Donut-Shaped Planets - Sixty Symbols

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3 жыл бұрын

Professor Tony Padilla on life on a "donut planet" - leading to discussion about how the Earth and Moon formed.
More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓
Tony is a physicist at the University of Nottingham.
More videos with Tony here: bit.ly/Padilla_SixtySymbols and bit.ly/Padilla_Numberphile
The Origin of the Moon Within a Terrestrial Synestia: doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005333
Tony Padilla: www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/...
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Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran
Animations in this video by Pete McPartlan
www.bradyharanblog.com
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Пікірлер: 729

@juijani4445 3 жыл бұрын

I like the fact that Prof Tony held that torus-shaped tube for the entire video.

@brandonwalker5011 3 жыл бұрын

Professors with this energy really make school more fun.

@greengoblin9567 3 жыл бұрын

They could have a TUBE shaped planet

@weatheranddarkness 3 жыл бұрын

somehow without ever even using the words torus or toroid. I'm impressed

@sk8rdman 3 жыл бұрын

@@weatheranddarkness And yet it was almost like he couldn't say Synestia enough times once the conversation shifted to that shape.

@DerpMuse 3 жыл бұрын

@@brandonwalker5011 Its teachers like the ones highlighted onn all of Brady's channels give you that spark of curiosity to research topics and watch videos on the topic. I find myself getting lost in wikipedia reads on maths so much. My last tryst on there ended up on half integer spin. spinors and mobius loop edge being a model for the half integer paths

@avalanchas336 3 жыл бұрын

"man I REALLY wanna play with my cool donut toy, but I'm a physics professor, hmm... How could I justify that?"

@terdragontra8900 3 жыл бұрын

Torus shaped planets are the absolute coolest things ever. The widely varying surface gravity affecting local fauna and geography, the fact you could see the other side of the planet stretching above you majestically, and the other side of the planet occasionally eclipsing the sun. Its just awe inspiring!

@deadendwaterfall 3 жыл бұрын

I'd find most of that rather creepy.

@rixille 2 жыл бұрын

Kind of reminds me of ringworld/halo concept from scifi.

@CatzHoek 3 жыл бұрын

I´m glad the Physics building has such a creative, yet memorable name. "Physics building". It really brings across the romantic elements of the subject and inspires students to think big. A masterpiece of creativity thought up by whoever came up with this unique name.

@tomgucwa7319 2 жыл бұрын

And; they are researching how to get a donut to form itself...will wonders never cease...

@KM-ub2rb 2 жыл бұрын

@@tomgucwa7319 Bob wonders also never cease

@mastod0n1 Жыл бұрын

@@KM-ub2rb Jim Wonders, however, is a quitter.

@davebritton7648 Жыл бұрын

It was the same person that imaginatively named that great red spot on Jupiter - The Great Red Spot.

@ketsuekikumori9145 3 жыл бұрын

I'd like to imagine the planet builders from Hitchhiker's Guide definitely made a toroidal planet on the whim of some ultra rich alien.

@vincentpelletier57 3 жыл бұрын

Clever aliens which conduct intricate experiments on the donut's inhabitant by disguising themselves as mice and running around in mazes?

@_rlb 3 жыл бұрын

Slartibartfast would have designed the most beautiful looking glaciers and mountains.

@iamshangyee 3 жыл бұрын

...and got destroyed in order to build a inter-galaxtic highway.

@AbeldeBetancourt 3 жыл бұрын

I guess dummy rich aliens getting their private profit from public subsidies aren't called geniuses nor innovators.

@1.4142 3 жыл бұрын

@@iamshangyee If it has a hole in the middle they can just go through that.

@mark012498 3 жыл бұрын

So basically a planet of Werther's Originals is more likely to form than a planet of a Krispy Kreme doughnut?

@noontimespender 3 жыл бұрын

This is science! You can't mix your confectionery. Proper comparison would be between a Werther's Original and a Lifesaver. Or a krispy Kreme Doughnut and a Blueberry Filled Bismarck.

@LightDiodeNeal 3 жыл бұрын

Be a shock to find one in a galaxy!

@paladro 3 жыл бұрын

one presumes a hard candy bias

@delusionnnnn 3 жыл бұрын

This is every videogame world where you can wrap east to west and north to south. It's not quite as common today as it used to be, but it still happens. Ultima Online famously did this.

@sajukkhar 3 жыл бұрын

The old Final Fantasy games did this too

@OlleLindestad 3 жыл бұрын

Yes, came here for this! I spent a lot of my tweens on Final Fantasy message boards, someone always pointed this out, and it was pleasantly mind-blowing to imagine the kind of toroidal world that the game accidentally implied.

@herrzog602 3 жыл бұрын

Gotta admit this is a way cooler origin story for the moon

@PhotonBeast 3 жыл бұрын

Yeah, quite fascinating!

@ArawnOfAnnwn 3 жыл бұрын

It's basically the same origin story, just with an extra phase (pun intended). :)

@hindigente 3 жыл бұрын

Earth: I used to think the Moon was a hot mess, but it grew on me and now it's pretty cool.

@edwardsong5199 3 жыл бұрын

Better, real projective earth 😉

@hedlund 3 жыл бұрын

I love how there's a Ghostbuster casually entering the physics dept. at 10:58.

@boring7823 3 жыл бұрын

Heh, a professor with a fold up bicycle, but nearly right. ☺

@jay_sensz 3 жыл бұрын

Donut Earthers have known this forever

@Oliisawesome 3 жыл бұрын

the perfect "i don't need sleep i need answers" video

@oliviagonzalez2740 3 жыл бұрын

its 3:30 am, i opened reddit just to check a notification and saw this video in popular, so thats definitely me rn

@otakuribo 3 жыл бұрын

this is me rn

@OwenPrescott 3 жыл бұрын

Wait for the Klein bottle dude to work out his new theory of Earths early formation

@user-me7hx8zf9y 3 жыл бұрын

clifford stoll?

@rillloudmother 3 жыл бұрын

hehe

@Kyanzes 3 жыл бұрын

This synestia and the tectonic plates are very cool additions. Also the orbit animation for sure. Would be insane to find such a planet. Either a donut or a synestia.

@vuurniacsquarewave5091 3 жыл бұрын

I know it's a completely different topic, but there is a great amount of known variation when it comes to asteroids and dwarf planets. Of course everything tends to get closer and closer to a sphere the larger it is, but we still have interestingly shaped objects out there, even if they're comparatively small.

@KOZMOuvBORG 3 жыл бұрын

Something similar would occur on a near-contact binary. The region between the planets would have similar climate (from inclination) and terrain, no toroidal tectonics but still extreme (funnelled?) at the outer poles. Check out R.L. Forward, PhD's "RocheWorld" for some details.

@MrHungrySimon 3 жыл бұрын

I think that Brady caught Tony playing with his big donut, so he came up with a reason: "I was aaaaaahh.... Donut shaped planets!"

@COOLSerdash 3 жыл бұрын

A Synestia looks a bit like a red blood cell.

@BlackIndigenousPosse 3 жыл бұрын

It's not even red you absolute fool.

@masterimbecile 3 жыл бұрын

@@BlackIndigenousPosse I really hope you're joking.

@jagadishk4513 3 жыл бұрын

Same thoughts, similar shape

@jagadishk4513 3 жыл бұрын

Same thoughts, similar shape

@jpedrosc98 3 жыл бұрын

Which begs the question... Why are red blood cells that shape?

@prakharmishra3000 3 жыл бұрын

Can't wait for the 'donut earther' cult to form

@rpigulla 3 жыл бұрын

Boy, I so badly want a roleplaying game based in a world like this!

@fault3k 3 жыл бұрын

play xenoblade instead you live on a giant robot

@ArawnOfAnnwn 3 жыл бұрын

Ultima Online.

@beskamir5977 3 жыл бұрын

I hope to some day make games based on really cool science like this.

@hoogmonster 3 жыл бұрын

Dungeons and Doughnuts or Lardfinder...

@supercyclone8342 3 жыл бұрын

One of my first major game ideas involved traveling to different planets. I wanted some of them to be extremely weird, yet supported by theoretical science. A planet like this would've been such a perfect fit! Unfortunately that project is too ambitious, but I got another game idea based on one my planet ideas which I'm currently developing! It's based on darkness, light, and a hollow(ish) planet.

@youtubehandlesareridiculous 3 жыл бұрын

I love Sixty Symbols! One of my favorite things about Brady's videos is how he interacts with the experts and asks questions that the experts may not think of explaining for the general viewer. Keep up the great work!

@RFC-3514 3 жыл бұрын

10:01 - I'd heard "it's all turtles" and "it's all elephants", but this is the first time I hear about a cosmological model that is "all geishas".

@PeteFinn 3 жыл бұрын

Awesome CGI! Very informative and entertaining, excellent work!

@anzov1n 3 жыл бұрын

Having kicked around some fantasy/sci-fi ideas, i love stuff like this: a reality check on our imagination. Not sure that such a place could sustain complex life but pretty exciting to know it could exist.

@shanedesormier6673 3 жыл бұрын

Master chief would be interested in this video.

@SPFLDAngler 3 жыл бұрын

Obvious comment

@pleasedontwatchthese9593 3 жыл бұрын

I'm surprised they did not go for a halo ref in the title for clickbait

@adamfirth3082 3 жыл бұрын

True but remember the halo rings are only 'habital' on the insides and the outsided are just metal or whatever halo rings are made of lol

@krissp8712 3 жыл бұрын

Also reminds me a lot of startopia which recently got remastered

@l.f.3835 3 жыл бұрын

Hexaflexagon planet next, please. Great video as always :)

@MrSpanks 3 жыл бұрын

As soon as this started, I was gonna close the page, but it was actually really interesting - thanks!

@Toastmaster_5000 3 жыл бұрын

This was way more fascinating than I expected. I knew donut-shaped planets were a possibility and that they would have to spin to keep their shape, I never knew all the in-depth details of how it would function.

@patricktho6546 3 жыл бұрын

A new Idea for KSP 2 :)

@PopeLando 3 жыл бұрын

I keep asking my pizza delivery place for "a 12" Synestia, please?" and they look at me weird. I have to give in and say "stuffed crust."

@unvergebeneid 3 жыл бұрын

The animations in this video are really impressive!

@allenyordy6700 3 жыл бұрын

Yesssssss I seriously just pass time until these videos come out I love it thank you for the great content

@afhdfh 3 жыл бұрын

This is one of the reasons I subscribed to this channel - love it!!!

@apentagon6499 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks, I was designing a planet based around a donut shape, this helps in some questions especially around the gravity of the object!

@nicholashatley6635 3 жыл бұрын

I loved the animations used in this one

@EscapeMCP 3 жыл бұрын

You mentioned orbits when describing the formation of one of these things. I was hoping you would explain if there is a stable orbit going through the hole in the middle.

@A3Kr0n 3 жыл бұрын

How about Larry Nivens' "The Integral trees" which is set in a gas torus around a neutron star?

@macronencer 3 жыл бұрын

Very different physics because it was gas, not solid. But yes, I thought of that, too! Also there is an actual toroidal asteroid in "Protector". Have you read that one?

@bretthess6376 3 жыл бұрын

Wow, two other people here have read Niven.

@LoPhatKao 3 жыл бұрын

one of my favorites, too bad there was only the 2 novels set there

@rmsgrey 3 жыл бұрын

Or there's the Ringworld, which is artificial, generates artificial gravity by spinning so fast that the centrifugal acceleration is 1g, and is famously unstable - around a ring (including doughnuts), the objects gravity pulls things outside the plane of the ring towards the plane, and things within the plane toward the nearest section of ring (unlike a hollow sphere, where everything outside the shell is pulled toward the center, while everything inside the shell experiences no net force from the shell, give or take anomalies). Or there's the Puppeteer homeworld which people have been failing to find ever since the Puppeteers decided to abandon known space in advance of the core explosion's shockwave.

@macronencer 3 жыл бұрын

@@rmsgrey Ringworld was my introduction to sci fi as a teenager :) I loved the ideas in it, so imaginative. I get a bit irritated when someone sees my picture of Ringworld on my computer background and says "oh cool, Halo." :(

@lebesnec 3 жыл бұрын

You could have moons orbiting along the outside "equator", or going in and out the donut or even in equilibrium at the center.

@JorgetePanete 3 жыл бұрын

I think equilibrium wouldn't be possible since it's not static

@cainghorn 3 жыл бұрын

I now want to read a great sci-fi book set on a donut planet. Something like Niven's Ring.

@sngrzr 3 жыл бұрын

Not donut, but Greg Egan's Dichronauts is set on the hyperbolic surface of a planet in a hyperbolic universe.

@bbbf09 3 жыл бұрын

Don't know of any - closest thing would appear to be Rocheworld by Robert L. Forward - set on a a dumbbell world . As a novel it's OK. Prefer Dragon's Egg - also from him - about life on a neutron star :o)

@royalnachos 3 жыл бұрын

Tony's segments are the best in my opinion!

@edgeeffect 3 жыл бұрын

That's the best explanation of the moon's lack of volatiles I've heard.

@flymypg 3 жыл бұрын

Outstanding animations! Wow.

@ultra.waffle 3 жыл бұрын

Would be interesting what the magnetic field of this planet would look like

@Toastmaster_5000 3 жыл бұрын

I imagine it would be a lot like what an inductor would create, except a permanent magnet instead of an electromagnet

@gradybeckett1777 3 жыл бұрын

I'm just hoping someone answers the question! Since its rotating in 1 direction, i want to say massive dipole running up through the centre, much stronger than earths due to the beefy rotation speeds. It would also vary massively, being really strong in the middle. So as well as spicy earth weather, there would be spicy space weather

@jacksonwerks 3 жыл бұрын

For those with access to the BBC iPlayer, there is a wonderful children's science show called "Hey You What If" where the topic of a doughnut shaped earth was discussed.

@doougle 3 жыл бұрын

Other people in the building behind him are saying "What the heck is he doing now?"

@derekbrou 3 жыл бұрын

There was Discworld, there was Halo, and soon there will be a Synestia franchise. I guess a Donut franchise would work better with the weather and terrain and the bizarre nightmarish physics in the middle but Synestia sounds cooler.

@rmsgrey 3 жыл бұрын

Halo is just a scaled-down Ringworld.

@David-uk3nv 3 жыл бұрын

This was way more interesting than I thought at the beginning.👍

@zizimugen4470 3 жыл бұрын

As a geologist, I can’t imagine how such a planet would be physically possible to facilitate life without many parts being in constant darkness and chill, and there’d be some unimaginably insane volcanism. This planet can’t be physically possible.

@mihir2012 3 жыл бұрын

Very interesting! I was waiting the whole time for how or even whether such an object would have a magnetic field. And how the tilt of the planet would affect it. Another episode perhaps? :)

@ambrose788 3 жыл бұрын

Isaac Arthur did a video on these and I think he claimed that it would have a really strong magnetic field.

@karlseibert6545 10 ай бұрын

This reminds me of the story "Moonbow" from the May 11, 1981 issue of Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine. The torus planet had a much larger major radius than minor radius so from the inner side of the torus the far side looked like the title moonbow. Near the surface the body could be approximated as a line rather than a point, so gravity dropped off at 1/r instead of 1/r^2 and made a different atmospheric density reduction with altitude.

@kryptynite76 3 жыл бұрын

Those aren't planets, those are intergalactic doomsday devices created by the forerunners

@MushookieMan 3 жыл бұрын

Synestia! I think that's the term I have been looking for. I saw the concept somewhere once.

@EmissaryOfSmeagol 3 жыл бұрын

6:30 beautiful animation

@Rubrickety 3 жыл бұрын

I shudder to think what an "Elon Musk type" engineer capable of creating a toroidal planet would name his children.

@General12th 3 жыл бұрын

bob

@royce_beyer 3 жыл бұрын

@@General12th "You can't just name a planet Bob!"(quote from Titan A.E.)

@keksauraisks 3 жыл бұрын

Awesome video!

@masi416 3 жыл бұрын

What is the distribution of the atmosphere of the donut planet? Is the hole filled with it? If so, you could use a regular plane to fly to 0 gravity (not into space though).

@GlobalWarmingSkeptic 3 жыл бұрын

A planet rotating that quickly would probably not hold onto much of an atmosphere unless it were very large, but I would suspect that the atmosphere would be most stable in the middle of the planet where the velocity is less, so probably the inner part of the donut

@massimocole9689 3 жыл бұрын

@@GlobalWarmingSkeptic I think it would be most stable where the gravity was highest, ie the area in-between the inner and outer rings. Sure the velocity is lower at the inner ring, but the gravity is weaker due to the mass of the other side pulling up on you. The strongest surface gravity, and thus the lowest potential energy, was the region between the inner and outer rim.

@superlemus2 3 жыл бұрын

The sinestia is a pizza crust. Solid in the center, and bulging at the edge. It even forms the same way you shape a pizza crust from a ball of dough, by spinning it in the air.

@itiscujo 3 жыл бұрын

I was thinking a red blood cell

@Dragrath1 3 жыл бұрын

Sort of the physics is the same but the significant gravity makes it unstable as a solid object. Part of why in a synestia the material would mostly be rock vapors i.e. gaseous silicon dioxide is the structure is unstable maybe if you could flash cool it you could get a solid body like a Pizza crust but I fear the rigid structure would allow for all kinds of mechanical dissipation which would enable to world to eventually collapse down into a sphere

@martensamulowitz347 3 жыл бұрын

Really interesting video!

@fonkbadonk2957 3 жыл бұрын

Nice touch with the Wilhelm scream! =)

@tyranneous 3 жыл бұрын

Heard it and came to the comments to see if anyone else had caught it, well done there!

@DemoniteBL 3 жыл бұрын

That was extremely interesting!

@Hades948 3 жыл бұрын

I love this kind of stuff.

@platzhalterplatzhalter9780 3 жыл бұрын

Great video, after I saw the theoretical considerations about how such a celestial body looks in detail, I wondered if there is a noteworthy amount of Hard Science Fiction based on the idea of a donut-shaped planet? Because it sounds like a really interesting fiction.

@britskaradiometeorograph8108 2 жыл бұрын

Not a planet, but the Culture series by Iain M Banks has enormous artificial ring worlds where every lives on the inside face with a miniature star in the centre and massive revolving plates making a fake day/night cycle

@anderslarsen4100 3 жыл бұрын

Cool idea!

@ChrisWalshZX 3 жыл бұрын

Interesting alterative to a Dyson Ring/Sphere that I'd never considered before!

@Lankpants 3 жыл бұрын

I think most people are actually quite familiar with synestias from high school biology even if they don't know the name. It's pretty much the exact same shape as a red blood cell.

@LuisAldamiz 3 жыл бұрын

I thought the same.

@damonedwards1544 3 жыл бұрын

If you remember Breathsavers mints, they were shaped the same way. I'm not sure if they still make those.

@b_tang 3 жыл бұрын

Cool. Fascinating.

@markanderson1088 3 жыл бұрын

Looking forward to the G-2 results video Brady!!!!

@conanichigawa 3 жыл бұрын

This is some next-level Blender Guru doughnut render.

@Harry-nd1og 3 жыл бұрын

Think this is my favourite intro you've done

@KevinLarsson42 3 жыл бұрын

Imagine that impossibly rare planet in the universe that is hosting life and is a donut shape, bet they feel special

@klaxoncow 3 жыл бұрын

Well, until they developed enough to be able to do astronomy, they wouldn't realise that their planetary configuration is unusual. It would be all they've ever known. Their version of "the Flat Earth Society" would be interesting, for sure.

@skybanner9 3 жыл бұрын

Very interesting video! Suggestion: could you please discuss the possibility of a magnetic field around such a toroidal shaped planet? I could imagine a lot of very interesting electromagnetic effects would take place around such a shape.

@richard2371 3 жыл бұрын

I was thinking much the same thing, it might not be worth a whole new video, as the answer might be "without a spinning core you can't have a magnetic field" but i would definitely like to see it with the addition of satellite orbits and what they might look like

@adamwhiteson6866 Жыл бұрын

Fun! Would have liked a discussion about the atmosphere on a planet with strongly varying gravity.

@DavidBeddard 3 жыл бұрын

Notably omitted: any discussion about the magnetic field of a toroidal planet. Topic for a future video, perhaps?

@MrDowntemp0 3 жыл бұрын

I would love more physics based worldbuilding videos!

@user-qf6yt3id3w 3 жыл бұрын

Any Kardashev Level 2 civilizations wanting donut-shaped planets designed should contact Isaac Arthur.

@concretetoy54 3 жыл бұрын

it was more fun than I expected

@dorianswerdlow3239 3 жыл бұрын

I'd love to see what the distribution of atmosphere would be on the doughnut. I assume you would have more gas -- and therefore higher pressure -- on the surfaces experiencing higher gravity. How much pressure variation would you experience as you move from the inner to the outer surface?

@georges3799 3 жыл бұрын

Read Larry Niven's book 'Integral Trees'. He is a master of beautifully crafted worlds.

@andrew051968 3 жыл бұрын

Fascinating! I wonder if an object could maintain this Synestia shape as a planet if it cooled at the right rate?

@helenaren 3 жыл бұрын

I’d love to have a moon which floats or bobs through the hole

@helenaren 3 жыл бұрын

@MichaelKingsfordGray in fact a figure-8 orbit that goes through the centre and around each side of the torus might be even more stable

@garrysekelli6776 3 жыл бұрын

The moon would be the donut Hole.

@wadss 3 жыл бұрын

@@helenaren all those orbits are unstable as soon as you introduce a central body, like a star, unfortunately.

@bluemalamute 3 жыл бұрын

moonrise on one side, eclipse on the other? hopefully it'd be super stable! so no borromean rings planet system?

@thebeerwaisnetwork8024 3 жыл бұрын

I like the synestia theory for the moon formation over the impact-theory.

@emkultra2349 3 жыл бұрын

brilliant

@shovon9412 8 ай бұрын

Imagine a movie or a tv series set in such a world

@TheFilipFonky 3 жыл бұрын

I wonder if this is possible to achieve in one of those universe simulators like Universe Sandbox or Space Engine

@tanelgulerman3073 3 жыл бұрын

Awesome

@andrewpast1959 3 жыл бұрын

On matt parker vid on falling through a plant, he mentioned that gravity of a circle only has pull from what is below as the stuff above the object that is being affected is cancelled by the opposed. With the gravity of the nearby being matched by the further side that while further away there is more to pull with canceling out the stuff close by. So would that mean that there'd be only the force from rotation holding objects to the surface?

@timseguine2 3 жыл бұрын

I have only ever heard the shell theorem as it is called stated for spherically symmetric bodies(So it technically doesn't even apply to the earth even). Toruses aren't spherically symmetric, so the usual theorem doesn't apply. Although it is a collection of concentric radially symmetric flat rings, so the math might work out exactly the same.

@DenisLoubet 3 жыл бұрын

Is the center of the hole a Lagrange Point? Primitive computer gaming maps were often rectangular, and when you left the top you would appear at the bottom, and when you left the right side you would appear on the left side. This wrap-around effect seemed great until you realized it defined a doughnut-shaped world.

@ParabellumHistory 3 жыл бұрын

It's 4 am, I should sleep, but first… what if earth was donut shaped?

@shmooveyea 3 жыл бұрын

Could you reduce the spin and have a series of moons spaced around it pulling?

@syafsanai 3 жыл бұрын

6:30 Frosting, icing, filling? I'm bad at baking terms to describe those glaze-iers.

@tinygriffy 3 жыл бұрын

"jumping the gap" .. or hole... from inner equator to inner equator, it's really fun you should try ! ;)

@davidsweeney111 3 жыл бұрын

can you do a video on the possible new force to explain the Fermi Lab muon result?

@LuisAldamiz 3 жыл бұрын

Nobody knows yet. No "force" has been discovered, only a deep mystery: the figure g (as theoretically predicted) is wrong for the muon, slightly so, and that questions the Standard Model of Quantum Physics, suggesting rather strongly that "new physics" (yet to be unraveled) hide behind that finding.

@Jim73 3 жыл бұрын

What software was used to render the donut planet animation, complete with an orbiting light source?

@pmcpartlan 3 жыл бұрын

Blender

@duffman18 3 жыл бұрын

Could you please do a video on the new force that was discovered? Based on muons. So there's like gravity and the strong and weak nuclear forces etc. Well now they're saying they've discovered a new force but no article is really describing it in much detail

@LuisAldamiz 3 жыл бұрын

They haven't discovered anything yet, they just found that the theoretical expectations for the value of "g" (allegedly until now "the most precise prediction in physics ever" and "the greatest support for Quantum Mechanics / the Standard Model of Quantum Physics") is wrong for the muon. They have discovered a question mark, not any new answer, not yet.

@ryanbright2696 3 жыл бұрын

Ok, amazing video I loved the geo science but I have some questions. I have been taught that the centerfugal force is not a real force but just an apparent force, what exactly did he mean near the start by 'you need a large centerfugal force to form the donut' and how do you explain that using real forces. Also my other question is that I was doing a 'earth and space science' course and from that I learnt that inside a hollow sphere the net gravity is zero regardless of position within the sphere or the spheres radius(assuming uniform density) why would you still have a gravitational field inside the donut that pulls you towards the COM? Thanks.

@michaelthomson81 3 жыл бұрын

Would the doughnut planet have an internal Lagrange point? E.g. would there be a location / region inside the inner ring that experiences only microgravity? Or would the rotation of the planet and its orbit of the star mean that would be unstable?

@Gwallacec2 3 жыл бұрын

Could you consider doing a video on one of your channels about subatomic spin and what the words actually mean when physicists use them? How can we actually visually perceive these words in lay terms?

@Gwallacec2 3 жыл бұрын

@Sîxty Symbols wow it’s the totally real Sîxty Symbols whom I can talk on WhatsApp what a shocker!!!!

@1.4142 3 жыл бұрын

@@Gwallacec2 These bitcoin bots have been all over the place today

@1.4142 3 жыл бұрын

Looks like they are changing their names and pfp to fit wherever they comment as well.

@lancethrustworthy 3 жыл бұрын

I imagine such an inhabited planet would begin space travel earlier than most inhabited planets, since it has its own test space for practice. I look forward to seeing giant kolaches in space.