Dr Adam Posen: The Macroeconomic Impact of Trade Wars (and Brexit counts as one)

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Dr Adam Posen delivers the Annual Lecture at the King’s Business School Centre for Data Analytics for Finance and Macroeconomics | 14 March 2019 |
What does a sunken boat-load of medieval porcelain tell us about global tensions over trade? Dr Adam Posen explains why a trade war is different from an trade dispute, and why Brexit fits the definition of a trade war.
Weighing the limits and benefits of current models for analysing trade, he sets out the likely effects of Brexit on the UK and European economies.

Пікірлер: 139

@peppersghosttheater 2 жыл бұрын

Love this guy. He predicted this all years ago

@sadjaxx 2 жыл бұрын

"The UK is waging a trade war against itself."

@johnconlon2207 5 жыл бұрын

Brilliant. Clear, insightful and entertaining

@kingsbusinessschool 5 жыл бұрын

Thanks John. Glad you enjoyed it. What videos would you like to see from us in future?

@noreply9034 3 жыл бұрын

@@kingsbusinessschool More Posen please! (the subject hardly matters) :)

@kennethdwyer804 3 жыл бұрын

I don't understand why Brexiteers get so angry and defensive when the serious problems with brexit get pointed out.The experts are merely pointing out whats wrong. It's not that they take pleasure in it,they are just showing what is wrong.Sovreignty won't pay the rent or put food on the table .

@stanleybuchan4610 2 жыл бұрын

The majority of people who voted to come out were suckered into it by being told untruths by a certain B Johnson who now resides in No 10.

@DjKryx 2 жыл бұрын

That is how every ideology functions, tho. Rarely is somebody above being subscribed to an ideology that they defend when "attacked". The right will tell you that this is how the left works simply because the left is more theory-driven, the left will tell you the right functions this way because they need their status-quo to simply exist. This is just how people are.

@TOM-op2cp 2 жыл бұрын

One shouldn't underestimate how stupid the average person is, as well, the pain of being comes from realizing that you are wrong. Burst their bubble and people don't appreciate it.

@angeleyes2c 2 жыл бұрын

@@TOM-op2cp In addition, people don't like to be told that they're wrong and would rather stick to their wrongness than admitting fault.

@TOM-op2cp 2 жыл бұрын

@@angeleyes2c I think that's right. It only hurts when we admit we were wrong or hoodwinked.

@YouD0ntSay 2 жыл бұрын

Great lecture again, I love this guy.

@kingsbusinessschool 2 жыл бұрын

Great to hear!

@mweskamppp 3 жыл бұрын

I am afraid the models are good with a relatively stable situation. When there is a disruption they are lost and you steer by ear.

@andreasbucher7717 2 жыл бұрын

It's really impressive how much on point he is looking at current UK. Also, very, very bad for the UK if he keeps being right.

@believeingood5875 3 жыл бұрын

Your algorithm actually knew that I was looking for his video, Before I search his name, That's scary.

@jacobjorgenson9285 3 жыл бұрын

They know way more about you….

@vsiegel 3 жыл бұрын

@@jacobjorgenson9285 More specifically, they know more about you than you know about you yourself. At least it's on the way to it, and it is realistic. That's scary.

@jacobjorgenson9285 3 жыл бұрын

@@vsiegel why is that scary? Who cares what they do.... Free yourself...no one can predict the future and vy the time ita here you are old or even dead. Don't spend your life living in war if an imaginary outcome

@vsiegel 3 жыл бұрын

@@jacobjorgenson9285 I do not actually have a problem with it, personally. I understand the advantages, and they are huge. A potentially surprising example is: It is quite realistic, if you have enough behaviour data, to use some kind of machine learning or artificial intelligence to determine an estimate of how long a relationship of two persons will last. Nobody would use that, right? - until it is empirically shown that it works. But on an academic level, it is scary, because someone who knows more about me than I do myself has a lot of control over me.

@liamoconnor3616 2 жыл бұрын

UK are sadly fu#d

@sadjaxx 2 жыл бұрын

Oh yeah. He said it in 2017 and 2018 and 2019 and 2020. And right now the UK are caught up in this terrible mess that they created.

@zippybiddelli700 2 жыл бұрын

Strongest economy in Europe ??? Where exactly has it gone wrong

@roberttausig9170 5 жыл бұрын

Unfortunately the audio quality is unbearable.

@believeingood5875 3 жыл бұрын

I agree with all his views.

@Dear_Mr._Isaiah_Deringer 5 жыл бұрын

*43:03* Prime Minister of the Week in Australia 🤭

@paul1x1 3 жыл бұрын

So I'm not an economist is this man saying the English are leaving the European union because they are nationalistic. There is no profit for Brittain in this exercise that seems very silly to me I always thought of the English as very pragmatic people

@abdulsufan3750 3 жыл бұрын

Most of us are morons.

@abdulsufan3750 3 жыл бұрын

From the u.k

@paul1x1 3 жыл бұрын

@@abdulsufan3750 I dont have any comeback have you seen trump

@CharlieVane21 3 жыл бұрын

Not so much where the EU is now, more to do with where the EU will be in the future. The talk of nationalism is a bit of a smokescreen.

@paul1x1 3 жыл бұрын

@@CharlieVane21 then what should have been done is in this future you imagine when it happens leave then because as of today they are the largest richest trading block on the planet

@mootamoonta261 3 жыл бұрын

Everything been shut for a year. No end in sight.

@stixinst5791 2 жыл бұрын

Somehow it keeps getting worse

@solstice2318 2 жыл бұрын

A lot of common sense is sometimes hard to swallow. This lecture needs breaking down and slower explaining. I lack the economic education to deal with so much in such a short talk. But the fundamental explanations do convince me. All that being said the world economy is suffering of the planet's finite ressources shortage and that won't go away what ever you try politically or even less economically. We were warned of this a long time ago but haven't found any solution. Brace for impact.

@Roketerif 4 жыл бұрын

5:35 peak Camera-Man

@Stew282 3 жыл бұрын

Nice to see an economist finally admitting that economic models are practically useless! The only time economists ever get anything right is after the event, when they explain why they got it wrong!

@themaskedman221 Жыл бұрын

You clearly didn't absorb much of this lecture. Play it again and listen. Cure your ignorance.

@Stew282 Жыл бұрын

@@themaskedman221 Let me guess... you're studying economics, and you're all butt-hurt to discover it's about as scientific as phrenology! To be fair, economists are very good at making predictions about minor changes in a stable economy. If the govt. asks economists what effect a 2% rise in the standard VAT rate will have while everything else is stable, the economist can give a pretty accurate prediction. But... as soon as we're dealing with an unstable environment, or any change involving more than a single factor, the economist's predictions are no better than the bloke-in-the-pub.

@ffi1001 3 жыл бұрын

I’m surprised this man wasn’t crucified in the media. Doesn’t he know as Michael gove said ‘the country has had enough of experts’

@outlander4502 5 жыл бұрын

Trading War? US just wants to mode the production to other countries, no to repatriate it. FED believes China's growth is good enough. And Brexit is just a message to EU to integrate his economy with US, or as group or by country. But I understand that said that is not valid.

@swanky_yuropean7514 5 жыл бұрын

The way the US does it is just stupid. When you do it by tariffs and singling out countries it will hurt your own economy. In case of American companies producing in China, they will not move back from there to the US. They will just move to another country with equally low labour cost and where the US hasn't put up punitive tariffs, such as Vietnam. All this will achieve is increasing prices for American consumers, raising cost for American companies abroad and therefore making them less competitive.

@cowbanchalam9725 3 жыл бұрын

Brexit is simply a message to the world, not the EU, that Britain hasn't got a clue where its going.

@martinrye712 2 жыл бұрын

Funny how his predictions of 4 years ago haven't materialised.

@gediminaskucinskas6952 2 жыл бұрын

Well Britain does suffer from shortages though. Some of it is due to inner economics (low wages) and andemic but big portion is the Brexit itself since Britain loses acess to eastern europe lorry drivers.

@martinrye712 2 жыл бұрын

@@gediminaskucinskas6952 well I've been to London today no shortages and apart from bottled water no shortages where I live

@2adamast 2 жыл бұрын

@@martinrye712 Foreign investment is down from 45 billion to 20 billion in two years, that's a shortage

@alainpereira6442 2 жыл бұрын

Not yet

@bartonseagrave9605 2 жыл бұрын

When you say things on camera and you get it wrong, you have to live with your mistakes.

@samhartford8677 2 жыл бұрын

That surely does not apply in the UK.

@stixinst5791 2 жыл бұрын

I am kinda confused what you are trying to say. From across the channel his expectations were actually a bit too tame compared to the reality

@thejigantics2641 2 жыл бұрын

The health of a nation is falsely measured by the wealth of a nation. Economists like this lecture in air conditioned rooms in places like London to bright eyed eager young future economists instead of going out into the real world and engaging with people who’s lives they know nothing about and possibly care even less. This gentleman would rather visit a world heritage site than travel to areas of the UK where in some cases four generations of families have had no jobs and have no prospect of one as they currently see it. One thing consistently overlooked…it’s not a statistic…..is that a decent job and income provides you with more than the means to provide for yourself and your family, it gives you dignity. Over decades manufacturing capability has moved out of the UK some of it to EU countries because “free movement of people” or cheap labour to not use it’s euphemism is also matched by freedom to manufacture in countries where wages are always going to be cheaper than the uk. Even those products that are sold almost exclusively in the Uk but are imported back in. Go forth mr economist and talk to real people who can explain why they don’t give a hoot about trade, GDP shorts, dividends, the FTSE et al

@simonclarke7309 2 жыл бұрын

But he was 100% correct on brexit. Is that what vexes you. We are in ruins

@thejigantics2641 2 жыл бұрын

@@simonclarke7309 WE are NOT in ruins…you may be I don’t know…I hope not. As I said the health of a nation shouldn’t be measured by the wealth of a nation. Unless that wealth is evenly distributed and it isn’t by a massive margin. In the meantime be positive you have every reason to and listen to other ideas rather than past false predictions kzfaq.info/get/bejne/nJipf8uj3bO8iqM.html

@simonclarke7309 2 жыл бұрын

@@thejigantics2641 I worry for the millions of others less well off than you or myself Fuel prices etc will tip so many over the edge amongst many other rises. Brexit is destroying but not on official channels which will not even say the word. I respect experts over polititions and the BBC obfuscations

@solstice2318 2 жыл бұрын

The cost of the loss of jobs isn't something only the UK paid over the years industry leaked over to other countries. Here in France it is seen as a major reason for the rising poverty and the destruction of middle class, combined with the flow of Eastern Europe workforce competition coming into France. Those are major arguments of the extremes political parties here too. They are very appealing but as this gentleman so well explains, going back to national preference like the UK has done is punishing even further those who are struggling. It is hard to accept, I agree. I've suffered huge loss of income over the past decade (over 50%) because of the national and global economic crisis but I get by as compared to the UK citizen. I have freedom of movement inside the European Union and it's unimaginable to go back to needing a passport and readjusting Everything when you deal with each and every country because there's no shared normes.

@sadjaxx 2 жыл бұрын

If you don't care about trade Barbara, you don't eat, you don't have heat, you don't have health care, you don't have clean water.

@LeeKirkman88 3 жыл бұрын

Brexit happened for many reasons. You mentioned racism on one of your talks. And im a very small percentage is. I could not comment on that other talk as comments where turned off. But for many people its been because of housing and public services being overwhelmed and pushing up dwmand and with it costs. The price of rents the price of becoming a home owner. People have seen housing waiting lists climb and climb and climb. And we have children who are getting older and thinking well what about them? Government has not been building housing for decades. Council housing stocks have fallen and fallen. It used to be that for every house they sold they would build two. And that has not happened for a long time. So people said this cannot carry on! we need to knock some sense into the Government. Now they are building housing but very few are for local councils. And for all thr houses they have built in my area for sure we have not seen an extra school or a extra hospital dentist doctors etc. So now getting a child into school is also a problem! Theres thousands without a dentist. Getting to see the doctor is lengthy. Hospital eaiting times are stupid. You can go on and on about the problems. And yet the flow of people never stops theres no common sense, No real solutions. People know its because of the EU. Merkel said let migrants come and they've been craming them in every single country in Europe. And even some leaders are saying ENOUGH! But still the EU does not listen. David Cameron Tried to bring about Reforms he tried to get the UK a better deal. The EU again would not listen and said NO. So being part of the EU never really gave us the kind of clout you speak of because most of the time they dont listen. So brexit was about far more than everyone being racists. Many brexiters actually support CANZUK. And support "SENSIBLE" Migration. Its like buying a 2 man tent and trying to shove 20 people inside it. Its not going to work and its going to break. Migration has'nt been all good we now have alot higher crime rates and a knife pandemic. London is no longer a nice place to live and many have moved out. The place is ruined. Sweden was one of the safest countries in the world with very low crime. Its not anymore. And its the same throughout the EU. People have had enough. The problem is people with money like yourself. Dont know what its like to live in council run areas or housing projects where theres high poverty and crime. And all this financial talk will not make everyone rich it never has. Theres always the haves and the have nots. And the never wills. And we have alot of never wills now. Especially when it comes to housing. If the EU had said ok, Well whst we will do is put a pause on migration. Put big investment into housing dovelopments and hospitals ans schools etc. We will have a 25 year building boom. Make sure we have everything in place then manage migration sensibly. If they had said that alot of people would'nt have voted to leave. Its when many important questions where not being answered thats the problem. We have resorted to paying hotels for christ sake !!

@ramseya81 3 жыл бұрын

I'm a 39 year old reasonably high incoming earner from Sweden, in addition to paying 2000 in rent for my single 1 bedroom flat that i rent in zone 1. I have a salary of just under 100k. I have private medical and dental insurance, Sweden paid for my education, from birth to and including university. I am in England and paying a terrible amount of Tax which the Swedish government does not get, despite paying so much for my upbringing. (though i am paying back my student loan to Sweden) Most people in London who leave their European countries to work in the the UK are like me, they are either young, healthy, or well educated . They provide a net contribution to the tax income for the British treasury, this tax income provides the government with the ability to hire more Nurses and Doctors and subsequently build more houses, if they choose to do that. You say that you have long queues at the NHS, the next time you pay a visit to the NHS you should perhaps look at who is booking those slots, I think you will find that it is not young healthy Europeans. This all feels a bit pointless as Brexit has happened, its just a shame that you have duped in to biting the hand that feeds, but with the dust settling maybe there is a chance for you to understand why Brexit is lies upon lies and why leaving the single market is a terrible idea. Access to the single market and the fact that I am here along with people like me, is the reason my company decided to set their European headquarters here, they employ 200+ people and are paying corporate tax here, they also pay a huge amount of money in office space and us employees subsequently spend our earning in British shops, restaurants, bars and our rent to British Landlords which boosts the economy. (trust me most Europeans don't even know how to to get free council flats, I don't) Silicone Valley would not exists if it could not attract tech companies and tech companies would not exist if they could not attract engineers. The company I work for has already expanded our Madrid office and slowed down our hiring in the UK till after Brexit. You should look at how the successive government have spent public funds, rather than limit public funds, which is what Brexit will do. It is not the EU's job to tell the British government how to build houses or handle their Economy. All that the EU does is enable the British Economy to make money, how that money is spent, be it on pointless garden bridges that doesn't materialize or tax cuts for the wealthy is hardly EU's fault. Please look at this video to understand how much will be lost : kzfaq.info/get/bejne/e8l5nqyrnp7eiIk.html

@LeeKirkman88 3 жыл бұрын

@@ramseya81 Biggest issiue with the nhs is shortage of Doctors. Everytime ive had to go to hospital ive been seen in good time but as soon as they say you have to wait for the doctor to come round. Thats when ive had to sit and wait hours. Theres not enough doctors to go round.

@ramseya81 3 жыл бұрын

I understand the frustration, but hear me out please, I'm so pleased to finally get to speak to a sensible brexit voter, many times you dont get to do that as twitter is bombarded with trolls with no geniune context or sense. The EU economic boost is what has enabled the waiting time by hours and not days in the NHS services. The lack of doctors is because successive governments have starved the NHS of funds. The European migrants who come to England pay taxes, the government then decides how to alocate those taxes, if they invested more in the NHS we would have more doctors. European migrants don't use the services which the NHS provides, I myself am privately insured by my company, yet I still pay tax and contribution to the NHS. In addition Europeans that come to England are in most cases of working age, they dont need to use the NHS, as younger people of a working age tend to not suffer health issues. On the other side of the coin many europeans (including british people) retire to the south Europe and are often elderly and require frequent hospital visits. I think spain would love to halt the spread of English pensionairs to Spain, as their healthcare needs are expensive. I do understand the frustration, I do understand why many people voted for Brexit, but the public has been mislead. It's difficult for English people in particulare to admit mistakes, the cherished English grit and pride is being used against the public. The "we will manage without a deal" punchline is used, as if people voted to "manage". It's like paying for a Mercedes and getting a Rover, yeah, il manage with the Rover but thats not what I signed up for! When you argue successfully that economically brexit is a terrible idea, a brexiter will say that it is about sovereignty. But the reality is that even the US has to abid by rules and is not sovereign, it for instance has a nuclear treaty with Russia it also has trade agreements (NAFTA) with rules that it has to follow. I like to think of it like being married, I promised my wife to be faithful, thus losing my sovreignty, it could be argued. Is that a bad thing?

@LeeKirkman88 3 жыл бұрын

@@ramseya81 Im not against Doctors and Nurses coming to live and work here they are a valuable asset. But the question on housing etc still remains. We have far too many low skilled workers more than we need especially now so many have lost jobs. Lower skilled jobs are also there as a stepping stone for school leavers and kids in colleges etc especially here where i live. A small seaside town. where work is mainly seasonal. The holidays come up and kids want to earn cash cleaning caravans etc. But the works now all taken as thousands fight for the same job. Migration has totally overwhelmed this town. We have hotels full of migrants instead of tourists.

@ramseya81 3 жыл бұрын

@@LeeKirkman88 I sympphasis so very much with the English country side because I love all it has to offer, but I have had to make sacrafices, I rather live in a sea-side village (which is my dream), I have to sadle myself with student debt, spending 5 of my best years as a poor university student. What I ended up getting out of it is having to live in London in a tiny 1 bedroom flat, paying a fortune for a sunday roast in a terrible pub, i rather be like you, on the country side. The job market is competitive, having a university degree is not benefit, it is a requirement, and unfortunately we all have to move to where the jobs are located. There has been neglect up north, but it is not to do with the EU, many low unskilled jobs have been automated, i'm sure you have seen those Tesco automated checkouts or online retailers who sell their goods online, like Amazon, rather than through a shop, thus not hiring unskilled staff. Many manufacturing jobs move to china, the reason for that is that companies realise that they can hire 10 chinese people for the price of one british person. Does Britain want compete with China for unskilled low paying jobs? They work 12 hour days on a fifth of minimum pay. Yesterday for example , I called my internet service provider. I ended up speaking to a person in India, the customer service was terrible, that job would in the past have gone to a british person, but brexit has nothing to do with that. EU is a protectionist entity which protected us from one-sided trade deals because the EU has the power to say no to what it does not like, Britain unfortunately, will not have that leverage and the ones that will shoulder the blunt of it is the low paid unskilled workers who are not desirable by other European nations, thus they wont get visas to relocate to Europe to work. I don't know what to say, i'm a little heartbroken over the fact that good people have been lied to, i tried my best since 2016 to explain the folly of brexit, but there are too many aggressive voice to combat.

@atmark666 5 жыл бұрын

great example of you can go on and on for 60 min without making any point.

@casteretpollux 3 жыл бұрын

You cant have been listening.

@ghuff31 2 жыл бұрын

you waited that long to hear him vindicate an erroneous viewpoint of yours? then felt he said nothing thanks to your confirmation bias. that's funny, lol

@alainpereira6442 2 жыл бұрын

In case you were a sleep, he said that england is cutting itself, but is not going to be the end of the world, however your children are going to be worst off in the future because really you voted like a bunch of iluminated fascists, and at the end he said Europe needs to adjust because they got to big and that if they dont it might crumble. Ok, now go back to sleep .

@Mulberry2000 4 жыл бұрын

Posen is an american imperialist. He is for globalisation (ie american dominance) and sneers at countries who voted for other than that. Basically he is for the continuation of the status qua, and in his view people should get used to it. Its is OK for him, he dos not live in a society, that has not seen massive migration to his own country. What i mean is he doe not have not contend with 10k polish people turning up in his area, wanting jobs and housing. This is what happened to the UK, it had massive massive migration by a people who do not care for the place they are going to but are there just to get the jobs, and money before before they go back to their own countries with a big wad of cash. I kid you not, why did they come to the UK et al because it was economically viable for them to do so. They were attracted to wages that was so high when compared to Poland et al it was just a win win situation. I would say it be like the Brits going to India in the 19th century. They go there make load of money and then go back to the UK. Do not get me wrong i am not for brexit, it is just my experience meeting theses types of people. Also i have been told by immigrants that some do not care about the society they are in. Also the ones that come in i have been told they do not care for the UK and i will go home if the UK leaves the EU. It is this time of attitude which brought about Brexit, along with other reasons as i have mentioned, competing for jobs, housing, school places. So clearly you have the racist attitude of people in the UK not wanting immigrants and then u have the attitudes of immigrants themselves. Both feed off each other and both are dangerous. If people in the UK poor areas were give good paying jobs, good housing looked after by the state. Then i feel the mass immigration of the country would not have had the impact it had on people's views. The referendum result would of been a lot more different than what came out of it. Now the Tories and neo cons see breixt for them to make a killing. The problems is if they really do think that, then they are ignoring what took place at the brexit referendum. They are sowing their owns seeds of destruction and could lead the country to revolution or civil war. Sir Ivan Rogers, ex UK ambassador to the EU said the UK is in a revolutionary phase. Where people are labelled as remainders or leavers. Bexiters please not the term use the derogatory term "remoners" for leavers. So we are in a early stage of revolutionary process and what comes out of it may make it more revolutionary and it will morph to a civil war stage. Judges who vote against what people who want to leave the EU at what ever cost as traitors. John Bercow who is known to be pro parliament, is repeatedly attacked for not siding with people who leave the EU. Posen thinks the people who cannot compete with globalisation ie the above, should just sink. This is a stupid and callous attitude, again it does not affect him, but it is the stuff of revolutions and civil wars are made of. He also thinks other countries which are rich but smaller than the US should be ignored or patted on the back. The UK had the same attitude to small america, but it grow while the UK shrank, The point is countries do not remain static. I personally think the UK should dump the US. Effectively treat them as a hostile power who sole aim is to remain on top. The US was born out of revolution with the UK, its sole aim was to removed the UK as power and to dominate it or destroy it. So the UK should of course trade with it but go its own course and under cut the US with every opportunity. Basically it should do as China and Russia do. His comments though about the UK wanting to leave the EU is in part economic and part nationalistic are correct. I myself voted to stay in the EU and want to continue but i do not want the country having too much migration. I know we need it but not too much too soon. As for his end comments at the end i agree with.

@victoria9590 4 жыл бұрын

You do know we have immigration laws in the UK dont you?

@pfacka 3 жыл бұрын

This is the best explanation of anti-migration and nationalistic tendencies in UK I've seen so far. Thank you for your effort - seriously. And let me add a bit of perspective from the other side and hopefully also a bit of depth to the image. There are few reasons why EU migration did hit UK more then other western Europe countries besides attractive job market and soft power of Cool Britania UK was already relying on migrant workforce before Eastern Europe joined EU mainly for lower paying jobs and was not shy about it. Thus was also among first to open it's labour market for the new members. That and least regulated labour laws in whole of EU and lack of tracking of people migrating from other EU countries made a great environment for agencies specializing on migrant workers often with dubious practices. All that enabled a lot people would otherwise not be able to establish them selves in UK to do so. All that could have been at least attempted to be addressed by by then Home Secretary May and PM Cameron, but instead Cameron decided to bargain with EU on freedom of movement, where the response from EU was: "Fix your labour legislation and job market then. We are waiting for it for more than decade already". Then he gambled and lost.

@madameclark3453 3 жыл бұрын

10k polish in the UK is your gripe? US has millions of immigrants from Mexico and Latin America and they have no plans on learning to speak English. Ha!

@Mulberry2000 3 жыл бұрын

@@madameclark3453 Wrong it was 900,000 on top of other immigrants, one time it reaches over million. Also, you have to remember the UK is a small island 800 miles long and 80 miles wide at its narrowest. Also, Great Britain has 3 nations in that small space. Then with northern Ireland, it is another factor. The UK includes Northern Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales. Great Britain is minus northern Ireland. 67 million people live in a small space. Also, all have to speak English here as well. The US has massive space so can have millions of people and it will not affect the local culture as people go off to found their own. www.statista.com/statistics/1061639/polish-population-in-united-kingdom/ Here it says 3 million people came to the UK over the last 10 years, this does not include the Germans, French, Italians or Americans, not even the Irish etc. www.expressandstar.com/news/uk-news/2020/05/21/number-of-polish-nationals-living-in-uk-down-120000/