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Drug effect refers to the normal spectrum of biological response evoked by a drug when used at a recommended dose.
Various factors are-
(1)- Species- Absolute dose of a drug varies with species as different species are of different sizes, and the amount of drug has to be in proportion to the size of the target species.
(2)- Age- Very young (neonatal) and very old (geriatric) human and animals require low dosage
Compared to those required by adults. This is predominantly related to liver and kidney function impairments in newborns and geriatric animals. Neonates have under-developed and inefficient hepatic microsomal enzyme systems (oxidation, reduction and glucuronidation processes inefficient); the capacity approaches the adult level in most species in a month.
(3)- gender- gender is not usually a major factor in altering drug effect or drug dosage. Males and females behave, most often, similarly to drug effects. Gender influences have been largely studied in rats ; (males tend to metabolize drugs faster than females) hexobarbital is more effective in females, red-squill is more toxic to females (twice), and contrarily schradan and oxy-de-mention-methyl pesticides are more toxic to males.
(4)- Circadian (Latin: circa = about; Diem = day) rhythms occur in many physiological and many biochemical functions that alter drug dosage and drug effect. This includes variations in hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, altered neuronal activity, altered drug distribution or even changes in hormonal profiles and in central receptor density
(5)- genetic factor- Genetic factors or pertinently intra-species genetic variations are responsible for alterations in drug dosage and/or drug effect. These may be related to gene-related alterations in drug metabolism or alterations in tissue/receptor sensitivity. These variations can lead to genetic tolerance, intolerance or idiosyncratic-reactions in susceptible individuals.
(6)- pathological factors- Several pathological states particularly those affecting liver, kidney or altering body fluid pH and electrolytes are known to affect drug, effects and drug dosage. Organic or systemic alterations can markedly alter the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of a drug in affected species. Liver disorders affect mainly disposition and thereby altering effective drug concentration and drug effect
(7) Route of administration
(8) Tolerance
(9) Cumulative effects etc.
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