The riddle of the V2 rocket shape

Рет қаралды 97,944

Күн бұрын

The V2 rocket is instantly recognisable by its extraordinary shape. But where did this revolutionary body shape come from, and why has it not been seen again in missile design since the 1950s? And yet, paradoxically, the shape in stylised form appears on millions of internet pages - why?
We continue exploring the A4 / V2 rocket in detail by looking at the surprising origins of the V2's core body shape. The first designs of the A3 and A5, both prototypes of the A4, had ballistic features emanating from the early 20th-century science of ballistics that the A4 would inherit. But crucially, some elements would change due to a supersonic flow theory revolution in 1930s America.
00:00 Introduction
03:09 V2 rocket shape
05:45 The chubby rocket
09:33 Defining the ogives
12:20 Getting it wrong
14:39 It's a bullet!
20:25 Handbook of Ballistics
23:02 Heydenreich ogive rule
28:15 Torpedo of 1744
29:24 Ballistics era
35:05 Dr Hermann and A3
38:09 The Windtunnel
47:55 Kurzweg's rocket
53:29 Von Kármán
56:49 Haack's paper of '41
1:00:34 Inside the outside
1:04:23 Summary
1:05:35 The V2's ghost in art & culture
1:11:34 Mole bunker?
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Literature
Cranz C.J. and Becker K. E. (1921) The Handbook of Ballastics, (pp. 75-82) Eng. ED HMSO London.
Neufeld M.J. (1995) The Rocket and the Reich, (pp. 5-28,42,50-54,73,82-85,97,113-127, 275-278, 285,292) Simon & Schuster Inc. New York
Siegmund-Schultze R. (2003) Military Work in Mathematics 1914-1945. Ch. Wolfgang Haack 1902-1994 [Source: Haack (1987), p. 23]
Haack W. (1941) Geschoßformen kleinsten Wellenwilderstandes, Der Lilienthal-Gesellschaft
Von Kármán T. and Moore N.E. (1932) Resistance of slender bodies moving with supersonic velocities, with special reference to projectiles ASME APM-54-27
Kurzweg H.H. Chapter 5: Aerodynamic Development of the V-2. In: Benecke, T and Quick, A (Eds). History of German Guided Missiles Development. Brunswick, Germany, 1957
Lundquist C.A., Coleman A.M. (2008) Rudolf Hermann, wind tunnels and aerodynamics (Acta Astronautica: Elsevier Science Vol 62, issue 8-9)
Written and presented by Robert J Dalby FRAS
Produced by Astronomy and Nature TV

Пікірлер: 314

@kidfromtheseventies 29 күн бұрын

Great presentation, no wonder I don’t watch TV anymore.

@TheJustinJ 20 күн бұрын

If a TV channel, such as Discovery, or History, wanted to be successful again. All they need to do is sign a deal with the top 100 KZfaq content creators. It doesn't have to be weekly. Just a monthly segment in a weekly show.

@lucasrem 8 күн бұрын

You printed it ?

@-danR 2 күн бұрын

It's very detailed, but I'm surprised there was no mention, nor in the comments, of Robert Goddard's large rocket featured in the newspapers in 1920, a photo* which (held by Goddard and four volunteers) bears a strong resemblance to a stretch-V2, except for a somewhat blunter nose-section. von Braun, et al., were very cognizant of Goddard's research and carefully collected every scrap of information they could glean from the engineer's work, and unlike the American media did not think of him as some kind of moonstruck scientific eccentric. I will further add that, had Goddard intended that his first very large rocket would be spending most of its time in a _supersonic_ flow regime, the nose would likely have had an even more V2-like tapered-to-point figure than what we see in the photograph. _____ * “First Volunteer For Leap To Mars,” New York Times (1920)

@-danR 2 күн бұрын

It is very detailed, but I'm surprised there was no mention, nor in the comments, of Robert Goddard's large rocket featured in the newspapers in 1920, a photo* which (held by Goddard and four volunteers) bears a strong resemblance to a stretch-V2, except for a somewhat blunter nose-section.

@user-uw4ch8qr5e 29 күн бұрын

Excellent technical explanation of early rocket dynamics. My dad, who, became the Chief Scientist at Edwards AFB in the 60's tried to interest me in scientific research at an early age, guiding me to create a parabolic solar boiler in 6th grade, a geotropism experiment in 7th grade, and a smoke tunnel aerodynamics project in 8th grade. As it turned out, I choose to follow Chelsey Bonestell and become an artist and musician, always with great respect for the math abilities of scientists and engineers.

@eastockerable 29 күн бұрын

Thanx.. My Dad was a jazz musician who built the Norden Bombsight tools with a top secret clearance during the War........

@angrydoggy9170 27 күн бұрын

One of my music teachers described music as applied mathematics and physics with feeling. Always loved that way of approaching it.

@TheJustinJ 20 күн бұрын

Time is related to speed which is related to distance. You can't have music without periodicity and timing.

@kingkarlito 12 күн бұрын

cool story bro, shocked an artist could respect anyone who enjoys math. those science projects really impacted your life. what did you do in 9th grade?

@kingkarlito 12 күн бұрын

@@eastockerable you just can't help but try to outdo someone whenever you get the chance? thanx... .... you too .............. ..........

@SurfWhammy 22 күн бұрын

If you have not mowed the grass in a few weeks, then grab a handful of grass and arrange the blades of grass according to length on a piece of paper. It will form an Ogive curve. This was an assignment when I took Probability and Statistics with Calculus while in college.

@thebluegrocer 29 күн бұрын

What a treat! A new video from Robert.

@GlutenEruption 28 күн бұрын

Wow, I had no idea the middle section was perfectly straight! Even after you demonstrate it, the minute you put it back together I see it as curved again. It's a really strong optical illusion!

@efkastner 25 күн бұрын

Wow the production value is through the roof! I’m half way through and keep getting surprised by graphic transitions, in-the-field video, and great audio cues

@pierrec1590 29 күн бұрын

I am sure it was the model that inspired Hergé for his rocket in "Destination Moon"(Objectif Lune,1950)

@TheStowAway594 27 күн бұрын

I always think of tintin's rocket when I see the space x starship, they look very similar to a layman like me.

@BigBoy4004 14 күн бұрын

...and Hergé confirmed that it did... Love the TinTin and Milou comics... ❤❤❤

@-danR 2 күн бұрын

I think what inspired von Braun, in turn, was Robert Goddard's large rocket featured in the newspapers in 1920, a photo* which (held by Goddard and four volunteers) shows a strong resemblance to a stretch-V2, except for a somewhat blunter nose-section. I find it curious there is no mention of it in the video, nor (apparently) in the comments. von Braun, et aI., were quite cognizant of Goddard's research and carefully collected every scrap of information they could glean from the engineer's work, and unlike the American media did not think of him as some kind of moonstruck scientific eccentric. I will further add that, had Goddard intended that his first very large rocket would be spending most of its time in a supersonic flow regime, the nose would likely have had an even more V2-like tapered-to-point figure than what we see in the photograph. ___ * “First Volunteer For Leap To Mars,” New York Times (1920)

@bonkers_dave 16 күн бұрын

It's midnight and I'm watching this instead of asian baseball cheerleaders and bodycam videos. Accidentally learned something. Amazing work.

@typxxilps 29 күн бұрын

Finally the series goes on and on and on.

@Mekchanoid 29 күн бұрын

Pleasantly surprised at the topic and excited to get another rich slice of this fascinating history! Thanks RJD

@-danR 2 күн бұрын

I don't know how he missed the 1920 version of Dr. Goddard's large rocket, shown held by Goddard and 5 others in a photo in the NYT. That was almost certainly an inspiration to von Braun and his team, who followed the scientist's work and output assiduously.

@SidlyBoDidly222 29 күн бұрын

I'm beyond glad I found this. Very smart. No frills.

@dorian8475 27 күн бұрын

I have never seen so much work into a video by editing and comprehensive explanation! Good job!

@andreafilippo3298 7 күн бұрын

Many thanks Robert for this excellent addition to the V2 design history.

@highdesertdrew1844 29 күн бұрын

Too long to finish watching on my Lunch Break, I'll definitely come back for the rest. Up to about the 25 minute mark, the discussion of Ogive shapes, rifle bullets are usually about a 6 ogive, some peak out around 8, the only way to get sharper ogives and still fit the form factor of most gun systems is to use tangent ogives. FWIW, the original WW1 7.92 ball ammo was a 196gr Boat Tailed bullet, by WW2 it had shifted to a 150gr, this was to reduce recoil, however the 192gr bullet was retained for machine gun use. I will add more commentary as I finish the video. Great vid, much enjoyed.

@thomasf7772 29 күн бұрын

Best thing I have ever seen on KZfaq. For sure.

@mskellyrlv 23 күн бұрын

Another great video, to go with your amazing exposition of the V-2 turbo-pump. One anecdote I have either heard of or read about the fins on the V-2 may be of interest. When the ABMA engineers were doing the initial work on the Redstone, they were running into a brick wall over the tail fin design. No aerodynamic analysis ever came up with a fin shape such as the V-2 had: short span, very long chord. So they finally asked Von Braun about it. He replied that the short span was dictated by the fact that the V-2 had to be transported through existing railroad tunnels, and that, in turn, required the chord to be lengthened to provide the needed tail volume. Tail fins had a varied history in the American space program. Atlas and Titan II had none - their control systems were sufficiently high powered. In the Saturn family, the Saturn I and I-B are occasionally seen without tail fins. Those were all unmanned flights. The Saturn V had its four huge fins mounted on the engine fairing cones, yet the rocket was aerodynamically unstable at all but one instant during flight. At 60 seconds, the aerodynamic center of pressure exactly hit the center of mass. Before and after that, the CP was forward of the CG. Von Braun commented on this, noting that the fins were there for a failure mode in which one of the outboard F-1 engine's thrust vector actuators failed in the "hard-over" position (it was apparently the worst control failure they could imagine). The Saturn would immediately begin to pitch, but the fins would slow it down for long enough that the astronauts could activate the Launch Escape System, and get safely away. Von Braun noted that fins large enough to ensure aerodynamic stability would be so large and heavy that they would make the Saturn unable to perform a Moon landing mission. Today, control systems have been perfected to the point where aerodynamics can be practically neglected during boost. Unless it's on a Proton with a gyro wired up backwards....

@frankv7068 29 күн бұрын

As the great Haffaz Aladeen once said “The rocket is not pointy enough!”

@GrampsLameChannel 10 күн бұрын

Early breakdowns of unexploded V2 found there was no fuel pump. The allies were stumped. It used a tuned exhaust to suck the fuel.

@bigmandrel 24 күн бұрын

"Television" at its absolute best. I listened in on one go and it went by in minutes, it seemed. I really enjoyed this. More importantly I learned a great deal, but even more important than that I got to thinking tangentially on my little personal area of knowledge. Priceless. Thank you!

@stumccabe 29 күн бұрын

My goodness, that was thorough - and fascinating! Thanks.

@rawnukles 28 күн бұрын

A man who loves to say "Tangent radius ogive double ended torpedo shape" and who can blame him.

@aerospacematt9147 24 күн бұрын

Oh yes. I would’ve described it more as a “Sears-Haack body” or basically the shape with lowest supersonic drag.

@allangibson8494 29 күн бұрын

The American X-1 body shape was based on a known stable supersonic structure - the boat tailed 50 caliber spitzer bullet. That was derived from the German 13.2mm TuFG antitank rifle bullet of 1917. Later designs realised that ballistic missiles don’t need to be particularly aerodynamic because they depart the atmosphere… They shed aerodynamic niceties in flight to reduce weight.

@TheJustinJ 20 күн бұрын

You can launch a cement pylon with enough thrust. The aero shape is there to reduce structural loads at max q.

@AttilasWorkshop 24 күн бұрын

Truly excellent work. Not only a treasure trove of information but hugely entertaining as well. I have a deep affection for that V2 shape and unconsciously used it in some of my creations. I expected to see the rocket from the first Wallace and Gromit feature 'A grand day out' but I think you showed enough examples as is. Keep up the great work:)

@DraigBlackCat 11 күн бұрын

Agreed, W&G are a big miss here - definitely would have helped lighten the mood a little!

@PHOBOS1708 5 күн бұрын

Masterpiece of Presentation! Thankk you!

@loxiasvlachos3026 29 күн бұрын

Fantastic work! Nicely done!

@IsaacKuo 29 күн бұрын

So fascinating and informative! Some mortar bombs have a similar shape, but with an extended tail to store propellant, and more numerous smaller fins to fit within the bore diameter. I never really thought about how far back that sort of mortar bomb shape goes, but looking it up I think it's definitely more modern than the V2.

@gsetful 29 күн бұрын

Stellar presentation!

@nickfries4317 29 күн бұрын

This is wonderful content. I really appreciate how you show all the details related to how to perform the measurements and calculations and the origin of the work from the 20s. Very insightful and subscribed for future content.

@Melanie16040 28 күн бұрын

Thumbs up before the video began to play. Now, this comment as the first minute finishes. Your A4 content is AMAZING and I can not get enough of it. Even if I have to wait years for another sometimes. Thank you so much for making this content! You are one of the only channels I have set to all alerts.

@themachinestops 11 күн бұрын

This was great! I love your videos and the depth you go to in exploring this material. Keep up the good work!

@keithmueller9860 28 күн бұрын

My advisor at school was the chief aerodynamicist on the V2, Rudolph Herman.

@catfunt5583 23 күн бұрын

Fascinating, would have loved to have seen his commentary on this video

@lucasrem 8 күн бұрын

@@catfunt5583 Rudolph Herman was the guy who build the Windtunnel, not a Nazi guy.

@PetesGuide 28 күн бұрын

This is awesome! Here’s a personal story I hope will put a smile on your face. As a kid, one of my favorite toys was a water and air-powered plastic rocket. You had to pump it up by hand like a bicycle tire. As an adult, I somehow managed to become god friends with my childhood hero, who was a rocket scientist who had design oversight over all Apollo electronics and Werner on speed dial. So rockets have been on my brain just about forever. Yet it wasn’t until 1:10:50 that I finally remembered that little rocket, and the suddenly exclaimed OH! when I realized it had that stubby double ogive shape. Thank you so much for an awesome lesson and an even better memory.

@robozstarrr8930 20 күн бұрын

HA! just reminded me of the last time i shot my air/water red rocket toy outside my folks home one sunny summer day. . . launched straight up with such a force . . . and then in horror, curved ~90 degrees and crashed straight into my sister's 2nd story bedroom window, remaining stuck in the window shooting out its remaining water getting everyone soaked... yep, exciting times my childhood was! ( will confess i did pump it up whaaay too much! ) on a side note learned how to cut window glass and apply window putty as Dad did the repairs.

@urbanwikstrom9246 22 күн бұрын

Exellent! I visited peenemunde in 2019. The museum was very informative. There was a lot of technical information on both V1 and V2. Thanks for a nice series of videos....! Great.👍!

@typxxilps 29 күн бұрын

11:07 - what a beautifull and simple explanation !

@9m9ify 17 күн бұрын

Thank you for reviving my interest in math and design

@curtislowe4577 29 күн бұрын

"The shape is a spherical tangent radius ogive double-ended torpedo". If one looks from above at the outline of a birch bark canoe as fabricated by eastern Native American tribal folks the V2 conic sections are more pointy and considerably longer but otherwise the overall shape is similar. Reducing drag has been a primary design requirement for centuries. (Millennia?)

@frankwatervoort 23 күн бұрын

I really enjoy your videos and how in-depth your analysis goes. You can't find this kind of quality anywhere else. Well done. Please keep making videos. The V1, V2 and any WW2 tech in particular is very interesting to me.

@markdoppelganger7810 25 күн бұрын

Loved the density of information and rare historical materials. Excellent format, much appreciated.

@dwightelvey645 26 күн бұрын

I should really put this on your gyroscope V2 page but I thought I'd mentioned a couple things. You say it used a rheostat to read out the angle but the one in the picture was actually a variable capacitor. The advantage of that is that it can be used as a non-contact position indicator. What I really wanted to talk about was the electronic analog computer that was used between the gyroscopes and the fins. The original system tried to use a mechanical connection between the gyroscopes and the fins. This worked very poorly and almost caused the idea rocket to be scarped. The mechanical system was difficult to tune and had poor fine feedback. One of the engineers designed the remarkable analog tube computer that allowed the fine tuning of the feedback to match the mass and reaction time of the rocket. The most remarkable part was the use of AC amplifiers that could cancel out the DC drift that a typical DC amplifier would have created,over the time of flight of the rocket. The AC was also better for the variable capacitor used on the gyros. There is a paper the designer later published on the control computer. If I find it again I'll post it to you. It is a little complicated be really a most remarkable design.

@ilyashick3178 28 күн бұрын

Never excepted what was done to design just shape V2. One of the best presentation of history of supersonic missile development in Germany

@mikesmith2905 29 күн бұрын

So much better than I was expecting. Excellent work, well researched and beautifully explained.

@Xsiondu 29 күн бұрын

YES!!! ANOTHER INSTALLMENT. I love when you upload

@richardparrott7192 29 күн бұрын

This was extremely interesting! The wind tunnel information was fascinating! A deep, deep dive!

@frbe0101 23 күн бұрын

I think another important feature of sucessors rockets to the V2 was also detchable warheads that no longer needed the body to survive re-entry. Aerodynmic concerns become limited to boost phase only.

@SamRogers 8 күн бұрын

Absolutely loved this, thank you for making these Robert! I was half expecting Wallace & Gromit’s appearance…

@john-rv3iv 25 күн бұрын

fantastic presentation, loved every minute, keep them coming.

@PowerScissor 15 күн бұрын

This guy owes me a model V2! I had one I was completely happy with, and now I know it isn't the correct shape, and I can't look at it the same. Great video!

@jfan4reva 27 күн бұрын

I have a terrible attraction to vintage technical books filled with math I don't understand. Kind of like "Ignition" by John D Clark, which is filled with chemistry I don't understand. (wonder where I could get a copy of Cranz and Becker? Oh crap! Googled it, and it's online!) I remember reading about how the U.S. Army was very carefully documenting the construction of the V-2 after WWII, and the people doing it were puzzled by the fin shape. They couldn't find an aerodynamic reason for the shape. Finally they got hold of one of the original designers who told them that the reason was simple. The fins had their tips chopped off to fit through European railway tunnels!

@BooBaddyBig Күн бұрын

One interesting thing I found in simulations is that the aerodynamics of vehicles matters less and less as the rocket gets longer. Something like a Saturn V would probably still easily reach orbit with a square nose cone (although they'd have to beef up the structure to avoid it collapsing.) The V2 is quite short, so it's not inconceivable that the superior shape helped it achieved its military objectives, but I don't know for sure.

@HelSeher 28 күн бұрын

Great work! The video was very informative and extremely entertaining.

@johngayder9249 23 күн бұрын

Best episode yet! Was expecting the term “ballistic coefficient” to make an appearance, but I’m guessing that came later. Thank you.

@anthonywebber1155 24 күн бұрын

You make fantastic programmes. I'm always impressed.

@tonypike8774 29 күн бұрын

OMG. This just popped up in my feed. Gonna grab a beer and settle down for what I know will be a brilliant vid. Thanks as always Robert. 😃

@randomknight2585 13 күн бұрын

This video really made me realize how similar modern small ballistic-missiles like ATACMS and PrSM look compared to the V2.

@GreaTVidsMedia 21 күн бұрын

Thanks Robert for a brilliant new video in the fascinating topic of V2

@movax20h 27 күн бұрын

Excellent video. Actual research, not just speculation about the shape. I was a bit critical about length and repetitiveness in "Turbopump Part 2", but this one is just about perfect. Learned a lot here. So, these bullet / torpedo shape is more of a (pretty good) approximation of the perfect low drag shape, but in the end other features were more important than lowest drag shape. It is fascinating, that they stuck to the early shape, more as a precaution, and focused on other elements instead. I have no idea how would they even exactly manufacture these radii, because they are not just cones. Also, now I would not be able to unsee V2 in all the icons and logos.

@deBug67 28 күн бұрын

Wow, what a well researched and presented Video. Great work!

@unusedName1 29 күн бұрын

Your love and dedication in your videos is worth the love and dedication of the engineers who developed such marvelous things. They ought to be proud of you

@anguscampbell9311 29 күн бұрын

This explains the shape of the water rocket toy I had as a kid in the 60’s…

@magnuskallas 14 күн бұрын

Seems it explains some of the designs of pens also - they move faster through the air as explained at 35:02 ;)

@victorceicys7140 24 күн бұрын

Thank you for a great informative video. Cheers.

@Martinko_Pcik 28 күн бұрын

I didn't expect to learn so much about the shape of the fist rocket. Amazing presentation and delivery

@luuko656 29 күн бұрын

Hes back!!!! A new video~!!!!!!!! YES YES YES!!!!

@ncdave4life 26 күн бұрын

53:20 _"If it was cheese, you couldn't live long on the difference."_ Nice. I've never heard that expression before.

@GregaJerin 21 күн бұрын

Legendary. Great work. We need more. 😁

@osmoregulatoryorgan 2 күн бұрын

I absolutely love the nerding here. This is really interesting. Thank you.

@ancliuin2459 28 күн бұрын

One might add that the Soviets did NOT leave the shape unchanged. The R-2 (in China: Dong Feng 1) was an extended-range version of the V-2 (USSR: R-1) with a few other changes, like switching the locations of the LOX and ALC tanks and moving the location of the equipment. From the outside, you can see that it is longer than a V-2 - they extended the length of the central cylinder.

@asdasfasdasd1749 28 күн бұрын

the amount of work you have put in this video is truly amazing and im still around the middlepoint

@WilliamHarbert69 29 күн бұрын

Fantastic presentation. Thank you.

@hashmagandy2012 24 күн бұрын

Another great video from what is an under-appreciated KZfaq Channel, imho. 👏👏👏

@bachtube11 26 күн бұрын

Wow, excellent analysis and presentation indeed!

@jan_deno8175 28 күн бұрын

super presentation. Apart from the technical aspects I loved the explanation of Peenemunde with superimposed images. Excellent.

@clavius5734 25 күн бұрын

Fantastic video!

@BerndUlmann 28 күн бұрын

Brilliant, just brilliant! Thank you so much!

@bodan1196 28 күн бұрын

@11:37 I half expected the middle to be removed, and nos and tail cone to be put together, and then place on the circle; which would have even more demostrated the shape following the radius.

@ihabsglei 29 күн бұрын

6:49 Quick question, where did you get the original construction drawings?

@hxl6162 28 күн бұрын

Man you rule, I love your videos 🎉🎉🎉best regards from Brazil

@sileno_atelier 24 күн бұрын

you have to account the lens distortion for measuring curves with any lens

@billenright2788 29 күн бұрын

Really wish you'd a series on the Herman Goering Institute outside Braunschweig. Almost all survived the war due to secrecy and camoflauge.

@matthewkeaneone 24 күн бұрын

Nice work

@Sacto1654 17 күн бұрын

In short, the A-5 essentially was a _proof of concept_ to overcome the control issues that plagued the A-3 shape. The successful test of the A-5 paved the way for the A-4, which became the V-2 rocket.

@maxieduardoapariciom.3181 25 күн бұрын

Beautiful work

@TiSIWO 23 күн бұрын

Amazing videos! I feel like I was attending a University Lecture! Keep them coming!!

@nephilimcrt 29 күн бұрын

Yay! I love these videos!

@kevinwayne7546 28 күн бұрын

Amazing research! Thanks!!!

@h0lx 29 күн бұрын

Hell yeah! Can't wait to get home and watch it!

@agranero6 23 күн бұрын

I played back the video 5 times from 10:25 to the beginning to understand the 12.5 factor until I let it go and at 11:55 you said you would explain later...oh boy...

@professorjulimarlopes43 28 күн бұрын

Another outstanding lecture from Robert Dalby. Thanks again. Greetings from Brazil.

@andrewsalmon100 28 күн бұрын

Just to note that George Melies early french movie from 1902 used a pointed bullet device for the rocket to the moon. Not V2 graceful but early.

@SolarWebsite 29 күн бұрын

42:59 "this took about a minute" That seems to me an awfully short time to fully evacuate such a large vacuum vessel. I would have guessed something in the region of "a couple of hours". Is the 1 minute correct?

@jfan4reva 28 күн бұрын

Which in turn makes you wonder how fast the air was traveling (peak velocity) when it was being evacuated. Probably very subsonic.

@robertm3730 27 күн бұрын

You have skills as an engineer and story teller. Somewhat rare to have both. Absolutely love your videos.

@dingolovethrob 28 күн бұрын

That was a truly brilliant video. Yoiur simulated google streeet view of Peenemunde was absolutely fantastic. 11 out of 10.

@AlainVanhove 28 күн бұрын

Brilliant .... as always !!

@Allan_aka_RocKITEman 9 күн бұрын

Excellent video...👍

@fraserhopewell 22 күн бұрын

Fantastic, thank you.

@richardwarner3705 21 күн бұрын

Very, VERY, good🧠👍 Insights - incredible & vital.

@espacesX 10 күн бұрын

The curved tail section generates a aerospike-like effect. That was the main-reason for the World record climb of the A4. Very effective and efficient Design. Form follows function. Later on the Wernher von Braun Team developed a real radial aerospike Rocket engines for the Upper Stage of the Saturn V.