Seriously the best graphical explanation of special relativity ever. Helped me so much and I show it to my students all the time.

Incredibly fine explanation of the Lorentz Transformation. Thank you!

This episode actually won an Emmy for it's awesome graphics and explanations on the relativistic nature of light and time.

Although it's important to note that the Michelson-Morley experiment was NOT what inspired Einstein (he wasn't even aware of the experiment in 1905). Einstein's inspiration was different: it was the steadily growing scientific discomfort with the state of Maxwell's electrodynamics and its relation to mechanics PLUS Lorentz's 1904 paper in which Lorentz noticed that following the standard (Galilean) transformation of coordinates with another strange one which involved the time coordinate, the result was the invariance of Maxwell's equations. (The bizarre fact that Maxwell's equations failed for _uniformly_ moving observers was a major conundrum.) Einstein noticed that many paradoxes of electrodynamics (like the magnet-and-coil example he cites in the intro to his 1905 paper) would go away if it could be justified somehow that the Lorentz-transformed E and B fields were _real_ (Lorentz assumed they were just mathematical niceties without physical meaning). But this meant the transformed _time_ coordinate would _also_ have to be justified to be real somehow. So this was Einstein's starting point (that's why his paper has a title that seems so odd to modern audiences: "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies"). Sometime in the 1950s he recalled his thinking about the problem back in 1905 and said: "I became convinced that _time itself_ was suspect". As an added bonus, he was able to make his theory not dependent on any light medium which by 1905 was a big problem for physicists, not unlike what we have now with dark matter: more and more _ad hoc_ "tuning knobs" had to be added to ether to make it work, like ether's inability to support longitudinal waves alone forced a super-bizarre constitutive equations on it (many famous people had noticed that problem even before Maxwell, and worked on it without much success: Poisson, Fresnel, Lord Rayleigh, Kirchhoff, etc.). And piling up of _ad hoc_ tuning knobs is a tell-tale sign of a theory on its last legs. That's what happened in 1905, it solved all those problems (there were many more).

The sheer beauty and eloquence of mathematics-yet it all hinges on a discovery of Faraday.

2 years of college physics, now I think I am understanding what is that diagram is about, and it cost me nothing, thank you.

This video felt to me like I time travelled to past and saw it myself how Lorentz and Einstein made theory of relativity.💎 Thanks

This is gold

It seems from this that Lorentz had done most of the work on special relativity and was just resisting the physical implications. Einstein just went with it. This is the best depiction of what's happening in SR that ive ever seen.

Perspective...is a beautiful realization.

Why did I pay $5000 for my stupid BS. degree when all this is here for free? :'(

This is the greatest thing ever happened to me

Thankyou for this!!! The most effective explanation I've got on lorentz transformations.

These are great. Please do this type of stuff on mathematics that will help so much.

The Lorentz Transformation has more than just one equation that represents it. You can see the other equations in the book, Putting the Curve into Spacetime.

Amazing explanation !!

Finally I did understand that damn cone of light thing!

The most succinct explanation is that the Lorentz Transformation is a feature of Special Relativity in which the perceived proper length of an object in motion, when measured from an inertial frame of reference, is reduced in relation to its velocity.

The intro music is so... 1980s! :P But the space-time diagrams are phenomenal for those times!

That was the best explanation ever!!

omfg this video is so good

This is beautiful

The best Physics lecture i have ever seen

:D such great videos

Extremely well explanation of the relativity effect for lay people... (like myself)

Amazing! Finaly understood the concept

Amazing explaination.....master!

Unbelievable that this is available for free. To anyone with internet access.

This is so well explained my grandmother would understand it.

The Initial assumption could be wrong. What if the earth is actually moving very slowly through the Aether and the Michelson-Morley experiment only verified that we were not moving as fast as thought it?

The problem is that Einstein never acknowledged nor credited the work Lorenz or Poincare. All he ever said was that he stood oh the shoulders of giants. .Poincare was French and Einstein was German, so there was no love lost there. And it has been said that he did not even believe in relativity until his professor (Minkowski ?) convinced him of it.

These videos are far more superior than a lot of new ones! Great classics.

The analogy at 8:10 is genius!

One of my problem was about to visualise Albert Einstein's Train explanation which I had watched one of his docoumentary . After Watching this my visualisation on time dilation, length contraction is cleared . Thank you for creating this beauty

Thank you

Tq for the explanation like this kind with sciencist 😘😘😘

An amazing video to get myself familiarized with this difficult topic. Thanks for sharing.

old but gold. Thank you.

Where is Minkowski???

Fireee !

Feeling like I'm experiencing the situations,, It's the best explanation as a whole ❣️❣️❣️

Time or a partical can never be at rest. Fill in V^2 = C^2 ... The observer on the train at C^2 speed, most conclude that mass still exist at lightspeed... And when he most... We most...

Remember that vacuum is empty of all matter except energy or Aether, and that e0 and u0 are attributes of Aether.

Precition

Eeven though the speed of light will be mesured differently according to an observer*s movement, the observer will still see a difference in the light and its energy, namely a frequency shift, observed as redshift or blueshift.

Excellent explanation.

Just as with a Hieronymus Bosch painting which is nothing if you look too closely at a single painting but if you look at the painting from a far distance or better yet look at many different Bosch paintings you'll find interesting patterns .... similar to that .... view the series of videos of which this is one and again look for patterns not in a particular set of words but in the aggregate of the series of videos

Nice video and presentation. Is it fair to say that the prerequisites for light propagation are e0 and u0? Also that e0, u0 are attributes of light medium, Aether? Also that c is a constant, only if u0 and e0 are constants. Any particle or solar plasma wind intruded into the vacuum-Aether space will change e0, u0 and c. Also that solar wind increases the permittivity e0, u0 and caused a permittivity, permeability gradient around solar that is created a velocity gradient of a passing light and hence bends it? That gravity bends light is coincidence or correlation but proof?

Amazing video!

Shit gets real at 19:37

Yes

Simply put, moving clocks tick out time more slowly than a stationary one at your side, and also on the strength of the gravitational field they are in. (a 'clock' refers to the sense of time for any given frame of reference in a state of relative motion to some other). Interestingly, GPS satellite data takes into account BOTH effects on time measurement in its calculations. The effect of the high rate of speed of the satellite makes it seem to us on the ground as if its clock is ticking out time more slowly than ours on earth, while the effect of earth's gravitational field at the surface (vs the high altitude of the satellite) makes it seem as if OUR clock is ticking out time more slowly than the satellite's. The effects therefore are OPPOSING ones! However, as it turns out in this case (the particular speed of the satellites plus the strength of earth's gravitational field at the surface), the net result is such that the gravitational effect wins out slightly over the speed-related one (of the satellite) and so our clock (on earth) ticks out time slightly more slowly than the one on the high speed satellite. Although both time effects are incredibly small they are important in terms of calculating and determining ones precise location on the earth's surface. Now if the satellite were traveling at a sufficiently high rate of speed, the net result would be that ITS clock would seem to be slower than the stationary one at the surface. ie, the effects would NOT be opposing ones in that case, but would rather add up. GPS satellites determine ones location by calculating the TIME it takes for a signal to reach us on earth. That is why the two relativistic time effects are so important.

Wow!

*GOLD*

Thank you, KZfaq.

What is the effect of the ether on light?

The Lorenz Transformation Einstein used the Lorenz transformation to describe Special Relativity in his 1905 paper, while here we see SR used to describe the Lorenz Transformation. What then, exactly, is the Lorenz Transformation? And why is the Pythagorean Theorem renamed to this exotic and esoteric sounding Lorenz Transformation*? Thank you in advance. * *[Which in the 1905 paper, by the way, was used to describe non-Newtonian physics using Newtonian principles - just as confusing to an ordinary mortal like myself]

Is there a problem with watching these in sequence?

2 CORINTHIAN 13:8 GENESIS 13 19C, Invokes A Newest, Claim Of Light Speed Dependent Not On it's Medium

In Henry clock the light to hit the top, the light must have vertical component of speed , C and horizontal component speed of the train, so will hit the same point.All theory is base on that the light is independent of source. That means that the light will be strait vertical line, doesn't matter the train is stationary or it is moving.This explanation is good if instead light will be bullet.

17:30 how did you derive these equations

I always was concerned about how Planck constant fit in this theory. Now I understand how it is possible to literally move in space. It has to be because of the compaction of the electrons on the atom. Very good presentation. I enjoy this stuff better than porn.

you'll find the effect in the z axis

And the lord said, Darn it the smart humans figured out that I'm fake 😒

Wait, so if Michelson and Morley where trying to prove the Ether exists, but "failed", but then Einstein explains why it "failed" using special relativity, does that then prove the Ether exists then???

If the luminiferous ether doesn’t exist, and light propagates as a wave, what is it that’s ‘waving’ ?

How could contracting the length of the E/W arm cause the light beams to return to being in phase? The beam in the N/S arm isn't affected by the earth's rotation at all, no experiment has ever shown that the speed of light or radio along a meridian is affected in any way, just ones crossing meridians in an East or West direction. If in fact the E/W arm had been contracted, it actually would have put the two beams out of phase, not brought them into phase. What that actually shows is that light doesn't follow a zig-zag path when in motion perpendicular to its direction, as shown in Einstein thought experiments involving a light beam bouncing up and down between two horizontally moving mirrors in a light clock. That's exactly what Michelson erroneously thought would happen in the N/S arm. Why didn't he detect the Sagnac effect with the E/W arm of his device? Because the single beam went in both directions, canceling out each direction's added/lost velocity due the earth's rotation. That's why Sagnac disks don't reflect the same beam back to the emitter, they send two beams in opposite directions around the disk. Michelson's device could never show light being out of phase no matter what, simply because of the way it was designed in the E/W direction and the lack of real zig-zag effect postulated by Einstein. So that was all the experiment actually proved, Einstein being wrong about the zig-zag effect. The light does not move in a longer diagonal path at all, it moves in a vertical path AND a horizontal path at the same time. If a zig-zag path effect existed, you would notice it any time you moved something on a jet perpendicular to the direction of travel, which you don't.

This could be the best video ever for introducing these important fundamentals

So is the audio out of sync or is that just my point of view ?

But why time of an event depends on the time the light reach the observer? Still dont get it. For me, these are two different things. Something happens somewhere at some time, and there is some time needed for the light to get to the observer. It is clear, that observer would see the event little bit later than it happened. All those nice films on YT (they are indeed very nice and helpfull) explain only the observational effect. We can say, they describe only a dialation of observation. But the problem is, Special Relativity claims, that there is a real time dialation. One of the twins would be real younger, when he returns on Earth. And where is the connection between the longer way the light has to travel and slowing all the physicall prcesses in one frame of reference?

26:07 le jeune Joey Starr a Caltech

If you are looking for a different perspective or equation on the Lorentz Transformation then check out this video: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/i8-jg5Sl1K3Zgp8.html

Thank you so much

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT: A small prize for a big brain. A prize will be given to the first person who proves that Lorentz transformation does not violate the conservation of momentum. The prize is open to the public from high school students to physics professors. Please go to the following website for more details. sites.google.com/view/physics-news/home/challenge

While the photon is moving vertically up and down in the light clock on lorentz's train you simultaneously show it also moving left and right - light does not travel sideways.

To be honest the most important part about all of this was probably the experiment itsself. Without the experiment there wouldn't be any reason to believe in relativity

Is cellular endowmentis

At different times

1913: Sagnac Effects Shifts 1887, Fails To

Concave .4to 8.1

He was important to general relativity.

Lástima que no tenga subtítulos en español

Fantastic, would you check the sync audio-video? I think by 23 minutes it may be out?

7:41, 12:46

Gamma as is peculier

Cosmological Red shift violates Conservation of energy in a no aether theory. Also, with an expanding universe where the expansion is also accelerating, space must be glued to galaxies in order to also accelerate them which is clearly absurd. There is an aether and relativity is clearly an incorrect theory.

So if the Ether doesn't exist, the light and everything in the universe, is moving...what is the transportation of that mass in the universe....gravity...l guess... but... what is gravity....the curve of the space time by the mass... according to...(Albert Einstein )....but what is space time........🤔👍😀

@caltech When you'd removed the Annenberg Media audio introduction, you'd shifted all of the audio on the video, making it out of sync by many seconds. All of the videos like this have been affected.

If "all is vibration" the superimposed Entanglement 1-0-infinity in/of e-Pi-i reciprocation-recirculation relative-timing, ie at Absolute Zero-infinity floating in No-thing singularity at Eternity-now and relative-timing ratio-rates of log-antilog orthogonal-normal self-defining infinitesimal Singularity-point quantization as holographic Conformal Field superposition, Relativity => 0-1-2-ness cubic plane of resonant probability is orthogonal-normal to displacement in 3D-T Aether-> holography-quantization, a parallel coexistence assessment of here-now-forever Actuality.

Not Einstein but Minkowski was explained !

8:12 ~ 14:20

This shows that the "twin paradox" is wrong. Because both twins see each other as the one who's moving & thus Gamma is the same for both.

KEYWORDS / PHRASES: It seems like, appears to be, feels like, etc.. How something seems/feels to an observer does not dictate its reality.

Biological

There is something confusing me. If we replace in the proof the light-clock with something else e.g. a ball, there would be no difference in the time measurements between the moving train and the man staying outside!

The axes of earth

lol a second on a train is the same beside it. distance and perception. to bad time doesn't really exist. its just a measurement. now if they knew electromagnetism bent light they would have said different??

kzfaq.info/get/bejne/nMtyh5Ny09bLZHU.html Hey, caltech good steins or stones, tell us what law of physics forces the shiny dot to go not vertically?

Hey caltech - great vid but you're making a critical error in your animation when you show the trajectory of Lorentz's light in his photon clock move laterally with his frame. We know light propagates forward at c but the lateral (left-right) speed of a photon's trajectory must equal zero. If you allow the trajectory of Lorentz's light to travel at the same speed as Lorentz's reference frame the photon will have x-axis and y-axis velocity. Light can only propagate forward at c from its emission point. In another part of the vid you're also showing the sphere of light in Lorentz's reference frame move laterally with his frame - this gives this sphere of light an infinite amount of emission points along Lorentz's line of travel. From Einstein's stationary frame he will conclude c travels faster than c. Consider this vid kzfaq.info/get/bejne/b5iCeJuIttG5Ypc.html

Understand