No wonder this build is completely overpowered! Not because of the damage it can do in a single turn, but because from the third level of battle master it gets CALLIGRAPHY PROFICIENCY, therefore giving it the powers of a GOD Edit: spelling

Tulok is one of the few DnD KZfaqrs I trust to actually understand the rules when they power build, even when he's just being silly about it.

This build originated from a sniper who was both surrounded and out of ammo, but he was not out of options. "Well, I can still smack you around with this" Denzel Crocker.

I actually like the idea of negative 10 to hit for 20 damage

Even if you only deal average damage, it’s still 354 which is a crazy bonkers number.

Fun fact, the only thrown weapon you can use sharpshooter on is the Dart, because it's the only weapon with both the Thrown and Ranged weapon tags. Aside from nets, which dont do damage and are typically useless unless hunting boars

Because the heavy crossbow is a ranged weapon it can work with a Rogue's sneak attack, although multi classing minimums prevent it's inclusion in this build

"I don't usually use optimized builds, but when I do, I prefer gimmicky ones dripping with satire" -Bazooka, the himbo-lock: the character inspired by this video

This entire video can be described as “hold up, let him cook”

One of my funniest short campaigns was when I decided to play a Warlock who couldn't speak that got a sprite familiar to speak through. He was a pretty strong character cuz hexblade is good, but it didn't take long for everyone to figure out I was playing Link from the Legend of Zelda.

Personally, I like to optimize for the only feature that really matters: Derailing the narrative… I mean persuasion. Hexblade/Samurai/Eloquence Bard with maxed out Wis/Chr. You can’t roll lower than a 10 because Eloquence. You add your Wisdom modifier because Samurai. You’re proficient in both Persuasion/Deception because we took that invocation. You have expertise in both because Bard. You’re guaranteed a 27. You can turn a cleric into an atheist Edit:32

Now we just need Pack Tactics to put out a video about how to roleplay interesting characters and come up with fun backstories, and our journey to the Bizarro Universe will be complete!

I love the breakdown of different attacks. I had a player use a bathrobe to towel-whip a mind witness. He was a paladin and, since it was an improvised weapon, I allowed him to use smite with his attack. Of course, he critted and obliterated the mind witness with a freaking bathrobe!

He used 3 different classes to make the best archer possible, and not once was ranger mentioned.

What's hilarious is i made a build for the highest potential Persuasion roll that i could think of, and it used the same 4 classes. Reborn as race, 10 Battle Master Fighter, 6 Fiend Warlock, 3 Redemption Paladin, 1 Peace Cleric. Lets say all dice rolled as high as possible. 20 + 12 (Expertise from Skill Expert) + 10 (Fighter Commanding Presence Maneuver) + 10 (Dark One's Own Luck) + 6 (Reborn Knowledge from a Past Life) + 5 (Redemption Channel Divinity) + 5 (Ability score at lvl 20) + 4 (Guidance from Cleric) + 4 (Cleric Emboldening Bond) = 76 for Persuasion AND if that fails, + 4 (Warlock Pact of the Amulet) for a grand total of 80!

Who else wants to see Tulok adapt the show-stealing canine from Puss in Boots: The Last Wish? I can’t wait to see what he does with Perrito.

I totally lost it when I realized all the damage would be dealt by THROWING A CROSSBOW! 🤣 Absolutely amazing.

Great video and thanks for the build, I had to stop a 10:05 but I got all the important stuff! Gonna show this to my friends and get them to play the support roles for optimal damage output in our gm's political campaign!

According to Jeremy Crawford, weapons like the heavy crossbow don't use traits (unless your DM says otherwise) when being used as an improvised weapon, so when used as club it wouldn't be able to apply SS or GWM because it is neither a ranged weapon nor does it have the heavy trait at that point.

So, are you thinking of optimizing a character for the biggest heal, or most heals in one turn in order to heal the whole party as much or as quickly as possible?

I wonder how this build fares up against Brennan's Harringon sorceror rogue paladin

Great video! Dnd optimization is a lot of fun, but in the name of big numbers I do have a few notes on how to get that 570 a good chunk higher. Using a heavy crossbow as an improvised melee weapon for double plus 10's from sharpshooter and GWM is cool, but for the sake of the calculation you do at the end, suboptimal. This is because the crossbow uses a d4 damage die. A melee weapon with a d12 damage die would only do an average of 4 more damage than a d4, but since you assume maximum rolls it's actually 8 more damage. Factor in the fact that all die damage is doubled from your critical hit and the d12 does 16 more damage than a d4. This means that switching to a d12 (or a d10 for that mater) over a d4 is worthwhile. Even if we lose sharpshooter it will still do an extra 6 damage. (Or 12 once the grave cleric vulnerability applies) It also means we no longer have to take the sharpshooter or tavern brawler feats. If we use a Lance as our d12 melee weapon, we can take the piercer feat instead of sharpshooter. Adding a third d12 on a crit nets us an extra 24 damage, putting the Lance at 36 points more than the crossbow. But thats not all, because we don't need tavern brawler we don't need to be custom lineage. Instead the aasimar from volo's guide to monsters will let us add our level in damage to one attack each round while our racial ability is active, at level 20 with vulnerability this means another 40 damage on our big attack. So anyways, I was able to squeeze out an extra 76 damage for this build. If anyone else has anything they can add I would love to hear it! Edit: I forgot that a Lance doesn't have the heavy property, meaning it doesn't work with GWM. Numbers-wise the best thing to do here is use a pike. A d10 piercing melee weapon that has the heavy property. Meaning our extra damage is actually 64 instead of 76.

6:59 Path to the Grave does not remove immunity or resistance to damage. It does matter if they are resistant or immune. Sentence from XGE "The next time you or an ally of yours hits the cursed creature with an attack, the creature has vulnerability to all of that attack's damage, and then the curse ends." Other than that great vid!

These new videos are really fun. The exploit with the improvised crossbow is bonkers and hilarious. Totally caught me off guard

Ok I’m DEFINITELY playing a character that beats people to death with the blunt end of a heavy crossbow in my next one shot

*_NOW THAT'S A LOTTA DAMAGE!!!_* _actually watches the video now_

This is great. Would love to see more optimization builds from you!!!

He has evolved into Tulok the Mathematician!!

prediction, 2 levels fighter (action surge), 4 levels cleric(grave: path to the grave CD + higher level spell slots), 13 levels paladin(divine smite + 4th level Staggering Smite), 1 level warlock(hexblade+booming blade) edit: 2 levels in and I'm Instantly wrong!! :D you always surprise me tulok, you sly fox you. keep up the great builds!!

Bugbear Assassin Rogue 17/Grave Cleric 2/Fighter 1. Get the Sharpshooter, Gunner, Piercer and Fey Touched (for Hunter's Mark) feats, and a single regular ASI should get your Dex up to 20 even if using point buy. Make sure you are hidden from your target before entering combat. Use Path to the Grave, Hunter's Mark as a bonus action, and attack with a musket during your suprise round, guaranteed advantage since the enemy hasn't acted yet and automatic crit if they're surprised, so 9d6 sneak attack, plus the 2d6 from Bugbear's trait, plus 1d6 from Hunter's Mark, plus 1d6 from your maneuver (Trip attack or Menacing attack, doesn't matter as long as you can add the die to the damage roll and it can be used at range), on top of the 1d12+15 from the musket with sharpshooter, all doubled since it crits, doubled again if the target fails a DC 19 Constitution save due to the Assassin's Death Strike ability, and doubled again from Path to the Grave. Oh and I almost forgot the extra 1d12 from Piercer (which only gets quadrupled, not octupled). This all equates to 3d12 + 4d6 + 18d6 + 2d6 + 2d6 + 15 = 207 , x 2 = 414 x 2 again = 828 damage with max rolls. Which is enough to instakill a Tarrasque...if it magically used up all its legendary resistances before combat, somehow. Yeah that is the main problem here, it can't instakill a lot of high HP monsters because the big bois all have Legendary resistance. Still halves their HP tho. And imagine this with the Topaz Annihalator or even a modern or futuristic firearm from the DMG if your DM allows it.

I had no idea where this was going when we started but I'm glad I stuck around for the wild ride, this is awesome

I found that GWM and sharpshooter combo literally just last week. I didn't see it get talked about hardly anywhere.

.... its like Darth Vader force choking someone to keep them in place and then blasting them with a Kamehameha.

Love this is absolutely a great build with exactly the craziest damage you can find.

I'm at work, and I just watched this. Laughed my ass off so loud the whole building could hear it (its big and echoy anyway) and wanted to applaud it. Great damn video

My only problem with this build is that bit about Vulnerability against Resistance/Immunity. They apply at the same time and the Grave Cleric does not state it removes resistance/immunity so the creature still keeps said resistance/immunity. So you can hit an angel with radiant damage but it'll get doubled then set to 0 because of immunity. At least, that's as far as I remember from the rules.

This is a common incorrect ruling, but you actually can use divine smites on your fists Divine Smite specifies hitting a creature with a melee weapon attack, not an attack with a melee weapon. Your fists are natural weapons and as such they count as melee weapon attacks when you hit with them, much like a dragons bite and claws both count as melee weapon attacks. So, Divine Smite punch actually does work RAW Edit: Also, resistance and vulnerability stack, and vulnerability doesn't do anything to creatures with damage immunity.

Idk, tbf the way I read it xbow becomes an improvised melee weapon, and I'm almost sure JC kinda confirmed it in a tweet

The description of booming blade specifically says that you have to use a melee weapon.

Simply fight a Tarasque whilst playing a level 20 open hand monk- OH GOD THE SUBOPTIMAL POLICE ARE AFTER ME FOR SAYING MONK

*Me playing a Bladesinger 6/Fighter 2 that can hit 3 times with a shadowblade and 2 times with GFB/BB in a single round:* I feel attacked.

5:46 I love the righteous indignation in Tulok's eyes as he explains that you can use both GWM and SS in the same attack with enough buffoonery.

A truly optimal video.

my first character was a hexblade paladin because i thought it sounded cool. the dm also gave me illusionist's bracers. and a vorpal longsword. i still wonder wtf he was thinking to this day

I never realize that the optimal way of using a Heavy Crossbow was to bash with it...Thanks, Tulok!🤯

I do love these meme videos. Good stuff.

Not sure but I think Tulok might need to take a Big Long Mulligan on this one.

This is a heck of a build

You said this was only about good math and not good characters but a warlock fighter who runs out of bolts after their patron refuses to help sounds like just the perfect moment to find out if their crossbow really slaps.

Yessss, Grave Domain Cleric showing up, I love that subclass and that wild ability.

d4 can eat his heart out

I love this so much, for all the 'punching isn't a weapon attack' DMs...

I love the smash reference in the title :)

This is the best video on the whole Internet

I love this idea, unfortunately when you start using the crossbow as an improvised weapon it stops being a ranged weapon, and depending on how your dm rules it, a melee weapon as well. Also now I want to play a grave cleric because that just sounds cool.

This feels like that video of someone just stuffing every shape of block into the square hole. It's by no means what the creators intended but still perfectly allowed within the rules they set out

I would love to see a series of wacky but funcional multiclass, like the war cleric/valor bard, or the super acidic druid/monk, or even the angry stabby barbarian/rogue

Have you considered prismatic wall in sphere form above a group of helpless chaps that are about to learn about reverse gravity and no action drop concentration?

Was that a dark cloud reference at 3:46? The style was so similar to how the fairy king gave his tutorials, even down to the little 2 frame angling animations

This was really great. I dont know what else to say, but heres a comment to boost the algorithm

“Battle Master is the only martial archetype that matters” *sweats in Eldritch Knight*

Thank you

Sharpshooter and GWM wouldn't mix because to use GWM with the ammunition property the weapon changes from a ranged weapon to a improvised weapon, for purposes of that attack, thus excluding it from sharpshooter, not becoming both a Ranged and improvised weapon. I'm currently playing with this kinda build. GWM+TAVERN+LONGBOW

If tulok wasn't good enough, now that I see he used a Rem pillow for his video I'm convinced of his greatness

ngl I'd play this character *solely* because smacking people with the broad side of a crossbow as your main method of attack sounds absolutely hilarious, and a DM who's never seen this video before would never see the damage potential coming until it's too late

Most dpr in one round build, 11 fighter echo knight, 3 paladin conquest, 1 hexblade, 3 gloomstaller ranger, 3 barbarian zealot

if you want to do the most possible damage in one turn with a combo that might actually work do an 18th level divine soul sorcerer with 2 levels in fighter. The only thing you need to do is make sure you take 2 levels in fighter first before you take your sorcerer levels. Once you reach level 3 sorcerer pick up scorching ray and when you hit level 5 sorcerer pick up Spirit Shroud. For the combo to work even better I would highly advise you be a variant human and with the extra feat pick up eldritch blast with magic initiate from warlock. The 1st level spell you pick doesn't matter but Hex, Shield, and Armor of Agathys are all good choices. Personally I prefer Hex since it gives you extra damage in the early levels. This combo does take 2 turns to pull off since you can't cast spirit shroud and your combo in the same turn. In the first turn cast spirit shroud (do this at the highest odd level spell slot you can cast it at) and get ready to get into position. You can do whatever you want with your action. On the second turn get exactly 10 feet away from your target to make sure you aren't within 5 feet for disadvantage on a ranged attack and not farther then 10 feet because then spirit shroud wont buff your attacks. Then on the turn you go off you cast scorching ray at the highest level possible action surge and then do it again. (this doesn't break the rule for casting 2 leveled spells in a turn since you are using 2 actions not an action and a bonus action. Also yes this is the way it is intended to be.) Then you quicken cast eldritch blast on your target as well. This combo is great because it works at every level past 7 and scales multiplicatively with spell slots so the combo will only get more effective the higher level spell slots you have. For example at 7th level this combo on average does (assuming you hit with all the rays) about 100 points of damage (If you can use your sorcery points to get a third level 3 spell slot it would be more. However, I am not sure about the rules for having more spell slots of a level then you start with. For now I am going to assume you can't.) At 20th level this combo does 519 points of damage on average using your highest level spell slots. The max damage at level 20 would be 916 points of damage (all the damage calculations including the max given assume they are regular hits and not crits).

A few weeks ago. On my hexblade. Managed to do a banishing/eldritch smite crit combo for 167 damage with one hit. Just blew a hole in the purple worm we were fighting.

*sees Rem body pillow* Rem build when?

You have to use a melee weapon for booming blade

This build is hilarious, janky, and freaking beautiful all at once. 🤣🤣🤣

I should say that Tulock is wrong about how grave cleric works. It does matter if they have resistance or immunity because vulnerability doesn't override that. If you have both vulnerability and resistance (somehow), you take half the damage you normally would, and then that damage gets doubled. So if I would take 10, I instead take... 10. This interaction only really matters on odd numbers, as I can't recall whether you apply resistance or vulnerability first, but if it is resistance first you'd take 1 point less because you'd half the damage, then round down, then double it. If you have immunity, it doesn't matter how much damage you would normally take or what the order of operations is. For example: a red dragon deals 90 points of fire damage to me, and the grave cleric used path of the grave on me. But uh oh! I'm a pit fiend with immunity to fire damage. This means either A) The damage gets doubled to 180, then negated to 0. Or B) The damage gets negated to 0, then doubled to... 0.

If ya doing team, put path to the grave on someone else, take most levels in assassin rogue with 3 levels on hexblade warlock and go way over 1140 damage. You loose on the gwm and ss damage and downgrade a bunch of d8s to d6s but then you add a cantrip (such as booming blade or gfb and then double all the damage again (so x4 instead of x2) which makes up for the difference Also if we are doing raw, have someone else also cast max level shadow blade or the other 9th level one and "lend it to you". Since it is not being thrown you can use it without it going back to its owner. Also let someone else do the hold person (or if you and the cleric go first, and surprise the target, take advantage of the assassinate feature. Along the way ya can pick the feat that gives you battle master manuvers and ya can skip on the fighter levels to bet everything on a single hit

Came across this damage while making a speedster. 17 levels Wizard/Clockwork Sorcerer for longstrider and ashardalon's stride. Mobile feat, wood elf or satyr. 3 levels scout rogue for a cheeky 52.5 feet movement as a reaction (while still dealing damage). 105 feet of movement, action and bonus action dash, you are traveling 315 feet, effectively creating two 315 foot lines, which according to dmg will hit 1 creature every 30 ft (even though with this you can curve the line to hit more). That means we hit on average 10.5 people x2, 21 people per turn. Since we upcast AS, we deal 7d6 fire (or other type with the transmuted spell metamagic) to each target, no save so no damage mitigation, with an average of 25 damage. Thus on average you can deal 515 damage. You are by no means guaranteed to fight 21 creatures, so this damage is really much lower. If you want more speed, you can drop 2 levels of wizard for 2 levels of monk to increase your movement to 110 ft. Further optimization if your dm allows UA, ardling dasher instead of wood elf. Reduces your base speed to 100 ft, but up your double dash speed to 420 feet. Beautiful single target build Tulok

I have never been threatened to "Not have my bottom smacked" and i liked it.

So- to hit us +CHA+2-10. Ultimately, -3 to hit. It’d be explosive if you get it off, but it’s going to be hard against high AC monsters.

Whacking someone with a heavy crossbow sounds painful, especially if you stack all the smites in the cosmos on top.

Please bring back double videos

I swear there's gotta be SOMETHING in the rules that clarifies that improvised weapons are melee weapons. How is that not a thing

Devotion Paladin can add Charisma to your to hit modifier to help with loss to hit from Sharpshooters

So here is the thing, if you take the Superior Technique fighting style instead of Archery and the PSI Warrior subclass instead of Battle Master you can deal even more damage (2d6 instead of 1d8) What you can also do is instead of maxing out Charisma you could start as an Aasimar adding +20 to all attacks by level 20 which is 18 more than what the final ASI would give This would increase the damage to 622

Wizards with meteor swarm: Rookie numbers

Booming blade spell uses a "melee weapon worth at least 1 sp" as a component. Which does not apply to heavy crossbow.

This is one of the most complicated bills I have ever seen

The most amount of damage you can do on one turn is a a prismatic wall vibration. If you are 17 wizard, 2 fighter you cast prismatic wall them telekensis. Which can move someone at 1 inch intervals 30 feet in and out 180 times. 9000d6 total (save or half)

Assassin 5 for sneak attack and autocrits. Paly 2 for smite and searing smite, Warlock 5 for eldritch smite, Grave Cleric 4, Sorc 4. Pre combat, L5 searing smite (subtle spell to not prompt combat early). On a surprise round, path to the grave, quickened booming blade 1d8 Rapier +3d8 booming blade, 5d6 from searing smite, 5d8 from Divine smite (4th level slot), 4d8 Eldritch Smite, 3d6 sneak attack, all doubled twice. Average damage 356, max rolls, 618

Blaine Simple is currently shaking in his boots

This video prices that it is time for the ultimate build. You've built for extreme damage, but that's clearly only the second best. Now it's time to build a god: a writer who is a master of both calligraphy and the decimation of their foes

Let us all come together and build the one optimization that Tulok cannot, the youtube algorythm optimization. Step 1: Watch the video at its full lenght, no skipping anything. Step 2: Leave a like. I already subscribed, so that's the equivalent of a wish spell scroll I'm not getting back, but it already contributed to it purpose so it's fine. Step 3: Leave a decently sized comment. I'm still working on steps 4 to 20, but I'll get there someday. (Great video as always, thank you so much for all your work and inspiration, okay bye!)

I too hate that rule, but I lack your intimidating power to do something about it as you have. Also Barbarian/Rogue is one of my favorite class combos. I call it the "Neckbreaker".

I love the shenanigans of using both GWM and SS with a heavy crossbow, however I think you can improve this just a little bit. Lifedrinker is great, but unnecessary. If you drop 3 levels of Warlock for 2 more levels of Paladin and 1 more level of Cleric, nothing about Warlock changes (for the purposes of this attack) except for the loss of Lifedrinker. Go Oath of Conquest for Channel Divinity: Guided Strike for +10 to hit to offset the penalty from GWM+SS. This doesn't add damage of course, but I'm not a fan of "assume I hit" when doing thought experiments like this especially when you're taking such a huge risk. Level 4 Paladin gives you back the ASI you lost from Warlock, and makes you a 2nd level spellcaster for the purpose of multiclass spell slots. The extra level in Cleric makes you a 5th-level spellcaster (Paladin is 2nd Level spellcaster, Cleric is 3rd level spellcaster for a total of 5th) giving you access to a bigger Paladin Smite with a 3rd level spell slot, which - due to the crit and vulnerability - will be more damage than Lifedrinker most of the time. Alternatively you could replace the 1 level in Cleric for 1 level in Divine Soul Sorcerer for "Favored by the Gods" for an extra 2d4 to hit if you happen to miss.

Hexblade Warlock 6, Echo Knight 3, Gloom Stalker 3, Paladin 2, DS Sorcerer 6 is also pretty good.

So RAW it wriggles it's way into nasty damage.

The greatest number on can envision for the damage rolls is a question the most cultured on the community ask themselves every now and then forever, the number for the date when Sir Tulok give us a Tangle the lemur build (btw please?) Is the one source of happiness i need, but i would lie if the dopamine of rolling tons of dices for big numbers isn't a good temporary substitute.

How about the ultimate tank and ultimate healer builds to complete the trifecta?

Dude i came up the heavy crossbow sharpshooter+gwm combo AGES ago but morons on reddit said it couldnt be done by raw. Shows what they knew

only character you should ever play??? bladesinger 15, hexblade 3, fighter 2 (remove 1 bladesinger for blood domain cleric if u allow it) with the crossbow expert feat, metamagic adept feat (quickened spell) and 20 in cha, next up bump int as much as u can have your party tank whatever you want to fight so you can set up: Hexblade's curse 7th level spirit shroud ask a party member to hold person / monster if you're insecure after which you can: Eldritch Blast + 2 handed longsword weapon attack (Action) Eldritch Blast + 2 handed longsword weapon attack (action surge) quickened 8th level scorching ray (bonus action) for a total of 19 attacks which all have a bonus of 3d8+6 (more if you used blood domain cleric) damage would be something like... 10d10 + 18d6 + 50 from the attacks (more if blood domain) 57d8 + 114 from spirit shroud and hexblade's curse. (more if pre hotfix blood domain) double dice if u were insecure and had a party member hold person/monster for a total of a lot of damage

7:46 don't threaten me with a good ti- oh... 👉👈

Also lv 2 cleric/path to the grave+much rouge+one level fighter or some other thing using gargantuan weapons abd some other things kan beat this build 4d8+3d8(booming blade)+4(dex is 18)+9d6(SNEAK ATTACK)+6(warlock) +1d8 plus reroll for 3,5 extra(piercer feat) +1d6(hex)+1d8+4,5(half orc and orcish fury +11(the actual roll will be slightly lower) metamagic/empowered spell, cha 18)+5 charger then we multiple all the damage dice because of crit and then for vulnerability and double damage everyting is multiplied by four.for and avarage of 736 points of oof

I did a similar thing some years ago, and then again when Monster of Multiverse came out (RIP +20 on damage aasimar ._. ). Bugbear (+2 on Cha, +1 on Str) Make sure you have 13 on STR, INT and WIS for multiclass. Any stat other than CHA barely matters. For levels, as long as you get hexblade as soon as possible, any order is fine (although getting diviner before lv5 is good too) Battlemaster Fighter 4 (start as Fighter or Paladin if you want heavy armor prof, but jump to warlock as soon as possible) Hexblade 5 Whisper Bard 5 Paladin 2 Grave Cleric 2 Divination Wiz 2 For feats, get GWM, Piercer, and Alert. Instead of looking for a Hold Person angle, wait for a day in which you roll a 20 and another high number on you diviner. You might think it isn't that reliable, but the same can be said about Hold Person. On initiative, use the high diviner die + Alert to make sure you go first (you may even have some Dex depending on how you arranged the stats). As an action, use your grave cleric power on the target. As a bonus, cast Branding Smite. Action surge into Booming Blade. Use your pre-rolled 20 for a crit. Add a fighter maneuver, any that deals damage. For weapon, use a Pike, that is both Heavy, and deal piercing damage, thus, getting the Piercer feat crit special. You acted first in combat, so your Bugbear sneak attack also triggers. You have 26d8 + 20d6 + 3d10 + 10 + 4, all times 2, for a total of 744 maximum damage (the average would be 372, and the minimum assuming you roll 1 on everything is 66). You can take the Alert feat away for an extra d8 of damage (that would crit and then doubled) for an extra 16 average damage, but that would make really hard for you to go first, and given your hitpoints and overall AC/Saves, you want to go first, blow a moon sized hole on the highest treat on your melee range, and hope your party deal with the rest, cuz you can do that only once a day. If anyone is interested (*wink* Tulok *wink*) , I also have a variant of that build, that would deal way less total damage on the burst round (bit less than 400 total, 200 average), but could do that twice, and dish a minimum of 50 damage before any dice roll, every turn, for the entire combat, more than once a day. Pretty fun concepts.