it, it looks just like noise.
@toddteagarden2200 2 жыл бұрын
What’s the difference between “high bit rate” and “low bit rate”?
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
That was on the other, downlink direction, which is waaaay faster. We have not done that yet. Can’t remember on the top of my head but low bit rate was 1.6 kb/s, while high bit rate was 51.2 kb/s, or something like that. The big catch is that you could only do high bit rate once locked on the high gain steerable antenna and with one of the 3 large dishes on the ground, while low bit rate would work out of the omnis and/or the smaller ground antennas, which is a much easier and forgiving config to get going. The low bit rate only transmitted a small subset of the info though. They struggle to get the high bit rate going to diagnose the Apollo 13 failure while the ship is unstable, and the ground desperately needs the more detailed info. Fortunately they were on the (borrowed) extra large Goldstone dish when the accident happened, and that sort of saved the day.
@toddteagarden2200 2 жыл бұрын
@@CuriousMarc very cool, yeah I remember in the Flight Director loop during the Apollo 13 accident that they said they had the “210” which I guess is the size of a dish
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
@@toddteagarden2200 Yes that was referring to the 210 foot Goldstone antenna, on loan from JPL, and truly, the military. They one assigned to Apollo at Goldstone was the 82 footer.
@Mues_Lee 2 жыл бұрын
So, from understading of all these videos flying to the moon and landing on it was not that complicated, but the electronics were :D
@user2C47 2 жыл бұрын
Engines are still very complex. They just aren't covered by this channel.
@ydonl 2 жыл бұрын
@@user2C47 Yeah... let's say... the whole thing was hard! :)
@berndeckenfels 2 жыл бұрын
… and a tube. Is that a usb fake dongle?! :) Update: 8:00 : yes it is. 😆
@77leelg 2 жыл бұрын
“Structured noise”??? Is that like organized chaos? 🤔🙂
@stargazer7644 2 жыл бұрын
It is pseudo noise generated with a math function. It has the features of noise while being easily predicted and generated.
@CuriousMarc 2 жыл бұрын
Like @Star Gazer says.
@richardlincoln886 2 жыл бұрын
Nearly every subtle marketing ploy is labelled 'Technology' nowadays... What you're showing here - 50 years+ old - IS technology.
@koga1330 2 жыл бұрын
Witchcraft. Amazing witchcraft.
@AlphaOmegaSigma 2 жыл бұрын
very lucky sir you could just rent a equipment for projects unlike us who live in bad third world countries.
@comicsansgreenkirby 2 жыл бұрын
...I think I need to step up my game from just feeding a modulator a bunch of fldigi signals.
@xDR1TeK 2 жыл бұрын
I'm poor!
@NeilABliss 2 жыл бұрын
I've come to the conclusion that if SpaceX doesn't get us back to the moon, it's going to be a bunch of DIY you tubers. What's the next in Apollo dark magic?
@RickBaconsAdventures 2 жыл бұрын
sv seeker but for a rocket lol. (not saying that the two channels are on anywhere near the same level!)
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