Ohhhh yeah. Mind blowing point. Also watched your video. This stuff is great. A lot of illustrations are great to understand the circuits energy but man that one made a lot of sense of things. Please keep the videos on electricity coming. I'm a budding Electrician and theory to me is just as important for the future!

im here because i typed "electrons do not exist" in youtube. cause some guy said tesla didnt believe in electrons. now it seems that veritasium guy found your video too.

X @@genkidama7385 v y

These videos about electricity and fields only confuse me further. I now have no idea whatsoever how electricity works.

This one is a good follow up though! Thank you for this! Really helped me understand better than veritasium’s video!

HOWARD STERN …Where does the Friction come from……??… The electons being the energy packs , have no course physicality to grind the Conductor....JagtarSinghAujla

It's common sense. Every medium have some resistance...

@@mohinderjitaujla6245 Electrons flow by jumping from one atom to the next; it takes a bit of voltage to push them along. A bit of energy is lost in the jump, which appears as heat--see the glowing wire in your toaster, made of a material that makes these jumps more difficult. As Stern pointed out, the actual electrons travel quite slowly. The speed is known as "drift velocity", and is characteristic for different materials. For copper, it's about a tenth of a millimeter per second. What does travel at the speed of light is the impulse. Think of a pipe stuffed with ping pong balls. Push a ball in at one end, and the ball at the other end falls out. The balls themselves barely move, but the impulse travels at the speed of sound.

@@50srefugee the ping pong reference helped me, thanks!

@@danielmarbella1197 Electron movement is ancillary to the electromotive force coursing through the conductor. In fact when its only AC the electrons only jiggle back and forth. Electricians like myself aren't usually amateur physicists, my first degree was electrical engineering.

This is wonderful to hear! Thanks! :-D

So true! (Not any sort of engineer myself but I have to agree in all the rest).

Indeed, levelling us all up by conducting bits of knowledge directly to our brain molecules so by the end of the video we feel energized and charged by a better understanding and get into a positive flow.

Hey! You are a biomedical engineer, I would really use your help. Is there any way I can contact you?

Absolutely the best explanations of basic physics I have ever seen AND entertaining. I've been longing for this sort of thing, even though I have a physical sciences degree, you never have time to just put it all together on a practical level. It's hard to explain, but you can ace all your tests and still not really understand this material.

You're very welcome 🤓

You are not electrotechnical. You are ITI. but great ambition. But believe me practical or onsite knowledge will help you.

Brother why behaviour Of atoms is different than that of cornor. Atoms are same. What things bring changes in the behaviour of central atoms and edges atoms

Quantum effects can be seen on the macro scale too. Quantum entanglement has been observed between macroscopic diamond crystals.

What is your work like?

You're very welcome. Glad I could help 🙂

Assuming they know how energetic everyone is: Marco!

Watts that you say? That pun is revolting. Is it your most current joke. Try to resist the temptation to make bad puns.

Larry Patterson Don’t be so NEGATIVE.

@@definesigint2823 Now that was really boronic! What are the other electrons supposed to answer?! "Polar"???

They don't move in the normal sense. They occupy a certain position and at some other point of observation (bit of time) they are at another.

I was never quite sure why that was the case when I was at polytechnic. You need to understand hydraulics in the first place. I think it's a throwback to the early days of electrical theory when the principles of hydraulics were already well understood. However, after the first year I had a brilliant professor (Professor Stefani) teaching electrical theory. No need to mention hydraulics. He made everything crystal clear.

*"I always think of myself as a plumber..."* That's so interesting ...and also valid.

Correct. It's your own electrons that kill you. As for lightning, yes, a giant EM field is needed to turn the air into a conductor. Drift velocity depends on a lot of material factors though, so I'm not sure what the speed of the charge is in lightning (off hand).

Exactly! As for lightning bolts, they work similar way. It's just a giant spark. The quirk in that scenario is the fact, that a lightning bolt is not just charge moving through a conductor. The electric field actually physically charges air (an insulator) into plasma (a conductor). So the bolt actually makes its own conductor in front of it as it goes and carries the electric field with it.

@@ScienceAsylum Thanks, sensei!

@@KohuGaly Awesome.

Exactly. EM is in every sort of matter (if my fingers do not slip through the keyboard and the table, it is because of electromagnetism, nothing else: elementary particles as such are too tiny to matter on their own, chemistry is also electromagnetism) just that most commonly in equilibrium, neutral or almost so. It's when an inbalance of energy (charge to be precise) happens when the current flows and the "push", the "pressure", the "energy" burns through. And then you wish it was cold water rather than electricity....

but in what way? What if he dies?

@@Lyle-xc9pg He's not allow to die anymore. Kkkkk...

Gabriel Telles Lins Gonçalves Taveira kkk

@@Lyle-xc9pg - We'll just have to make a clone...

Hey guys,I think they already have LOL.psGreat Little video's.thanks to who ever for them.cheers

This video is part of an entire playlist :-) kzfaq.info/sun/PLOVL_fPox2K9MtRv68T_cmWwQUbg9YR4F

Yeah, I can't do the circular orbit model. It's just so wrong.

@@ScienceAsylum especially for the topic of this video. I feel sorry for Rutherford and Bohr though.

@@ScienceAsylum Maybe explain the energy bands in materials?

Thanks!

You contradict yourself😙

For the Science of God read Srimad Bhagavatam by A.C.Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. You may not realise you have diamonds in your own backyard.

This is wonderful to hear. Thank you :-D

Thanks!

You too!

You would get a momentary spike in voltage.

Yes you would. In fact, this is commonly used to create high voltage spikes in stuff like halogen lightbulbs or boost converter. Note that in case of electricity, the magnetic field is analogous to the momentum of water in waterhammer.

Water analogy is best avoided.....I learned that in first semester of college electricity. The water hammer effect of closing a valve is due to flowing mass of water being suddenly stopped. Mass of electron is too small to matter, and as the prof says, electron moves at approx 5cm/hr. Charge has no mass. When a switch is opened, think about that in slow motion. At first, when break is incredibly small, some little bit of charge will still move across the gap like in a capacitor, but then with a little more space or air gap in the break charge will stop dead, and the distance needed to stop charge dead depends on the driving voltage entering the switch...the higher the voltage, or so-called potential charge, the larger the gap needed to stop charge dead. With high voltages >1000v in air, the charge will ionize air molecules and a little tiny spark of bolt of lightning can be seen jumping the gap as it is opened...then when opened far enough that flow of charge via ionized air will be stopped dead. Next, inductance must be considered. If there is inductance in wires connecting to the switch, upon opening the switch there will be a spike of voltage in the opposite polarity to the what had been the applied voltage. Magnetic energy stored in the inductance returns into the wires as charge quite suddenly. Any length of wire has some inductance, the longer the wire the more the inductance. The lower the resistance of the wire, due to short length or large gauge, the more forceful will be the magnetically induced charge and voltage of the spike...yet this is not so simple. Imagine the wires as super-conductors...then no voltage can be induced because everywhere in the wire the voltage will be zero. So in any circuit there is something like a trade off or balance of resistance and inductance that will determine the voltage of the spike. And of course that all depends on the amount of current that was "flowing"....certainly the larger the current flow the larger will be the spike, all things considered and noting that superconductor wires are only used in research facilities. Now, btw, the inductance in the wires or actual inductors in the circuit does sort of equate with the mass of water flowing in the pipe. More electric current flow, more magnetic field, more spike upon opening the switch due to field collapse. In some circuits a snubber capacitor is connected across the switch contacts. Snubber capacitor is combination of a high voltage tolerating capacitor with a small value resistor, small enough not to heat up but large enough to dissipate the voltage spike as heat, and thus there will be little or no spark when the switch is opened. Snubber capacitor prolongs the useful life of switch contacts in two ways 1) eliminates spark, cuz the voltage spike flows through the capacitor and resistor, and thus eliminates carbon buildup on switch contacts 2) sparking, if not supressed, will pit the switch contacts which will degrade the actual contact area and thus increase the resistance of switch, which will lead to switch heating if current is large, leading to oxidation of contacts leading to more heat....then switch failure. The better analogy for conceptualizing electricity is the mechanical analogy where resistance =brake, capacitance=spring, inductance=mass, force=voltage, current=displacement, time=time.

@@rh001YT A water analogy is perfectly appropriate for introductory concepts and macro-analysis.

Bienvenido...

Indeed.

Is that the difference between gold, silver and copper? Indian mythology talks about the four eras: gold, silver, copper, iron. There might be some irony in it...

@@waltermessines5181 don't know about irony but there definitely is some iron in it

I didn't know this. Thanks!

Yes, if the individual strands are insulated from each other, say by a coat of varnish. "Litz wire" is braided from individual varnished strands, so the current is forced to flow through the whole cross section. It's used to wind high current inductors for frequencies up to about one megaherz. For very high powers, say in radio transmitters, you just use copper tubing--all skin and no center.

@@50srefugee Ackhually, you use the copper tubing mostly because of the high frequency of the radio signals and not because of the high powers. The Skin Effect is a function of frequency, not Power(or Voltage or Current) mostly.

@@electrified4251 True, but I'm speaking of high-power RF versus low power, which can use Litz wire.

Stranded wire can handle more amperage than solid wire. Electricians know this

​@@johnrice1943 I am not finding support for this in the code. Cite?

Imagine it like this: you have a fan connected to a water mill on a stream. When the water moves from one end to the other, it pushes the water mill and the fan runs, creating wind. That is DC. When the water flows back and forth instead, it still pushes the water mill and the fan still runs, back and forth of course, but still creates wind. That is AC. If you watch a light bulb connected to AC in extreme slow motion, you can see it doesn't light up all the time but rather blink with extremely fast speed, similar to the fan running and stopping then running backward. Of course that is the simple case of the incandescent light bulb. In case of AC motors like electric fans, they have a special design that involves magnetism to keep the motor running in one direction despite the AC current.

Where is the energy in water current: in "push", in pressure. Same thing with electricity: no matter if it goes forth and back, it does exert "pressure" (sorta), it transfers electromagnetic energy and for many purposes like a lightbulb or a resistance radiatior that is enough. However for other purposes like computers, it's not, so a transformer must change from AC to DC (and also down regulate the voltage, etc.) The reason why AC is used is because, in spite of Edison, who fought for DC and lost, it proved best for transport, I won't pretend I understand the details of this but it's the real reason: energy efficiency in transport by wire.

It doesn't cancel out with simple AC because it's not happening at the same time. It alternates - first in one direction and then the other and back and forth and back and forth, hence the name, alternating current. It's *exactly* like a pendulum in that regard. And just like a pendulum, we measure the amount of time the current spends on each swing. The pendulum on a grandfather clock is _about_ a meter long, and it swings once every second. In the US, the current swing for home electricity happens in 1/60th of a second - or 1 cycle (of back and forth) per 1/60th of a second. Or put more conveniently, 60 cycles per each second, and even more conveniently, we use Hertz (abbreviated Hz, pronounced just like hurts) - Hz means *per second,* it's the inverse of time (1/t) - so we refer to it as 60 Hz. Elsewhere, house current flows at 50 Hz. Just as seconds measures time, Hz measures frequency. A pendulum does not cancel itself out, neither does simple AC current. Not all alternating current is single-frequency in nature. The audio signal in your speaker wires has a broad range of frequencies (theoretically from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz but in reality, not as extreme) flowing at the same time. The complex waveform is exactly what happens with air pressure when you speak or sing or musical instruments play notes and in those cases, some frequencies DO cancel while others get together and do the opposite, they add together, and everything in between, at each successive fraction of a second. In music, the signal came that way in the air before it was recorded, with the cancelations and reinforcements already built-in. *But you do not need an air signal for that - synthesizers can sound like drums, pianos, organs, violins, and voices exactly by creating the cancelations and reinforcements using nothing but alternating current flows.* Another analogy to a pendulum is a circle. This video shows how circles can be arranged to make any complex patterns. One turn of a circle in one second is 1 Hz. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/mtlgltByu5O9lZ8.html Fourier in that video is the guy who figured it out centuries ago and the math is the Fourier series. That's all you need to know to put my explanation and the video together to see how awesome the effects are that you've been experiencing all of your life. Hope that helps. PS - Very good question!

because electrons are polite and dont shove each other

Blox117, technically speaking, they _do_ shove each other. That's why they all move together in the circuit.

This is the one you want: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/eZ2khK1ll9SrnqM.html

@@ScienceAsylum yes... Watching that,... But thanks.. 🥳🤓

Best conductors... *at room temperature.

@@ScienceAsylum wait, i thought that we need to cool them down?

Yes, I meant that as a correction to what I said in the video: silver, copper, and gold are the best conductors _at room temperature._

I see. Because it confused me a bit because I remember reading things like Cooper pair (I think), and things like topology in quantum system that just doesn't make things easier for me to understand. Thank you .

@@ScienceAsylum Maybe a whole episode could be dedicated just to superconductors. For example that because there is no resistance they are not subject to Ohm's Law. Only current can flow through superconductors, and therefore power or work can only be transferred by interaction with magnetic fields as described by Ampère's Circuital Law (with Maxwell's Additions). The amount of current is limited not by resistance heating up the superconductor but by the Meissner Effect. (Note that this comment may raise as many questions as it answers.)

Lots of em. Charge of 1 electron = 1.6*10^-19 Coulombs 1 Ampere of current = 1 C / second flow, that means 6.25*10^18 electrons per second. Might sound like a lot, but it's only ~0.00001 moles of electrons per second, now depending on resistance of the circuit you're accidentally touching this can mean painful death or just a mild tingle.

@@sidewaysfcs0718 excellent thank you

This is the video you actually want: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/eZ2khK1ll9SrnqM.html

It may play a role but my guess is that as the strands are placed next to each other forming in practice a single mass the effect mostly cancels out. The main reason I believe is that multi-strand wires are more flexible and resistent to fracture and even you can use the various strands to make braids and knots at your convenience when tying them to some device like a plug without requiring any welding.

@@LuisAldamiz yeah the main reason is more flexibility but I do wonder how it effects the conductivity. I always thought single big core got less resistance as it acts like bigger pipe, or wider road.

@@atranas6018 To avoid skin losses there are special wire called "Litze wire" where the strands are individually insulated. This relevant in AC electric motors when the motor controller switching frequency is in the kHZ range, like in electric vehicles and using such a wire can improve motor efficiency 4-5%.

to understand a wire and what goes on inside it you have to use calculus. You imagine any wire made up of infinitely small strands, each with it's own magnetic field. The field of one strand opposes the field of all stands adjacent to it, thus creating inductance. And not just immediately adjacent but a little further than that, but just a little further as the intensity of the mag field reduces according to the inverse square law...in other words it peeters out. So while the current in each strand sums up, the mag field opposing the current does not sum up....its less, so to speak. Near the perimeter of a strand the mag field is less because, for instance, the outer most ( imaginary infinitesimal) strands are not surrounded by other strands...at least on one side, the outside of the strand. There is less inductance near the perimeter of a strand. Consider now stranded, but not insulated wire. Although the strands are all touching each other (assume tightly bound or twisted together) because each strand is round there will be some space where they are not touching. Where not touching the inductance will be slightly less. WIth dc current the slightly less inductance of stranded wire vs solid wire hardly matters....except perhaps for very long wires, but still it is in almost all cases insignificant. But with ac currents the matter of solid vs stranded is more significant because ac currents are more susceptible to inductance as the frequency rises. Even the thin insulation of individual strands of Litz wire does give some improvement due to the small increase of distance between strands. Audiophiles prefer Litz wire to connect phonograph pickup to preamp, and such connections are typically only 2 to 3 feet in length, the whole idea there being to decrease inductance to facilitate high frequencies which are not just part of the high frequency instruments but part of all percussive sounds as well, for instance even the plucking of strings by finger of bow. The reproduction of the French horn may not benefit much from Litz wires as it is intended to be non-percussive.

The main reason for stranded is said to be flexibility and ability to be routed. So it is used in cars and home appliances, etcetera where movement and or vibration is expected. I was told in school that stranded has a tendency of overcoming the skinning effect, but I think that's not demonstrable, and it certainly wouldn't be worth the difference in manufacturing steps.

This is probably the video you actually wanted to watch: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/eZ2khK1ll9SrnqM.html

Good luck with your physics degree!

It depends on the academic level of your final physics course at high school. The teacher also has to cover all of the other subjects such as light, sound, heat, mechanics. Post-secondary education will normally go into greater depth.

@@georgeknowles8762 I'm taking physics when school starts back in January.

@@adamroach4538 If you are interested in physics, have you checked in the double split experiment?

@@TFYS-QA Yes, I know what that is

@@adamroach4538 i'm second year undergrad, if you have questions about modules you can ask, the subjects are really interesting but second year quantum mechanics is hands down the best for me. Can't wait for 3rd year QM, bring on the pain physics I double dare you. Check out the quantum eraser experiment for some time-traveling electrons and a sprinkle of existential crisis. :)

haha xD

You're welcome 🤓

I can't just jump into that. I have to work up to it.

@@ScienceAsylum I understand, sorry. I'm too excited :)) Also, I want to show my appreciation for all the videos. Thank you a lot!