The aufbau principle, from the German Aufbauprinzip (building-up principle), also called the aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupying higher levels. For example, the 1s subshell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied. In this way, the electrons of an atom or ion form the most stable electron configuration possible. An example is the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 for the phosphorus atom, meaning that the 1s subshell has 2 electrons, and so on.
Orbitals are filled in the order of increasing energy, using two general rules to help predict electronic configurations:
1. Electrons are assigned to orbitals in order of increasing value of (n+ℓ). where, n = pricipal quantum number and l= azimuthal quantum number.
2. For sub-shells with the same value of (n+ℓ), electrons are assigned first to the sub shell with lower n.
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