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Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Arabic: المسجد النبوي, lit. 'The Prophetic Mosque'), known in English as the Prophet's Mosque, is a mosque built by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the city of Medina in the Al Madinah Province of Saudi Arabia. It was the second mosque built by Muhammad in Medina, after Quba Mosque, and is the second largest mosque and second holiest site in Islam, both titles ranking after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.[2] The mosque is located at the heart of Medina and is a major pilgrimage site that falls under the purview of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.
The mosque was built by Muhammad in 622 AD after his arrival in Medina.[10] Riding a camel called Qaswa, he arrived at the place where this mosque was built, which was being used as a burial ground.[11] Refusing to accept the land as a gift from the two orphans, Sahl and Suhayl, who owned the land, he bought the land which was paid for by Abu Ayyub al-Ansari and it took seven months to complete the construction of the mosque. It measured 30.5 m × 35.62 m (100.1 ft × 116.9 ft).[11] The roof which was supported by palm trunks was made of beaten clay and palm leaves. It was at a height of 3.60 m (11.8 ft). The three doors of the mosque were the "Gate of Mercy" (باب الرحمة Bab ar-Rahmah) to the south, "Gate of Gabriel" (باب جبريل Bab Jibril) to the west and "Gate of Women" (باب النساء Bab an-Nisa) to the east.[11] At this time point in the history of the Mosque, the qiblah wall was facing north to Jerusalem, and the Suffah was along the northern wall.
In the year 7 AH, after the Battle of Khaybar, the mosque was expanded[12] to 47.32 m (155.2 ft) on each side and three rows of columns were built beside the west wall, which became the place of praying.[13] The mosque remained unaltered during the reign of the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr.[13]
The second Rashidun caliph Umar demolished all the houses around the mosque except those of Muhammad's wives to expand it.[14] The new mosque's dimensions became 57.49 m × 66.14 m (188.6 ft × 217.0 ft). Sun-dried mud bricks were used to construct the walls of the enclosure. Besides strewing pebbles on the floor, the roof's height was increased to 5.6 m (18 ft). Umar constructed three more gates for entrance. He also added the "Al Butayha" (البطيحة) for people to recite poetry.[15]
The third Rashidun caliph Uthman demolished the mosque in 649. Ten months were spent in building the new rectangular shaped mosque whose face was turned towards the Kaaba in Mecca. The new mosque measured 81.40 m × 62.58 m (267.1 ft × 205.3 ft). The number of gates as well as their names remained the same.[16] The enclosure was made of stones laid in mortar. The palm trunk columns were replaced by stone columns which were joined by iron clamps. Teakwood was used in reconstructing the ceiling filza.