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How big should zoo exhibits be? With the complex needs of animals needing to be met, is it really a case of bigger is better? Research suggests otherwise! Lets take a look at some of the considerations zoos have to make.
Full Reference List
de Azevedo, C.S.; Cipreste, C.F.; Pizzutto, C.S.; Young, R.J.(2023) Review of the Effects of Enclosure Complexity and Design on the Behaviour and Physiology of Zoo Animals. Animals 13:1277. doi.org/10.339...
Browning, H and Maple, TL (2019) Developing a Metric of Usable Space for Zoo Exhibits. Front. Psychol. 10:791. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00791
Clubb, R and Mason, G.J. (2007) Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: How analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102:303-328. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.033
Hoehfurtner, T; Wilkinson, A; Walker, M and Burman, OHP (2021) Does enclosure size influence the behaviour & welfare of captive snakes (Pantherophis guttatus)?, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 243. doi.org/10.101....
Lawrence, K.; Sherwen, S.L.; Larsen, H. (2021) Natural Habitat Design for Zoo-Housed Elasmobranch and Teleost Fish Species Improves Behavioural Repertoire and Space Use in a Visitor Facing Exhibit. Animals 11, 2979. doi.org/10.339...
Melfi, V; Bowkett, A; Plowman, A and Pullen, K. Do zoo designers know enough about animals? Innovation or replication. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Zoo Design.
Miller, A.; Leighty, K.; Maloney, M.; Kuhar, C.; Bettinger, T. (2011) How access to exhibit space impacts the behaviour of female tigers (Panthera tigris). Zoo Biol. 30, 479-486 doi.org/10.100...
Ritzler, C.P; Lukas, K.E; Bernstein-Kurtycz, L.M & Koester, D.C. (2023) The Effects of Choice-Based Design and Management on the Behavior and Space Use of Zoo-Housed Amur Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica), Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 26:2, 256-269, DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1958684
Rose, P., & Robert, R. (2013). Evaluating the activity patterns and enclosure usage of a little-studied zoo species, the sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 1(1), 14-19. doi.org/10.192...
Ross SR, Calcutt S, Schapiro SJ, Hau J. (2011) Space use selectivity by chimpanzees and gorillas in an indoor-outdoor enclosure. Am J Primatol. 73(2):197-208. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20891.
Veasey JS (2020) Can Zoos Ever Be Big Enough for Large Wild Animals? A Review Using an Expert Panel Assessment of the Psychological Priorities of the Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) as a Model Species. Animals (Basel). 31;10(9):1536. doi: 10.3390/ani10091536.
Veasey J.S. (2017) In pursuit of peak animal welfare; the need to prioritize the meaningful over the measurable. Zoo Biology 36(6), 413-425.
Warwick, C; Arena, P and Steedman, C (2019) Spatial considerations for captive snakes. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 30, 37-48. doi.org/10.101...
Wilson, SF (1982) Environmental influences on the activity of captive apes. Zoo Biology 1: 201-209. doi.org/10.100...
PICTURE REFERENCE
Castle Stalker © Andrea Mucelli (www.flickr.com/.... CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
Port Jackson Shark by Squiresk (www.inaturalis...) CC by 4.0.
Photo6754757 by Alejandro Trevino (www.inaturalis...) Public Domain.
Don’t touch the lizards by Andy Hay (www.flickr.com...) CC by 2.0.
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Forest Sitatunga by Tonyking (www.inaturalis...) CC by 4.0.