Cryptosporidium Infected Organoids | MoD Animation | Science Animation

Cryptosporidium Infected Organoids | MoD Animation | Science Animation | MoA Animation

Рет қаралды 76,832

Күн бұрын

An infection with the #Cryptosporidiumparasite can cause severe diarrhea. In healthy people with a functioning immune system, these symptoms disappear automatically. However, this is not always the case in AIDS patients, the elderly or in malnourished children. Cryptosporidiosis is therefore one of the largest causes of childhood mortality worldwide. However, currently too little is known about the parasite to develop a vaccine or an adequate medicine. This is mainly due to the lack of a good in-vitroculture system derived from healthy tissue that can mimic an infection with Cryptosporidium outside the human body.
Researchers at the Hubrecht Institute have now succeeded in establishing a breeding method for the malicious parasite. They did so with the help of organoids: mini-organs that consist of, for example, lung or intestinal tissue and are grown outside the human body from stem cells. Organoids consist of cells that have organized themselves in the same way as in organs and continue to live in the laboratory.
The scientists showed that #Cryptosporidium can infect intestinal and lung organoids and propagate itself for long periods of time. The parasites completed their entire cycle in organoids and the newly produced oocysts were also able to infect new target cells, just like the oocysts that cause infection in the human body. Gene expression profiling showed an activation of genes involved in innate immune responses. Furthermore, the scientists could ascertain that the absorptive enterocytes are the cell type that are targeted by the parasite in the small epithelium.
According to the researchers, their method is a new way to study Cryptosporidium infection and will open avenues for similar host-microbe interactions studies using organoid cultures. They propose to combine their method with the genetic manipulation of the parasite, so that the different steps in the development can be studied even better.
CONTENT
00:00 Organoid Infection
00:34 Excystation of oocyst to release sporozoites
00:54 Formation of type 1 Meront inside organoid lumen
01:14 Formation of type 2 Meront inside organoid lumen
01:30 Formation of sexual stages inside organoid lumen
01:51 New oocyst are formed inside the organoid lumen
SOURCE
Modeling Cryptosporidium infection in human small intestinal and lung organoids
Inha Heo, Devanjali Dutta, Deborah Schaefer, Nino Iakobachvili, Benedetta Artegiani, Norman Sachs, Kim Boonekamp, Gregory Bowden, Antoni Hendrickx, Robert Willems, Peter Peters, Michael Riggs, Roberta O’Connor, Hans Clevers
www.nature.com/articles/s4156...
#science #medicalanimation
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Пікірлер: 97

@Drlaveller 27 күн бұрын

I didn't think it was possible for my stomach to shrink back in horror, and yet here we are.

@sivasundaram781 3 жыл бұрын

wow !!!!!!!!!! please upload many organisms this video is amazing !

@hilo_milo16 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you Nestle, great video

@andreaencarnacion3637 2 жыл бұрын

WOW!! THANK YOU!! awesome graphics are amazing as well legit saved me from confusion! so detailed thank you!!

@Nymus3D 2 жыл бұрын

You're very welcome!

@khakicampbell6640 2 жыл бұрын

Disturbing and terrifying... 😬

@Lucidity__ 5 ай бұрын

Omg!!!! This was amazing!!!! Thank you so much for making this!

@Nymus3D 4 ай бұрын

Glad you liked it!!

@shatnawiii__ 2 ай бұрын

LITERALLY WOW!

@Nymus3D 2 ай бұрын

Thank you! ☺️

@user-by2qm7mp2z 4 ай бұрын

It looks just amazing, thank you for this masterpiece!

@Nymus3D 4 ай бұрын

Thank you for the lovely comment!

@lyna1708 3 ай бұрын

omg this was a life saver and so beautiful and so clear thank uuu and plz apload a lot^^

@Nymus3D 3 ай бұрын

Thank you, we will upload more in the future. Feel free to subscribe so you receive notifications ;)

@belenmanavella7772 3 жыл бұрын

Increíble! Gracias!

@moveitstime Жыл бұрын

Fascinating! 💯

@mustafaabdulamam8741 4 жыл бұрын

thanks for design >>>so good

@Nymus3D 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you very much!

@MohammedAyaanQureshi 3 жыл бұрын

Awesomeeee may the Allah bless you with more ♥️♥️♥️♥️🔥🔥🔥

@manelblm1915 4 жыл бұрын

Nice thank you

@Crescendo_decrescendo 4 жыл бұрын

Thanks very much for these all efforts 💜💜

@Nymus3D 4 жыл бұрын

You are welcome!

@339059331 3 жыл бұрын

As always, Demcon produces the best explanation!

@Nymus3D 2 жыл бұрын

Glad you like them!

@339059331 2 жыл бұрын

@@Nymus3D do we have complete series like the digestive system? I think it would be great for educational purposes.

@theinquisitor7191 Жыл бұрын

Cute parasite. 🤗

@user-oj3hb3nr9d 5 жыл бұрын

very amazing channel please continue to prodce videos thank you so much❤️❤️❤️

@Nymus3D 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you, we will do our best! :)

@17agente 5 жыл бұрын

Geniaal. Muchas gracias por el video

@Nymus3D 5 жыл бұрын

De nada. Gracias!

@noemendozaruiz3739 5 жыл бұрын

Gracias

@zainabniyazi5651 3 жыл бұрын

Omggg this one is so good thx for the nice video

@Nymus3D 3 жыл бұрын

We are glad you like it :)

@realmenarzo7720 Жыл бұрын

Thank you 🙏

@Nymus3D Жыл бұрын

You’re welcome 😊

@kvd1 11 ай бұрын

Unfortunately those the trophozoite stages of cryptosporidium are prone to hyper parasitism by other protozoans, Mainly because of competition with other similar parasites that have the similar life cycle as cryptosporidium. And that’s my theory about how some scientists discovered hyper parasitism of sporozoa.

@yassirelazraky3847 5 жыл бұрын

Woow thanks

@themashi710 5 жыл бұрын

a very helpful video😍👍....

@Nymus3D 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you! :)

@kvd1 11 ай бұрын

Besides humans, other species of cryptosporidium include, Cryptosporidium canis (the main species that infects dogs), Cryptosporidium felinis or gondii (the species that infects cats), And cryptosporidium avianii( the species of which that infects birds), And many other species that are often named after the host’s species that they infect, Many are picky about what species they should infect. While some are zoonic ( a term for able to infect multiple species, and can spread much faster than picky species of cryptosporidium), And sometimes the same species can get infected by multiple species of cryptosporidium, Some species are more passive than others, while others are more harmful and able to spread(and replicate) much faster. And those other similar species of cryptosporidium (in humans),can be much tougher than the same examples. And lets hope that I(Ryan VD) doesn’t get infected with them.

@ellis.5814 7 ай бұрын

Was wäre denn bei Ansteckung hilfreich? Okoubaka?

@silvial690 Жыл бұрын

The best life cycle video I have seen! wooouuuww

@Nymus3D Жыл бұрын

Thank you!

@immadisarojini2775 3 жыл бұрын

So cool

@zainnabout2131 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks ☺️🌸✨

@Nymus3D Жыл бұрын

You’re welcome 😊

@kvd1 11 ай бұрын

I calculated the hours it takes for cryptosporidium to mature into oocysts takes around 5 days(in this organoid), But in reality it actually takes longer to mature into oocysts, the reason is population density and location in the intestines, It takes about a week or more to past through the small intestine to mature into gametes in the last part of the small intestines, Within a week, a single oocyst can produce hundreds(rather thousands to millions) of new oocysts every day, The parasites probably mature sexually when it gets very crowded with their offspring. The female gametes are often more likely than male gametes, if males become more common than their will be competition, And the type two merozoite producing trophozoites(or MPT for short) often produce merozoite that makes the same gender forms, And each male gamete can produce enough sperm to fertilize up to 16(or even more)macro gametes(the kinds that make oocysts to infect new hosts). And cycle will repeat again, and sometimes the oocysts will even hatch in the same host as their previous descendants, Mainly in the large intestine, and the cycle will repeat itself again(this process is called reinfection). And let’s hope I(Ryan VD) don’t get cryptosporidium.

@kvd1 7 ай бұрын

The parasites life cycle are actually more fitted into infecting the digestive system over the lungs, The parasites are more likely destroyed by the immune system before they have the potential to cause symptoms. But for people who have suffered from other diseases that weakened their immune system. The sporozoites will most likely be released when the oocysts get ripped open by our cilliate cells,or when the parasites sense the presence of food and then they will begin their typical life cycle in the lungs.

@kvd1 10 ай бұрын

During my theoretical research on this bizarre, I(Ryan VD) discovered that these parasites have their own pattern of reproduction? For instance if the merozoites are released in the beginning of the small intestine, they will most likely become more type 1 meronts, which then produce more type 1 merozoites, But if the merozoites are released at the near end of the small intestine, They will become type two meronts, Which produce type 2 merozoites,the forms that produce gametes, The math of the gametes determines the ratio of macro(female)and micro(male)gametes, and the females gametes are usually 16 times more numerous than the male gametes(since each male can produce up to 16 sperm), It’s not always the same prediction case(for some other species, male gametes will become just as numerous,or even more numerous than females), The point is that it makes sense if the parasites produce type 2 meronts in the end of the small intestine, otherwise they will just have to produce multiple generations of oocyst production and hatching(20 percent of oocysts have thin layers that will be easily digested and then the cysts will release more sporozoites that will repeat the process over again),thus in turn producing more offspring and cysts than ever before they get released back into the environment through diarrhea, The parasites will also do a similar process in the large intestine as well as the small intestine,if the oocysts hatch in the large intestine, The life cycle will be the same as in the small intestine,but often more risky(immune cells and some gut flora will dine on the parasites for lunch as well as for removal). Watery diarrhea is another way the cysts can travel through the large intestine unharmed. And that’s why this parasite is relatively very problematic,as this parasites oocysts(and meronts)stimulates the body to try to flush them out. Through multiple generations of meronts and merozoite production, The parasites can release hundreds of millions of new oocysts every day,after a course of a few weeks.

@kvd1 Жыл бұрын

Luckily this disease is passive(for now)? There was once a deadly outbreak of this parasite. This parasite replicates and matures very rapidly within 120 hours.

@kvd1 Жыл бұрын

I’m not sure if I should pronounce or spell its name as crypto or crystal sporidium? It’s just that I like to pronounce(and spell) this parasite name as crystal sporidium, which gives it a slightly prettier name(for people who are into diamonds and jewels), And it also differs for different countries as well, Then cryptosporidium(crypto in English means storage or capsule), and the sporidium name means spore producer, And I think that it’s name sporidium is also how this parasitic phylum of protists got its first name, sporozoan comes from? Until it was renamed as apicomplexians, because of their unique organelle that is used like a piercing tooth, to go into the host cells of their host. These protozoans may actually be the most diverse group of protists(perhaps even eukaryotic organisms) on earth. They can even be found in Antarctica,existing only as cysts outside their hosts, and only become active inside their host.

@roberttran1114 3 жыл бұрын

bruh at 1:03, all I can think of is "Kirov Reporting, Kirov Reporting, Kirov Reporting, Kirov Reporting"

@kvd1 10 ай бұрын

Due to their(cryptosporidium’s) large looking meront size, they may as large as sporozoans can get, The largest type 1 meront species, can infect multiple cells at once, and the largest species are not known because they are often found in whales and large sharks, These large meronts might have started out dozens of times smaller than the sporozoites that transform into them. Almost no other sporozoan species can be larger?

@hihay750 Жыл бұрын

Greeat

@innocentkalunga8110 8 ай бұрын

Amazing 😊

@Nymus3D 6 ай бұрын

Thank you!

@secretsoflife4271 4 жыл бұрын

good

@kvd1 10 ай бұрын

These sporozoans are prone to hyper parasitism from other sporozoans. If they do exist(I doubt that they don’t, but I believe that they exist) The scientific for them is hyper sporidium , which as their name says they hyper parasitize other sporozoans.

@usmang.a7770 5 жыл бұрын

nice animation ;)

@Nymus3D 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

@seleneangellopez3366 4 жыл бұрын

soy sergio ramire, nunca eh tenio un parasito en mi intestino y me gustaria teerlo, gracias

@user-gh7yg7dh5s 8 ай бұрын

Very nice

@Nymus3D 8 ай бұрын

Thanks 🙏

@noemendozaruiz3739 5 жыл бұрын

Muy bueno

@Nymus3D 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

@kvd1 7 ай бұрын

Despite its bad reputation for causing nasty diarrhea? Other species are relatively threatened by competition with zoonotic cryptosporidium species(such as C Muris and C ubiquitous). As well as poor water quality(very acidic waters can destroy native cryptosporidium species(which can be good for some animals that suffered from them)but bad news for non native species that are more infectious and zoonotic than those native species). And they can also be by interbreeding(or in apicomplexian case, inter merging) with more zoonotic species, and these hybridized species can become more infectious and even reproduce much faster than non hybridized species, but they might not be able to produce new oocysts sexually(such as when those species end up producing oocysts asexually without merging with the male microgamete) good news for spreading much quicker, but bad news for genetic diversity. Their is no proper way of saving these species anyway, since they can also be harmful to their endangered host organisms.

@m.catalina4444 4 жыл бұрын

Hermosoooo

@astroboy4610 2 жыл бұрын

But, isn't it supposed to penetrate in the enterocytes first?

@kvd1 Жыл бұрын

Other ways that other species of cryptosporidium could be very successful. Is with added traits that the parasites use for their advantage and for survival? The most common added traits are branched trophozoites, the branch like structures allowed the parasites to absorb more nutrients, Other common traits include constant production of merozoites, And replicating trophozoite, Or even spikes that are used to defend itself against the immune system, And even some of the combinations, And what ever the case maybe, These added traits are important for other species that live in host that have stronger immune systems than ours, And more higher success rate. The most dangerous form of cryptosporidium is the one that can defend itself against the immune system, And can constantly produce merozoites, and whose trophozoite can replicate to produce more merozoites, And let’s hope that I’m(Ryan VD) making this,since cryptosporidium can be a very deadly disease. Once the trophozoite has released merozoites, the cell the trophozoite was on will die in the process, Which will lead to holes in the intestines. Causing watery(and even bloody) diarrhea. No wonder why this disease is very serious.

@romainpoirey5923 11 ай бұрын

Is it really dangerous for human?

@oliviaroblox4082 9 ай бұрын

@@romainpoirey5923i have it and i’m fine

@kvd1 Жыл бұрын

The funniest way to think about their trophozoite form, is that I think of them as little vampiric houses or factories for making more merozoites, And some other species can produce trophozoites that constantly produce merozoites, and they will not stop producing merozoites until their host cell target dies, And the process can repeat for many days,until the intestines become crowded, And then they have to become sexual trophozoite forms, (often scientifically called gametes,male forms are called microgametes, and female forms are called macrogametes), The male forms turn into time bombs that explode out male forms(or microgametes or sperm), That search and fertilize the female forms(or microgametes, the forms that turn into oocysts) and then the fertilized cell turns into an oocyst, And the oocyst will then get excreted back into the environment through the host’s scat. And the process will repeat.

@maestro-zq8gu 3 жыл бұрын

Mortal Kombat has really gone too far with the fatalities...

@user-vy9if8pw9y 2 жыл бұрын

Cryptosporidium doesn't invade microvilli???

@saammahakala Жыл бұрын

1:46 Looks just like how "god" was conceived., although it's just not born yet.

@ryan8773 3 жыл бұрын

crypto almost killed me and 8 years later, im still suffering. ill post my experience for others soon.

@MultiCandyman1 3 жыл бұрын

Same here.

@user-mz5zx6hc3w 3 жыл бұрын

please,i’ll wait for your post

@xtremproductions3 2 жыл бұрын

How are you doing man, and what symptoms are you still having?

@romainpoirey5923 10 ай бұрын

@ryan8773 where do you live? I live in france. I have been diagnosticed for crypto 3 weeks ago)PCR test. I was suffering of huge diarrheas for 2 weeks approximately, loosing 6 kilos. Now im waiting for a doctor to inspect my body inside looking if it s only crypto or could be chron disease...what about you ? Me its started with a huge crisis ob the down of my abdomen for 3 hours and then diarrheas started the nect day...

@ryan8773 10 ай бұрын

well, i had it for 3 years... before my suckass doctor ran a red dye stool test. they kept running standard stool test. that dont work. the Nitazoxanide killed it for me. i did a 6 day treatment. i did notice like 5% relief right after... then did a crypto test evry 2 weeks after and it was gone... but , since 2016, it gets about 5% better ever year. but... i cannot go far from a bathroom. i also developed chronic panic attack anxiety when i got the infection. I never had it before. Still my colon goes into spasms. but 5 0% reduced since the initial infection. i have to becareful what i eat.

@thez9794 Жыл бұрын

Your voice is missing

@Nymus3D Жыл бұрын

Some of our animations do not include voiceover as the original purpose was for a live presentation.

@ryan8773 2 жыл бұрын

Nitazoxanide

@nellanelli7520 4 жыл бұрын

How do you get rid of it. How do you kill it from the intestines?

@cmackscott761 4 жыл бұрын

I was treated for cryptosporidosis and enteropathogenic e.coli about a month ago. Those two together will make your life miserable with blood loss, malnutrition, dehydration, and fatigue. I was prescribed Nitazoxanide (Alinia) and Flagyl. There was no FDA approved treatment for cryptosporidosis until 2004. I feel amazing after treatment. It was like I had been carrying an infection my immune system barely kept under control for years and now experience what it's like to feel normal and healthy.

@nellanelli7520 4 жыл бұрын

@@cmackscott761 i have the same thing except mine is cryptosporidium and e.coli LT/ST. I was prescribed Alina and thats it. Its hard to kill. Did you change your diet, fast? How long did it take to get rid of it. Any suggestion helps. Thank you for your response now i don't feel alone. 💕

@army13p23 4 жыл бұрын

@@nellanelli7520 did you manage to get rid of it? If so how long did it take. Did you use treatment or no treatment. I am currently on day 4 with no treatment. Wondering what I can expect.

@nellanelli7520 4 жыл бұрын

@@army13p23 YES!! I took turpentine spirits gum and listened to this 3x a day. Changed my diet...no sugar, no gluten, no dairy and washed vegetables in ozone water

@army13p23 4 жыл бұрын

@@nellanelli7520 thank you for the response. Going on week 2 and still have it. It just doesn't want to go away. Don't really have an appetite, so I try and just eat some bread. Drink a lot of water. I hope it goes away soon!