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*Lipoproteins*
*Introduction*
- Lipoproteins are complex molecules composed of lipids and proteins.
- They transport lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, throughout the body.
- Crucial for lipid metabolism, cellular function, and overall health.
*Structure of Lipoproteins*
- *Outer Shell*
- Composed of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apolipoproteins.
- Hydrophilic components facing outward.
- *Inner Core*
- Contains hydrophobic lipids, primarily cholesterol esters and triglycerides.
*Classification of Lipoproteins*
- *Chylomicrons*
- Largest and least dense lipoproteins.
- Formed in the intestine to transport dietary lipids.
- Rich in triglycerides.
- *Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)*
- Produced in the liver.
- Transport endogenous triglycerides.
- *Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)*
- Mainly carry cholesterol to tissues.
- Referred to as "bad cholesterol" due to their association with atherosclerosis.
- *High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)*
- Synthesized in the liver and intestine.
- Primarily involved in reverse cholesterol transport, moving cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion.
- Referred to as "good cholesterol" due to their protective effects against cardiovascular disease.
*Metabolism of Lipoproteins*
- *Chylomicron Metabolism*
- Secreted into lymphatic vessels, then enter the bloodstream.
- Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol for uptake by tissues.
- Remnants are cleared by the liver.
- *VLDL Metabolism*
- Secreted by the liver.
- Similar to chylomicron metabolism but with additional conversion to LDL.
- *LDL Metabolism*
- Binds to LDL receptors on cell surfaces for cellular uptake.
- Excess LDL contributes to plaque formation in arteries.
- *HDL Metabolism*
- HDL particles acquire cholesterol from peripheral tissues.
- Cholesterol is esterified by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).
- Mature HDL returns cholesterol to the liver for excretion in bile or steroid hormone synthesis.
*Clinical Significance*
- *Atherosclerosis*
- Elevated LDL levels contribute to the development of atherosclerotic plaques.
- HDL helps reverse cholesterol transport, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
- *Hyperlipidemia*
- Abnormal levels of lipoproteins can lead to dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- Treatment strategies include lifestyle modifications, medication, and dietary changes.
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