Usman ibn Affan, also known as Usman Ghani, was the third Caliph of Islam and a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. He was born in 576 CE and became Caliph in 644 CE after the death of Umar ibn al-Khattab. Usman is known for his significant contributions to the early Islamic state, including the compilation of the Quran into a single book form.His reign was marked by economic prosperity but also by increasing internal dissent and opposition. His policies, particularly his appointment of family members to key positions, led to accusations of nepotism. This unrest eventually culminated in his assassination in 656 CE by rebels, an event that marked the beginning of significant internal conflicts within the Muslim community, leading to the first Fitna (civil war).Usman was known for his piety, generosity, and support for the expansion of the Islamic state, but his death marked a turbulent period in Islamic history.