Yes, there are certainly many aspects that could be improved to make our model more similar to the Titan design. However, our primary objective was to test carbon fiber as a material in this specific use case. We didn't want to spend additional time trying to exactly replicate the conditions of the accident, particularly since we're a small KZfaq channel and our results might not be precise enough to provide insights into the accident itself. If you are interested I could do second video where we test how much stronger the carbon fiber is on holding pressure compared on keeping it out. I have design already for that but I am not sure do I want to use my summer vacation on finding that out :D But maybe after the summer vacation!

Really appreciate the rejection of sensationalism. I think the takeaway for me was the instantaneous nature of runaway failure. It's easy to imagine that a pressure vessel might buckle and groan like Hollywood tends to show. In reality, the moment it goes a tiny bit wrong, it goes all the way wrong immediately.

These experiments are some of the earliest and first experiments OceanGate should have been running… understanding what you’re working with in model is fundamental to understand what you’re getting yourself into.

I am always endlessly fascinated by just how FAST implosions happen. Even with the camera slowed down... both explosions and implosions just happen within milliseconds.

"The water was able to go in. Which is not optimal for submarines." So true. Kiitos for all the efforts. Very interesting video.

This is probably one of the most accurate representations of what happened down there. Thank you for keeping it drama free

I'd be interested in seeing some x-rays of the CF before and after a bunch of pressure cycles to examine fatigue.

This is exactly what I was looking for. Its hard to find a good simulation about this that actually captures the sheer FORCE that water has. Nothing compares to a proper test

I think the result with the test sub filling up with water as the glue failed was a telling result and not necessarily a failed test. It shows that bonding two different materials is extremely hard, especially when extreme pressures are applied.

A lot of people who DIY high pressure stuff don't consider pressure cycling. It's the reason why one-time use helium tanks shouldn't be used as compressor tanks among other reasons.

You are the only one who actually shows a real implosion and how violent it is, that little piece of material explained a LOT! Thank you for the amazing video!

As mentioned by others, I'm very pleased with how this video was put together; with respect and focus on the engineering aspect of the incident. I hope this video becomes instrumental in the research of deep sea submersible construction and destructive testing. As someone who works in the oil and gas industry, I completely understand how expensive destructive and nondestructive testing can be; however, it is absolutely necessary, mostly when lives are at stake. Once again, thank you for the respectful and professional approach in the making of this video.

You may have carried out more experimental tests of the compressive strength of carbon fiber than the Oceangate team... Nicely done!

It was awesome to work with you on this project! I think we went from idea to done in about 8 hours. The results and visuals we got were fantastic and I think much better show what the full scale implosion was like than anything else in the media. It would be interesting to have some more air in the chamber, I think the implosion would occur much faster if the pressure didn't decrease during the implosion.

Genuinely a pleasure to see something so well put together that's presented so respectfully.

I'm glad that you show the experiments that DON'T work out, as well as the ones that do. Sometimes the "failures" are just as informative. 👍🏻

I believe the consistency of the failure point is a testament to how good the quality control is at the company that produced the tubing.

Hydraulic Press Channel has now officially done more testing in one day than Stockton Rush did in three years. The lesson is even a small scale model test is better than none at all.

Really makes you appreciate how fast the implosion was. It was over before they knew it.

It seems like the edge where the steel meets the carbon fiber might be causing a stress concentration. Also, on the real submarine the end caps were a lot thinner than those. I have a hypothesis that the different elasticity between the carbon fiber and titanium caused shear stress in the glue also.

You have, in my opinion, demonstrated that the engineering challenges involved are non-trivial. Looking at this video, I can't begin to estimate how much more data I would need before arriving at a place where I would risk my life. Thank you.

Honestly its nice to see a content creator approach a subject this delicate with some tact.well done

As others have already mentioned, this is one of the most accurate representation of what may have happened down there. But just to remind everyone, 80 bars is just a fifth of the pressure that the Titan Sub experienced. In addition to that, that pressure won't change even if the Titan sub already imploded. Cheers mate. Thanks a lot for the representation.

To see the ends pop off like that and even the fragments fall out of the groove leaving the caps clean speaks volumes as to the accuracy, chilling and fascinating.

This is exactly what I've been trying to find to understand what implosions actually look like. Very respectful and educational, thank you. Edit: apparently it's misunderstood. In the spirit of keeping my comment tasteful, as he asked us to do, I kept my comment short and to the point. I know what an implosion is, I knew in general what it looked like, etc. I didn't quite have a grasp on the speed of which it happened, or exactly how something would collapse under the pressure.

This is the first and only experimental demonstration that I have seen of an implosion really applicable in discussions around laminate hulls for subs. Good job!

Excellent presentation of what a carbon fibre implosion would be like. This is probably the closest example of what'd happened i.e., scrapnels flying and the titanium parts popping out intact.👍

As someone with zero engineering knowledge, this was incredibly informative and understandable. Thank you, subscribed!

Looks like the carbon fiber tube you used was wrapped diagonally at a 45 degree angles, all their wraps were parallel, which would be much weaker and much more likely to suffer flex degradation. We know this from tire designs, angled wrapping in a tire last way more heat cycles than parallel wrapped wires. Great video!

former submariner that has designed scuba regulators and valves , so worked with pressure. Your design captured the carbon fiber hull better than Rush's which was simply glued on the flange (which "look" like less overhang than yours in scale) from Ti caps which would have had much more flex during the dive from pressure than yours while also experiencing dissimilar material thermal expansions and contractions (always) making the join a spot of considerable carbon fiber delamination and micro cracking in the resin.

Really a delight to see something so well put together that's displayed so consciously.

Thank you for all the hard work and determination in making this. Very telling of what happened....

I've had such a difficult time visualizing what an implosion at depth would actually look like and this was extremely helpful.

My daughter heard about the situation and I was having trouble explaining it - this video really helped me to show her what can happen! great work - simple explanation of difficult science! Thank you.

Incredible set of runs. There are a couple big differences between the tests and the sub. They were submerged for *hours* which may have given more time/opportunity for water intrusion than quicker cycling. The temps were also significantly different at those depths which may have made the material more brittle. Combined with the submersion time, maybe that's part of it.

Thank you for taking the time to do this. Very professional and informative.

It's insane how fast the implossion happens. You read about this in comments and articles and see it on various simulations that popped after accident but seeing it first hand is almost nerve wracking. Thanks for doing it.

There is also very large temperature changes for each dive that could have had a big impact on the hull degrading/ weakening.

I like to be able to fully understand how things work and this is a great example. Thank you!

Great job, very interesting to see how the carbon fiber reacted to the different pressures and how it ultimately failed. Keep up the good work. Your videos are very interesting and informative.

Excellent video As a certified pressure vessel and boiler welder I know that there's materials that can take repeated amounts of pressure and they're fine and there's materials that can take a high amount of pressure one time When I was building pressure vessels for a living If the operating pressure was 100 psi The test pressure was 500 PSI

I was so hoping you would do this, I just watched the top 10 shots with the chamber including the mini submarine. Love this channel!

Holy shit! That is probably the most accurate representation on what happened down there. It would be more amazing if you get the slowmo guys to record this so that we can see further the implosion.

Finally someone shows a REAL demonstration instead of making up animated "I think it was this way" explanations. This is a great channel. It's a simple test, but shows so much.

The fact that your guys vessel pops at the same depth or same bar representation is astounding. You may be able to give the family's some comfort in knowing it was swift and there was no suffering thank you guys for providing good science as always.

Looks like your carbon fiber is wrapped properly in varying directions. This was not the case of the sub. I wonder how it would react to cycling when only wound one direction. Also to note scale is a thing and smaller items tend to be stronger and experience less fatigue than full scale, definitely aren't going to really see fatigue to it's fullest without a larger scale. The fiber at scale if you matched the mini to large would be like ropes in size comparison thickness. Thanks great video, really shines a light on the wreckage, and silences alot of internet engineers with real engineering lol.

Excellent. I would suggest mounting the model with a grid in the background, the horizontal and vertical to easy to see what’s happening to the structure. Also, what’s important with carbon fiber tubing is the type of epoxy that the fibers impregnated. Some types are hydrophilic. Over a period of several dives, if the layup is absorbing water, it dramatically affects its strength over time.

Very interesting. Definitely shows just hiw hard it can be to get a good glue joint between carbon fiber and an end cap for instance.

The most basic safety testing for pressure systems usually involved applying 2x or 3x their rating for a set period. Pressure cycling is probably a good addition to that!

I really appreciate the professionalism and ingenuity this channel shows

I love your channel!!! Found it because of this tragic event and have watched many of your videos. Great job on the work that you do.

Really good to see some hands-on experiments to try explain the pressure effects on different hull materials and dive cycles. I guess one day we will eventually know what exactly happened thanks to this kind of work. Keep it up!

It was chilling and heartbraking to watch the implosion, but this is the best representation I’ve seen of this unfortunate event. You did amazing job, thank you for doing this experiment!

This is exactly the type of video I was expecting to see, but so far no one, except you hade made one. Thank you for the spared tame and the great effort you've put into it!

That was incredible. He actually pressurized the water into that chamber with that press. That was cool. It was like a smaller version of what happened in the depths.

Thank you for providing insight into something which is hard to visualize, and also for keeping it technical and approaching the subject with the respect required at this time.

One thing that might be interesting to think about - a full-sized submarine’s hull has a much more shallow curvature than a small cylinder. Shallower curvatures are less rigid and more prone to deflection under load, which over multiple loading cycles is more likely to cause delamination or other modes of failure. You could test something similar by putting a flat sheet of CF in the press (since a flat sheet approximates a small piece of a low-curvature surface) and loading it at something below it’s failure point repeatedly to see what happens to it

Very interesting. Just seeing the wreckage they brought up makes me suspect that your tests will be fairly close to what happened (the end caps looked pretty intact and clean, from what the news showed) Thank you for putting in the work, and being respectful about it.

Thank you for testing this kind of construction. That was a very good demonstration of a pressure failure and implosion. Very well done, thanks.

The first video that actually shows the carbon fiber implosion. Congrats on being the first to depict it accurately.

Thanks for this. My children have been fascinated by this disaster and it’s kind of hard explaining implosions to them. Explosions they understand perfectly well. But this really shows well the whole concept, especially the speed.

Thats actually a really good simulation. Most test setups won't result in the pulsing of the implosion that happens in the ocean, but your setup managed to simulate that really well.

Wow, love your shows, when I first heard of the Ocean Gate submarine lost on the dive, and they mentioned a carbon fibre hull, my first thought was OMG. Your implosion test, and a lot of the Engineers in the sub community out there show CF, ain't ready for deep dives just yet.

That amazed me just how fast that went from being structurally sound to collapse. Great demonstration 👍

Sir, I say kudos to you- I saw how the views spiked on your submarine pressure test video after the Titan was lost, and thought to myself, "He's probably looking at the views on this, and wanting to do something more accurate!". This is great and very instructive as to what might have happened, and you were the best person to do that for the KZfaq community. Great job folks!

This was really interesting! Especially how the second test-to-failure resulted in the caps looking basically like the wreckage we saw from Titan (pretty much intact, with little to no remainder of the carbon fiber attached), which kind of goes against the somewhat popular idea that that result means the adhesive was what failed - The video very clearly shows the carbon fiber failing, and has similar results. It's also interesting to note that despite carbon fiber's tendency to shatter when it fails, a good amount of the tube was left in one piece after the failure - Perhaps a small defect in the fiber led to one side failing first, and the other side could hold together even though it separated from the ends. Of course, a test at 80 bar with a scale model in a relatively small chamber doesn't necessarily have much bearing on exactly how things looked for Titan failing at about 300 bar, but it's educational to compare the wreckage of both models as validation that the test is somewhat accurate - And it's an excellent visual demonstration of how sudden and violent even the low-scale implosion is. It's interesting how the carbon fiber didn't seem to degrade with pressure cycles, though. That's hardly expected - I wonder if the first tube was built weaker, and the last tube would have failed organically at perhaps 100 bar if not for the cycles. Of course, it's difficult to get consistency unless you have a really precise technique to construct them - And as you noted, that's really difficult (and given videos of the Titan's construction, perhaps not any easier for OceanGate).

Thanks so much for this, really helpful in the understanding of what happened, love all your videos! Great job!

Thank you for providing clear and accurate information in a way that is respectful to the victims of this tragedy. Your presentation makes clear that the company's neglect and disregard for public safety was criminal.

I think this is the best practical demonstration of the vessel construction on KZfaq. The glued flange seems an area for further investigation as does the basic carbon fibre tube. Well done.

Coming from someone who has studied many aspects of the titanic wreck and disaster I commend you guys for handling this professionally. I was wondering when you guys would pressure test carbon fiber and it’s implosion charictaristics. Good job guys! The titan disaster has been mishandled among social media greatly and I believe you guys have the best representation of what actually happened.

BRAVO, HPC! This is *the* most scientific example of anything you've ever done, and the best representation on KZfaq of the problems associated with cycling of CF vacuum vessels. You are doing wonderful work.

Interesting how the carbon fiber tube just imploded without any "warning". No disforming, bending, flexing... just boom all of a sudden. Your test even shows how brittle the fiber is and how it "rips" apart. Thanks for the test!

I really like the conclusion you have at around 12:00. It's exactly what many people don't understand about science, especially on youtube. Experiments and it's data always needs to be seen in context. And although your experiment might not be the most accurate to simulate the tragedy that happened, it's just like you say "that's the data we got". Even though it might be flawed in many ways, it's still data that can be seen in a scienctific senese and adds a small piece that helps drawing the whole picture. So thank you for your effort to shine light on what might have happened at this incident. And thank you for doing it in the respectful manner you did!

Your first sub compression video was really good. I saw a bunch of comments asking for you to do the same experiment with carbon fiber. I was really hoping you would and I'm surprised you were able to do it so quick. Very good video. Thank you for posting this!

this simulation is done very well. very thought out and i feel it sheds some light on to carbon fibers ability to withstand extreme pressure cycles. bravo

Best example I’ve seen of carbon fiber under pressure. Thx for sharing results! 👍🏼

i have a lot of respect for you guys. you did this video in the best, most dignified way possible

Great job. You kept the unnecessary sensationalism and fluff out. You are a model for all other youtubers. Keep up the great work.

Thank you for your always entertaining videos. I love watching your experiments. One thing I love the most is your expression "and here we go" :-D Thanks again, it's very entertaining. Keep up the good work :-)

Thanks for your careful and compassion take on this issue…

This is good science…well executed, worth a watch by structural engineers! Thank you!

Thanks for showing us what happened with the Titan….more or less. I find this incident horrific yet extremely fascinating at the same time. RIP

This was very interesting. Thank you for taking the time to make it.

these tests are the most accurate I’ve seen yet, Kinda wild to see. Cos the debris they found, the aft was pretty much intact so it probably popped off like a bottle cap while the hull shattered just like this demonstration.

5:20 That was a cavitation. A vacuum bubble caused when all the water moved into where the chamber was when it imploded. The water all shifted away until there was no more water to shift. Dangerous for materials and if your chamber window breaks, that's why.

If you do more of this type testing, putting a scale of parallel lines on the bracket holding the tube you would be able to see how much the tube compresses before failure and during the "cycling" tests. Really interesting "backyard" testing on this. Well done! There are SO many variables when working with extreme pressures. Very difficult to duplicate all of them in a test scenario.

Been looking for a video like this for days. Thank you!

That was beautiful ( the experiment presentation ) Thank you. Those guys really did not felt a thing

I’ve loved this channel for a long time, but this is one of the best videos you’ve done. I appreciate both the engineering insight and the respect for those who lost their lives. I especially appreciate the call to action for us, the fans: don’t be distasteful.

It may be interesting to put the "failed" water filled cylinder in a vacuum to see where it leaks.

Thank you for testing this. It was very educational.

Thank you for taking the time and research and cost for making this video when you actually see the implosion and how fast it happens will give relief to the families they never suffered was blink off a eye

As someone who has been crushing things for so many years, you are very qualified to demonstrate this phenomenon. Thanks for a very timely science and engineering lesson.

A result is a result.....that's science. Great video, I'm glad you took the time to put this together. I think the KZfaq community will appreciate your efforts to shed some light on this topic.

Impressive work! Very insightful and professional 👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼 let’s hope those who are in the submarine business watch this vid and learn from it. Can’t believe how fast the implosion is even when replayed at slow-mo!

Wow, fantastic demonstration. Very practical and creative. Cheers.

I couldn’t truly visualize what happened to the sub and the 5 that lost their lives, the second test you did truly shows the magnitude of an implosion underwater. Thank you for all your testing and hard work.

Very well and respectfully done! I've been very interested in this concept as well since first hearing this and it's great to see you test it out and see how it works. Love your channel, keep up the awesome crushing!

Excellent work here. this is a fantastic small scale test that accurately reflects the reality of high pressure vessels made of carbon fiber.

That was really interesting to see how the carbon fibre behaves when under a compressive force, really interesting test.