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Bronchiolitis in Children : Etiology, Clinical features, Diagnosis, Management and Complications
Bronchiolitis primarily affects the respiratory tract's smaller airways, known as bronchioles, in children under two years of age. The most frequent causative agent is the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), although multiple viruses can instigate the condition. Initially, youngsters exhibit symptoms akin to an upper respiratory infection, such as mild fever and nasal blockage, which then progress to a persistent cough, wheezing, and in grave instances, indications of acute breathing difficulties. The condition is usually diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, negating the need for additional tests unless there are signs of severe illness warranting investigation for potential complications like additional infections or respiratory acidosis. Treatment predominantly focuses on symptom alleviation, such as clearing the nasal passages, and vigilant observation. Cases of extreme severity necessitate hospital admission for extended care like intravenous hydration, respiratory assistance, and dietary support, alongside thorough respiratory condition monitoring. Preventative strategies incorporate administering RSV vaccinations to expectant mothers in their last trimester and routine administration of RSV-specific monoclonal antibodies to all infants younger than eight months.
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