You know Brady’s mind blown when he sits quietly.

It's incredible how buoyancy can still affect objects as diffuse and massive as this.

I love how Brady’s final question to every video is “what would happen if I was in a space suit”

Best professors Best questions from the host This channel is a treasure

Final question: "So could you be in one of these tails and not realise?" Answer: "Well yes, right up until definitely no."

"It's a WAT" "It's a wizard, Harry"

So we *shouldn't* try it? Well, that's my plans for the weekend screwed then.

Prof Merrifield is easily my favorite guest on this channel

Merrifield is my favourite astronomer.

Brady's face at 3:40 perfectly matched mine at the same time.

8:36. Well, I'm gonna, Dr. Merrifield. And Brady's coming with me. Try to stop us.

I thought 'Bending of the Jets' was an Elton John song....

It must be an intergalactic Elton John..."Bending of the Jets"...sorry I'll see myself out.

"We're talking about WAT" "We're talking about *what*?" "Yes that's right, WAT"

Another Prof. Mike Merrifield video! Keep up the good work!!

Wow. Never thought buoyancy would play such a big role in galaxies

We need more from this channel. And I love this format.

It’s actually pretty interesting to see direct evidence of a galaxy moving through a medium of some sort (assuming that’s what is happening).

if it's pluming into greater density, couldn't we see the equivalent of mach diamonds? what would we even call them?

Wonderful stuff.

The magnetic field spewing out electron jets is very interesting from the point of view of super conducting currents contributing as a motor action spinning the BH almost at the speed of light.

2:40 close to being a comet... but in galactic proportions? My Astro physicist senses are tingling!!

TIL: There is buoyancy and wind on intergalactic scales. Mind blown. The distances they are talking about are million times larger than the size of out solar system, which is already mind boggling large.

Fantastic! thank you!

Tremendous ❤️

Sixty symbols still as good as ever!

Surprising. Thank you

Underrated video.

Why don't the jets just mix with the gas & then form a single mixture that is uniform? The buoyancy only comes into effect because it's not mixing, right?

I have 2 physics questions that have been bugging me for a few days, and google has been totally unhelpful with any resources on them, so i really have no idea where else to ask this as a layman, and i would really like to know if physicists have an answer to these yet. 1)how long does the actual process of chemical bonding take? 2)how far away from an electron, does a traveling photon have to be, in order to excite the electron to a higher orbital? i will probably need to elaborate, being a layman, to make sure my questions are clear. 1)here i'm not talking about the rate at which some arbitrary volume of molecules react, but rather once the atoms or molecules have already gotten close enough to bond and share their electrons, how long does it take to "transform" or to "snap" into this new molecule? is it instantaneous like you would see in most instructional videos? or does it take some very small, but real, amount of actual time for the process to happen? 2)considering that photons are very wave-like, and that their position is uncertain....a single photon that's traveling towards an atom that can absorb it, has to have a specific point in time at which it excites the electron to a higher orbital. in other words, intuitively, the atom gets excited from one energy state to another at a very particular moment in time. (and will later emit a photon at another exact point in time.) as the electron has to be in either of the orbitals at any given moment. but considering that the photons are "wavy" you could imagine the process of atoms getting excited, to be more of a gradual process over time, as the wave-front should hypothetically hit the electron before the rest of the wave does. as well as when the photon is re-emitted, since it's a wave with a certain length to it, you wouldn't expect the photon to "come out all at once", but rather that the process of changing from an excited state to the ground state (as well as the other way around) would take some amount of time. for example, that it should take an amount of time roughly equivalent to the wavelength divided by the speed of light. (based on the formula of speed = distance\time)

Thank you!

What's the speed of sound of the intergalactic medium? I guess this would be relevant to figure out this weird buoyancy property.

Maybe a silly question....If something is moving directly towards you or directly away, you'll see a standard doppler shift.....If it's moving sideways, you'll see a lateral doppler shift, because of relativity. it might be hard to tell them apart, but I'd expect lateral shift was considered.

I'm Slowly becoming an astrophysicist with every episode

Awesome 👍

1:17 Did he just casually did the hand-split? My tendons creaked just from looking at it!

Very interesting.

We need an "anthology" / "highlight" video for this and Numberphile like there is for Periodic Videos!

I imagine those environments would still be hazardous because of bremsstrahlung, but I haven't run the numbers!

That is sooo cool!!!🤩

these bent streams do look like they are hitting some fields. but what are these particles spit by any black hole am wondering about?

8:04 -... but now you've portrayed them as these incredibly diffuse... farts. -Fart, I like this name.

How is it less dense? Wouldn't whatever is spewing out just mix with what is already there and increase its density?

This is facinating, but my tiny mind can't grasp how the jets know which way is "up" when talking about the buoyancy effect. I think at 3:40 Mike explains it but I've replayed it a few times and I can't wrap my head around it. If the primary cause of the jets bending is the ram pressure through a cluster, does the buoyancy force have a centroid that is the COG of the cluster and the jets "float" away from that point? Piling missunderstanding on top of missunderstanding, but could the difference between a NAT and a WAT be partly explained by how far through the custer the Galaxy is? Ram pressure will always bend the jets away from the direction of motion, but the buoyancy force would either work against the ram pressure or with it depending where the Galaxy is in relation to the COG of the cluster?

Now, that IS interesting.

8:16 lol prof. That's funny.

Wow! I have been wondering about bent jets for years. I knew about "Jellyfish Galaxies", moving at speeds like 7Gm/h, leaving trails of stripped gas which form orphan stars in their wake. I never thought about what happens if such a galaxy has jets. This explains a lot. However, some look like the jets are bent in opposite directions, as if the source was changing rotational axis direction, and I would expect inertia would resist such in the case of an object as massive as a black hole. Still a bit puzzled.

3000 km*s^-1 (or 1% the speed of light) is "not hugely fast." 7:39. I'm definitely using this when I get pulled over for driving 0.04 km*s^-1.

This seems to suggest that the source of the radio jets are co-orbiting other massive bodies which are not producing radio jets.

The idea of a galaxy moving at 300 km/s is actually something I can relate to, but it's immense.

How does one know the difference between NATs and WATs is not simply the perspective from which we observe the jets? Couldn’t a U-shaped WAT viewed nearly edge-on be seen as a V-shaped NAT? Is the Doppler shift of material from the outflowing jets used to eliminate this ambiguity?

"Gravity works the other way..." You have no idea how many pointless discussions I've heard about whether warmer (more buoyant) gas rises or whether cooler (less buoyant) gas sinks. Thanks for the trigger, gentlemen. 😁

The picture on the lefthand side looks like a Kármán vortex street to me. Maybe I am imagining stuff.. There are these bulges (eddies) forming, which grow in size and eventually "rip" or "tear" off. Probably talking out of my behind... anyways - cool video and visualization of the described effect :)

Professor got the airpods in, flexing on us lol

3:30 - Everything floats out there.

Make more videos pleaaaaaase . About James webb or the new black hole images

Perhaps the low pressure in the plume is a Dyson vacuum

1:17 I cannot make my hands that flat

I have a question: since we know only the line-of-sight velocity of galaxies (as mentioned in this video), how can we be so sure that Andromeda is on a collision course with our own galaxy? Maybe it's moving sideways. Or is it so close that we can actually tell somehow?

isn't it possible to derive the jet speed from the properties of the radio emissions? from my naive understanding, its frequency directly depends on the velocity

B-b-b-bending and the jets!

I think if there is force like buoyancy in space that means there is some kind of matter in space otherwise how buoyancy works without any matter?

wait, I thought stuff floated in water when it's less dense because of the pressure of the water being greater than the weight of the object, rather than the water above the object pulling the object by the force of gravity? I mean, obviously gravity acts between all objects with mass, but surely the upthrust of the water on the object as a result of pressure is far greater in this circumstance in comparison to the minute gravitational pull of a body of water?

Is this where Elton John got his idea for his song "Bentie and the Jets"? I love blasting that song with a full use of all the "wats" of my system. (sorry...)

Like a bird tweets to a NAT and duck quacks to WAT

Interesting still not a place you would want to be with all the radiation my first guess was that there might be another galaxy's magnetic fields diverting them but I guess that wouldn't produce this shape as the field lines would be more complicated? AI do wonder how this was ruled out since the tenuous plasma could in principal support a magnetic field.

🔥🔥🔥🔥

Bending, bending, ... bending and jettss ... jettss...

It's like herding NATS

Could that "tossed out of the galaxy" stuff be related to dark matter?

Why aren't all jets from galaxies bent? I don't see how you could have straight-line jets with all the other forces from moving through space and buoyancy.

You're talking about buoyancy of a strong vacuum over a not-quite-as-strong vacuum? The pressure must be teeny-tiny. Does this really create an observable effect?

OK, we can all dive now in galactic jets, knowing that there's only so few highly radioactive particles per volume. I feel much safer now. ;)

I would love to hear the Prof discuss Halton Arp and intrinsic red shift....

Ever seen three at once? You know, them Triple wide angle tail sources?

the NATS look like vortex shedding

But what are these galaxies moving into that it's creating "drag". Shouldn't, even a relativistic jet, perpendicular to galaxy motion, move with the galaxy?

It's unfortunate they didn't bring up TWATS.

WATS .... Alien Brady testing theory ?

M87 galaxy has a laser-straight astrophysical jet extending 5 Light Years. Are we to assume M87 is motionless? (Seems other explanations are needed).

Let's put some ewes in the galaxy to counteract the ram pressure.

What’s that Elton John song? “Bending of the jets”

Wow..🦄🙆‍♂️🧙‍♂️🐺👽

I am surprised Dark Matter was not mentioned as a factor.

Halton Arp

"Motion of a galaxy" is a weird concept, to me. Is it the galaxy of the gas cloud that's moving? When talking about galaxies, there aren't that many obvious things to use as a reference for relative motion.

If you know how big the jet is, and what speed the jet is.. you can figure out how long it's been jetting. (1000 (kilometers per second)) * 1 million years = 3 335.64095 light years (google search)

I hope some astronomer has had the presence of mind to name one of these galaxies Bennie.

B- b- b- b- Benty and the Jets

And MATS are Medium Angle !

Question: could dark matter contribute to the buoyancy--or is it too weakly interacting? (Full disclosure--I'm a dark matter skeptic)

B-b-b Benties and the Jets

How does dark matter factor into this? Does dark matter only gravitate or does it have a pressure?

Does our own solar system have a bunch of gas in and around it?

B-B-B-Bending of the Jets

What WAT that?

☝️🤓 I love this. 🙏💚

B B B B B B B B B Bending of the jets.

happy pride to the not straight jets 🏳️‍🌈

I got lost at 'less dense than empty space' what