Electrochemical Gradient

Рет қаралды 178,698

7 жыл бұрын

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the electrochemical gradient is a combination of the chemical and electrical gradient of ions. As ions move across a membrane the potential change creates a hidden force that isn't always apparent.
PhET Simulation with membrane channels - phet.colorado.edu/en/simulati...
ASU Nernst Goldman Simulator - www.nernstgoldman.physiology.a...
Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: www.freesound.org/people/Cosmi...
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/trac...
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png (2673×1876). (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...
File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
GIBERT, J. P. (2016). Français : SalièreEnglish: Salt shakerDeutsch: SalzstreuerEspañol: SaleroItaliano: SalierePortuguês: SaleiroΕλληνικά: Αλατιέρα. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Häggström, B. W. using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen com staff “Blausen gallery 2014” W. J. of M. D. 15347/wjm/2014 010 I. 20018762 D. by M. (2014). English: The sodium-potassium pump and related diffusion of sodium and potassium between the extracellular and intracellular space. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Navarre, Z. I. of. (2016). English: A 3D rendering of an animal cell cut in half. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Somepics. (2015). English: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of plant cells. I redrew and formatted it for a better quality SVG file. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
The Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from www.nernstgoldman.physiology.a...
Villarreal, L. M. R. (2007). English: Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png (2673×1876). (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...
File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
GIBERT, J. P. (2016). Français : SalièreEnglish: Salt shakerDeutsch: SalzstreuerEspañol: SaleroItaliano: SalierePortuguês: SaleiroΕλληνικά: Αλατιέρα. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Häggström, B. W. using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen com staff “Blausen gallery 2014” W. J. of M. D. 15347/wjm/2014 010 I. 20018762 D. by M. (2014). English: The sodium-potassium pump and related diffusion of sodium and potassium between the extracellular and intracellular space. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Navarre, Z. I. of. (2016). English: A 3D rendering of an animal cell cut in half. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Somepics. (2015). English: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of plant cells. I redrew and formatted it for a better quality SVG file. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
The Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from www.nernstgoldman.physiology.a...
Villarreal, L. M. R. (2007). English: Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Пікірлер: 112

@puffersparadise481 7 жыл бұрын

i love it when you talk science to me we need thousands of you in our schools

@upandatom 7 жыл бұрын

Best teacher ever

@olgavillamizar 7 жыл бұрын

He´s amazing! hands down

@queena7672 3 жыл бұрын

period

@sophiac1560 3 жыл бұрын

Best video on youtube hands down, clear concise descriptions of mechanisms and how they function under differing environments...

@chironbbaq Жыл бұрын

this video really helped me! the demonstration was simple and the commentary was very straightforward which really helps :)

@noahdogwarrior2332 7 жыл бұрын

Mr. Anderson, you're the best! We watch your videos all the time in biology and chemistry!

@TheFujiwuji 7 жыл бұрын

This guy is awesome. Blows Kahn Academy away.

@Bilbus7 5 жыл бұрын

Racist

@hussnainali2738 4 жыл бұрын

@@Bilbus7how tf?

@ilin314 4 жыл бұрын

@@hussnainali2738 he has a different point of view, its in his profile name

@lovepinkpeace15 6 жыл бұрын

you are the best teacher ive never had

@shumetesam7407 4 жыл бұрын

you're the BEST!! This is the most helpful way I have ever learned it and finally....got it :) I seriously love you, I watch you all the time when ever I need a bit more clearer explanation, keep it up, your making a difference, a huge difference!! :)

@esauer25 6 жыл бұрын

I had the flu the day my professor was explaining this, this helped a bunch! I don't feel so behind anymore.

@jessespringer6653 2 жыл бұрын

I'm a UPenn student and find your videos so helpful. Thank you!

@user-mn7or3pe1k 7 ай бұрын

wIth full confusion from edx but now everything works out within 6 mins. Thank you so much

@nadyaamalia4101 3 жыл бұрын

thank you so much! it is the best explanation I've got so far about electrochemical gradient

@teshtanzsharma2257 2 жыл бұрын

This was so helpful. So well explained and clear. Thank you

@poojaagrawal6836 5 жыл бұрын

Thanks for explaining tough topics in simple words.... was helpful

@geezerdombroadcast 6 жыл бұрын

Apparently my skull is quite thick, but that was refreshingly understandable. No matter how old you get science never stops being interesting.

@paolavasquez2607 Жыл бұрын

Best explanation I’ve ever been given 😮

@yvonneg3046 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you for all your work!!

@isaacdouglas1119 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for making this helpful video! I wanted to clarify my understanding of the underlying physics so I would appreciate if you could correct any misconceptions I have. Statements such as "the chemical gradient pushes ions from regions of high concentration to low concentration" and "the electrical gradient pushes positive ions from regions of high positive charge to low positive charge" (paraphrasing) seem slightly imprecise (but I understand the didactic necessity for abstractions). It's not that there is a physical law that the chemical gradient pushes ions from regions of high concentration to low concentration but rather that, due to Brownian motion, it is more likely ON AVERAGE for particles to move in the direction of low particle concentration regions. Thus, the "force" exerted by the chemical gradient is just an emergent property of Brownian motion. It could happen by chance that a group of particles in one region move into a smaller region and become even more concentrated. But, over time, this situation is less likely to occur than diffusion. I would similarly press the abstraction of the electrical gradient exerting a "force" as well. Since the electromagnetic force extends infinitely (and decreases proportionally to 1/r^2), every charged particle exerts an electromagnetic force on every other charged particle (and this abstraction can be broken down further to the subatomic level but I don't think that's necessary for this topic). Thus, there is not an electrical gradient that pushes the K+ ions towards the other side of the membrane. Rather, as the concentration of K+ decreases in the bottom side (and the ratio of Cl- to K+ increases), there is, ON AVERAGE, a stronger electromagnetic force exerted on the top-side K+ ions toward the bottom side. But, this is not necessarily always the case. Let's imagine this situation: momentarily, due to Brownian motion, the remaining K+ ions in the bottom side moved right against the membrane (top of the bottom side) while the Cl- ions (all on the bottom side) moved to the bottom of the bottom side. At that moment, for any of the K+ ions in the top side, the y-component of the vector representing the summation of the forces of all the other molecules on that K+ ion would point away from the bottom side. When we say the electrical gradient "pushes" the K+ ions toward the bottom side it is rather that, on average (over time), the moment-to-moment average (over all the other ions) force exerted on each top side K+ ion points toward the bottom side (not directly toward it per se but I mean the summated forces vector's angle (where pointed exactly left = 0 radians and pointed exactly right = π radians) is more likely to be between π and 2π than 0 and π). I.e., much like the chemical gradient, the "force" exerted by the electrical gradient is an emergent property of many individual electromagnetic interactions. I just had the thought that perhaps the membrane has an effect on the electrical gradient somehow (negligibly?). Anyway, thank you for reading and I would love to hear any corrections to my understand of the underlying physics.

@user-gy7zc2ns4c 6 ай бұрын

you explained this so well, thank you for making this video

@user-ed9id6gd7z 6 жыл бұрын

This is the best site. Finally I found!

@dude10432 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you! I've been confused by this concept since grade 12 and I'm in my second year of uni right now

@SkuldVi Жыл бұрын

The best teacher who made me love physics

@halibutsalmonbeaver Жыл бұрын

Why can KZfaq videos from 5+ years ago always explain concepts so much better than my current professor.......

@oriole9815 5 жыл бұрын

This is great, really helped, Thank you!

@shradha870 3 жыл бұрын

Amazing video! Thanks a ton!!!

@candislopez2095 7 жыл бұрын

Thank you. Great explanation.

@imperiusss 7 жыл бұрын

Sir please make a human physiology playlist. That would be amazing with you style of teaching. thank you.

@LucasSousa-yc4pr 11 ай бұрын

Thank you so much for this, It was really helpful

@minervasanchez-tenorio3531 3 жыл бұрын

Amazing teaching!

@stelamajetic5365 6 жыл бұрын

thanks! that was really helpful; nice animations

@ninathedentist3948 3 жыл бұрын

Wow! Thank you so much for this!

@cb9493 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for the explanation, I finally got it, best ever!!!!❤️

@leletaylor7647 Жыл бұрын

Very helpful. Thank you!!

@saunyboy123 7 жыл бұрын

Excellent explanation

@MamechaSalatoSalato 7 ай бұрын

thanks really! best demonstration

@ME-hr9vu Жыл бұрын

Fantastic , thank you 🙏

@nazift.3728 6 жыл бұрын

I LIKE WHAT YOU GOT. GOOD JOB.

@user-vz6jp4xh2r 3 жыл бұрын

That was very helpful, thanks alot

@jagathpottathil7931 6 жыл бұрын

Nice presentation 👌

@firasbaroody 3 жыл бұрын

That was helpful, thanks!

@biomechanicsone1883 6 жыл бұрын

Thankyou Sir really helpful.

@felipeandresbustamante4013 Жыл бұрын

Thaks!!!! from Chile!!!

@chibichan1791 2 жыл бұрын

this is very helpful thank u sm

@faridalam798 6 жыл бұрын

Thanks a looooooot .best explanation

@larrysizemore2891 3 жыл бұрын

Something I think you should note is that when potassium is entering the cell in your example, the inside of the cell is potassium filled, (like is attracted to like), therefore it moves down it's concentration gradient (simple diffusion). If it were to enter a cell filled with hydrogen ions, it would require a channel protein and would move up it's concentration gradient because it's simply not attracted to the hydrogen ions. This is the electrochemical gradient...

@hala_mazid 3 жыл бұрын

woow! great , thank you very much 🌸

@angelicarodriguez4557 3 жыл бұрын

That was so useful.

@abbymello7518 4 жыл бұрын

thank you so much very helpful

@Ht0wn.143 3 жыл бұрын

HOT DANG! Finally makes sense 🙌

@yazeedzuriaqat4592 5 жыл бұрын

Thanks a lot very helpful

@vincentquach3839 4 жыл бұрын

thanks m8 u explain pretty good

@marihanbadr1271 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much, i never quite understood the electrochemical gradient before watching this. However, something is confusing me. What's the difference between the equilibrium potential and the resting potential?

@DrEvil-uw1ju 7 жыл бұрын

Yes that was very helpful

@kega4062 2 жыл бұрын

mind BLOWN

@makykwa 7 жыл бұрын

nice video!

@offrednatalie7887 6 жыл бұрын

thank you so much!!

@seemaqueen8034 7 жыл бұрын

you are great 💜

@sollinw 4 жыл бұрын

GREAT!!!

@TS-mu7yi 3 жыл бұрын

Very nice

@rkpetry 5 жыл бұрын

*_...where does space, fit into your equations-when K⁺ gets across the membrane it's going to spread out (you implicated this already), but how far, does it go, equationally, and what-becomes of the chemical and electrical gradients and potentials near, far, and-farther..._*

@Boney257 7 жыл бұрын

Love your work sir! Can you upload a video on Krebs Cycle please?

@talaahmed1737 6 жыл бұрын

Thank you !

@nandiganavishal 3 ай бұрын

characterize membrane needs permittivity, charge regulation with time, ion-ion, particle-membrane interactions only some membrane journals publish them numerical are few I suppose

@MrRTFirefly 4 жыл бұрын

fantastic, even I understood this

@weekendrad405 6 жыл бұрын

Thank u so much

@suriosha 6 жыл бұрын

not just help... it was awesome

@jiagreenhouse3114 7 жыл бұрын

thank you.

@pranshul3887 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you

@fritzkramer8570 3 жыл бұрын

You are amazing

@EVRLYNMedia 7 жыл бұрын

how does that sand that dosent get wet in water work?

@zaatayaa 6 жыл бұрын

thank you so muchhhh

@marwa5834 6 жыл бұрын

Thank youuuuu!!!!!!!!!

@bothainaadel9956 5 жыл бұрын

It was thank you very much 👍

@francescafennell7789 5 жыл бұрын

I’m confused as to why it’s 37/13 are we supposed to know how many on each side exactly or just a general ratio

@eng.maimonahkhader3311 3 жыл бұрын

the best one in the whole world

@damiengeiger8256 2 жыл бұрын

thanks !

@thakarartee5442 2 жыл бұрын

It's helpful

@reinkameryu9836 7 жыл бұрын

Hey Mr. Anderson, do you know if Tyler Dewitt is ever going to come back and make Chemistry videos for us? Or does he have some other work outside of KZfaq he has to attend to?

@alexrodriguez1008 5 жыл бұрын

does water molecules enter cells by electrochemical gradient?

@nickkrstic3466 2 жыл бұрын

When is an electrostatic gradient the strongest during the change in a neuron membrane potential?

@rayyanismail1508 Жыл бұрын

i am an Mpharm student that was helpfull such a legend

@gracinovack9192 2 жыл бұрын

perfect

@Crack_Neet_2024 4 жыл бұрын

it's awesome

@Sarah-bw5ne 3 жыл бұрын

thanks you

@RT-py5sh 5 жыл бұрын

How can we have potential when all fluid compartments are electroneutral(anions= cations) ? Can anyone help!! So confusing

@rkpetry 5 жыл бұрын

*_...p.s. Why is, the Nernst Equation-it obviously doesn't work at quantum levels where a single atom has a chemical gradient to cross the membrane, but once across it has the same to go back-so it's not-really a 'gradient' but maybe a 'half-gradient',-and why log when log 1 = 0, and log 0 = -∞, for that one lone atom ('wee-haw, giddy-app')..._*

@lauraraexoxo5628 4 жыл бұрын

Okay so I have been struggling with the fact that the overall concentration inside and outside the cell stays the same, bc of electrostatic force, yet if more ions leave/ enter the cell to reach their equilibrium potential, doesn't the concentration change at least for a short period of time? Like I get that it is pulled back into or out of the cell bc of electrostatic force, but still? I feel so dumb for not getting an intuition for this sorry

@carloss.182 6 жыл бұрын

If the cell membrane were hyperpolarized to a resting potential of -110 mV, what would be the effect on the potential opening of K+ channel?

@oson3061 6 жыл бұрын

assuming the equilibrium potential of K+ is -90mV, the K+channels would open up to release more k+ions outside the cell in order to bring up the resting membrane potential of "-110mV" closer to -90mV.

@scottymck10 5 жыл бұрын

legend

@robinmaikle9212 6 жыл бұрын

Hey could you try this software? Pin Point: 'Circuit Solver' by Phasor Systems on Google Play.

@mexicansage 4 ай бұрын

I could've saved myself the past 2 hrs of staring at my professor's slides (and still being confused) by just watching this 5 min. video. 🤦‍♀️

@user-cx5wg4bn5d 2 жыл бұрын

Please I have multiple equations if possible to help me

@ghadeernajim310 7 жыл бұрын

In the start I would like to thank you very very much for this great doing and secondly I would to ask you 2 questions because I did not know how to solve them the first is why when we sleep for hours under cover in the bed we donot die what is the cause please sir answer me I need your help and the 2 question depend on a photo but I didnot know how to send it for you thank you again

@yemen9219 Жыл бұрын

do you still alive?