From Transistors To Tetris Part 1 : Computer Architecture

  Рет қаралды 268,536

Lev Kruglyak

Lev Kruglyak

Күн бұрын

I've been building a 1970's era computer out of discrete transistors for the last few months and I thought I'd start a KZfaq series documenting my progress. In this video, we won't be discussing any hardware, these are just my plans for the overall architecture of the computer. In future videos I'll discuss the various circuits in detail.

Пікірлер: 206
@jefftruck
@jefftruck 3 жыл бұрын
Lev - at the expense of being long winded - here it goes. I found this video today. My face quickly grew a smile. I'm quite old by today's IT standards. Started out building a small micro computer in the 70's as a teenager. Grew up professionally in the mainframe space. Eventually made my way into client server and other related fields of IT. You might say full circle on many fronts. I have often feared that today's younger generation is missing out in understanding the low level world of computers. I myself have dealt with IT professionals today that do not even know what a CPU register is - yet they 'program'. I bought Ben Eater's kit in 2019, built it, brought out the old computer from the 70's got that running and I'm back in the game again with low level computing. Can't get enough of it. This brings me to your video and work. I can't express how happy I am to see that a young person (by my standard of age) is interested in this level of computing. I know from Ben Eater's Reddit that a lot of people are working on it, but I never really understood what the demographic spread of age was involved. I think it it AWESOME to see you getting into this low level stuff. If you don't already know, as a seasoned IT professional, this will open huge doors for you. Thank you so much and I look forward to watching your progress!
@yigita.3824
@yigita.3824 Жыл бұрын
This comment somehow made me nostalgic for a time and place I am far far away.
@ThatGuyDownInThe
@ThatGuyDownInThe Жыл бұрын
that's why I'm here. I'm a programmer and so many I work with are comfortable just doing that, I need to go to the deepest level, I have to understand this stuff from A-Z, makes the job a lot easier too lol.
@davidcarlsson1396
@davidcarlsson1396 Жыл бұрын
I am 25 and really want to find time for these stuffs. My grandfather collected mechanical calculators, and I really want to know more about the early days of transistor and computer technology. Will probably buy a Ben Eaters kit, seems funnier and more productive than lego. I was the last class at uni to get tought these lowlevel stuff, the supervisor knew nothing and everything was stressed, really want to emerge and take my time to understand... Also to be able to teach my nephews and niece. And possibly other kids that want to listen to me when I turn 40 and speak about "the old days" that actually was 30 years before my birth XD
@iknoweverything9765
@iknoweverything9765 Жыл бұрын
actually yeah you're right, it's really hard to find good resources and for me i started getting into it recently to get that experience. also we're not taught anything about it in college, nothing about hardware, nothing about developing software, it's mostly just learning how to "code" it.
@pinglord1524
@pinglord1524 Жыл бұрын
no
@fun3306603
@fun3306603 3 жыл бұрын
As someone who love Ben's videos. This is awesome!
@francoisdastardly4405
@francoisdastardly4405 3 жыл бұрын
Absolutely awesome !!!
@stickworldanimated9545
@stickworldanimated9545 Жыл бұрын
This is so cool love this hope he keeps this series up!!!! I would love to see this thing run some large programs!
@skilz8098
@skilz8098 Жыл бұрын
me 0010
@PaymaanJafari
@PaymaanJafari Жыл бұрын
This is great engineering. I started on C64 and 6510 assembly, and you designing all that ftom scratch means you have studied and learned all the fundamentals of it. It's a pitty you stopped making more videos on similar topics.
@ophello
@ophello Жыл бұрын
*pity
@hgbugalou
@hgbugalou Жыл бұрын
I fall somewhere between the computing OGs and the iphone zoomers. I grew up with dial up modems and AOL. In any case, I love to see young people getting in the trenches with this low level close to the hardware level of development. It's knowledge that needs to be retained. You will be changing the world by the time you are my age!
@adilsongoliveira
@adilsongoliveira Жыл бұрын
When I was an intern, working at a steel foundry, the computer that ran one of the furnaces was almost all based on discreet NOR gates. I made hundreds of those boards to keep as spare parts.
@stachowi
@stachowi Жыл бұрын
any computer can be built with ONLY NOR gates OR NAND gates... pretty amazing. There is a book called "NAND to Tetris"
@ophello
@ophello Жыл бұрын
*discrete
@doctorbobstone
@doctorbobstone Жыл бұрын
@@ophello You never know. Maybe his NOR gates are good at keeping secrets. As they say, "Loose bits sink ships."
@isbeb507
@isbeb507 Жыл бұрын
i laughed at "when i go to college" bud this was more ambitious than half the projects i did in college
@harry356
@harry356 Жыл бұрын
Very impressive that you learned this on your self. I got to learn these basics in my CS bachelor. Was fun and tedious and frustrating. But magical too. No simple feat to understand it, but even more impressive that you learned it yourself.
@tocodelray
@tocodelray 3 жыл бұрын
Fantastic video. I am new to computer science and this type of project is very inspirational and exciting! I am looking forward to part 2!
@swirlingabyss
@swirlingabyss 2 жыл бұрын
Ben Eater's series is great! After years of trying to learn computer architechture, it finally clicked when I watched Ben's series.
@skilz8098
@skilz8098 Жыл бұрын
It's a bit dated but it's still great source material and the ideas and concepts are still quite relevant... There's a university channel that gets into ISA design - CPU Architecture and System Management... I think the later courses extend on this and even get into Operating System Design. I believe the University I seen before is called Bilkent Online Courses. Now they have a lot of courses for many different topics in software engineering, but there is some hardware engineering related material. I think the courses I watched was from around 2008 - 2012 era... It's really good source material. And the one professor explains things quite well.
@JSE52010
@JSE52010 3 жыл бұрын
Looking forward to watching this develop
@colin351
@colin351 9 ай бұрын
Excellent video/series, man. Very well explained and technical (in a good way)
@legendaryreaper2276
@legendaryreaper2276 Жыл бұрын
This is the best Video I have ever seen mentioning how computers work ❤❤
@pawanchawla3205
@pawanchawla3205 Жыл бұрын
Thanks for the motivation. I wasn't sure if I could do it, but I might try it eventually.
@3DSage
@3DSage 2 жыл бұрын
really amazing project! :)
@parihar786
@parihar786 Жыл бұрын
Wow! These guys have so much time. It was entertaining to listen to this dude. First few minutes ;)
@lauprellim
@lauprellim 3 ай бұрын
What a fantastic and inspiring video. I have a ph.d. In an unrelated field and am a tenured professor, yet you make it all so elegant! Really enjoyed video 2 as well. Congratulations and keep it up!!
@yezariaelll
@yezariaelll 3 жыл бұрын
Great stuff. Just saw your post at reddit. Hopefully this channel will get the attention it deserves soon! :)
@richardsidler
@richardsidler Жыл бұрын
We done, and we’ll written. Looks forward to further episodes. Best success!
@josephjensen8436
@josephjensen8436 Жыл бұрын
Simply impressive! 👍
@markb7084
@markb7084 3 жыл бұрын
Very interesting (simple and effective) architecture. Have to implement it on my simulator.
@gigachad2419
@gigachad2419 Жыл бұрын
Aah Yes I Love These Videos..... Ben Eater and Yours Channel is what I look forward to Keep going with your content!!
@spiderjuice9874
@spiderjuice9874 2 жыл бұрын
I like your ideas. Your commands are very reminiscent of the 6502, but that's an awesome chip so my comment is not a criticism. I was planning to build a *really* basic computer after watching Ben Eater's breadboard computer videos, mine would have a total memory of 256 bytes, with an ability to modify to stack size against free memory to give maximum convenience, depending on the program being designed. It is only a demonstration computer. When I get around to it. (Just need a decent lockdown to give me some time.)
@BalticLab
@BalticLab Жыл бұрын
"I have no formal education in electrical engineering." -> Awesome, that - by my experience - correlates with good content. After watching the video, I would say that hypothesis proved itself to be true in your case as well. Good job!
@axelanderson2030
@axelanderson2030 Жыл бұрын
no joke, I've thought about Tetris on transistors before. Awesome video, thanks
@AndrewErwin73
@AndrewErwin73 8 ай бұрын
Very nice work. I am late to the party. I have been programming professionally since 1999. I am of that generation that had to know a little bit about how computers worked to write programs for them. And I have always tried to instill that into developers that I teach. It is pretty impressive that you would take that on yourself.
@ARBB1
@ARBB1 2 жыл бұрын
What fantastic work! I've dreamed of doing this, but never have done so. Great work.
@randomcuber230
@randomcuber230 Жыл бұрын
same
@SebleBeyene-jp8hp
@SebleBeyene-jp8hp Ай бұрын
Is it like Mans dream I'm 17 but i just want to build computer. I just start curious about computer since i was 12!
@donwald3436
@donwald3436 Жыл бұрын
Young man, you are going to go far in life. Keep it up.
@ralphlouis2705
@ralphlouis2705 3 жыл бұрын
You get the best intellectual men who never went to formal education yet they made the best
@presidentashleyadamaricruz9374
@presidentashleyadamaricruz9374 3 жыл бұрын
THIS IS SO WELL DONE
@JuanesChiwirosky
@JuanesChiwirosky Жыл бұрын
Awesome project!
@MrMaxeemum
@MrMaxeemum 2 жыл бұрын
I understand electronics and programing (including basic assembly) but in between those I find incredibly hard to understand (same like chemistry, it's just black magic), I have a lot of admiration for those who do. It all goes to show we all have a place in this world and that we are not all equal and the differences are what make the world go round. I am quite happy to not know how the screen is drawn while I type an Email to my friend about a funny cat video I saw the internet. Respect those who have gone before but realise they didn't know everything and there may be a better way of doing things. So long as we all move forward together we can't fail. Sorry for the rant, I have been drinking tonight.
@jsmythib
@jsmythib 5 ай бұрын
I was also infected by the Ben Eater series :) If i was to do it again I would like to try and feed my architecture into chat gpt. I think it could really speed up dev in a few areas. Your full transistor design is impressive. Fun stuff. You, like Ben are building a floor for people to stand on. Thankyou.
@devdylan6152
@devdylan6152 3 жыл бұрын
really great project and the video is really well delivered! congrats.
@ropersonline
@ropersonline Жыл бұрын
16:15 and 16:50: A memory map so nice, you announced it twice! :)
@Theblaziken2000
@Theblaziken2000 Жыл бұрын
I definitely hope I can do something similar to this before I graduate. Having university resources will most definitely make such a process easier. It's more of the programming that I would struggle with because I'm not the most familiar with that stuff atm. Plus there's no gdb or valgrind when you're building your own cpu.
@kevinz1991
@kevinz1991 3 жыл бұрын
phenomenal. thank you
@iDontProgramInCpp
@iDontProgramInCpp 2 жыл бұрын
16:00 the code does work if you put `index` in RAM, `index` is just a regular variable
@jitenanand4899
@jitenanand4899 Жыл бұрын
understanding the hardware is interesting but more interesting is how the different manufactures came togather to decide on specification standards. The evolution of architechtures, standards, specifications, apis is really interesting to know as those human decisions are key to understand how modern complex systems flawlessly works with themselves.
@shawnmuench
@shawnmuench Жыл бұрын
I think about that too, but more in terms of competition fallout. Surely over the decades some people got burned and left out of the industry as their standard was suddenly made obsolete. I can't even guess the politics and plays that the big companies made to ensure their survival.
@tomhankstomhanks2579
@tomhankstomhanks2579 7 ай бұрын
Very good brother i like your channel
@sammelamed7311
@sammelamed7311 Жыл бұрын
Lev, great video!!
@matthewsidaway1437
@matthewsidaway1437 3 жыл бұрын
excellent video
@tanjaweber-flohr6106
@tanjaweber-flohr6106 4 ай бұрын
Bro was staring in my soul at the beginning 🥶 ( great video )
@yohannestz9893
@yohannestz9893 2 жыл бұрын
this is so awesome after watching ben's videos
@Meowmix8088
@Meowmix8088 3 ай бұрын
I built a 1 bit adder using discrete npn bjts. It took an entire weekend and was very hard for me. I am much older than you are also. This is all to say…. What you have done is just simply extraordinary.
@abdulrahmantahir3033
@abdulrahmantahir3033 25 күн бұрын
how can i make a 1 bit adder whats the path you followed ?
@Bianchi77
@Bianchi77 5 ай бұрын
Cool video, thanks :)
@robertogudino1919
@robertogudino1919 3 жыл бұрын
Congratulations! I am also working on a homemade 32 bit computer.
@millamulisha
@millamulisha Жыл бұрын
Certified awesome. 😎
@LoyalTreeFriend
@LoyalTreeFriend Жыл бұрын
very impressive
@arduinomaquinas
@arduinomaquinas Жыл бұрын
Nice, like full 😉👍👏👏👏
@williamsteele
@williamsteele 2 жыл бұрын
So, when you're performing the JSR, are you pushing both the high and low bytes (8 bits) to the stack to get a full return address, or are you shortcutting it to within 256 bytes of the subroutine and just applying an offset?
@FF177-
@FF177- Жыл бұрын
the stack is 16 bits wide, only the stack counter is 8 bits
@astrixff
@astrixff 3 жыл бұрын
Amazing!
@cheeseman1153
@cheeseman1153 Жыл бұрын
I don't understand a single word he is saying but this is still on of the most entertaining youtube videos I've seen
@ophello
@ophello Жыл бұрын
Dude watch Ben Eater’s videos on building a breadboard computer. It’s so straight forward that even a noob can understand.
@rahulshekhar8498
@rahulshekhar8498 Жыл бұрын
Thanks for tutorial
@aas_shortforsmthin
@aas_shortforsmthin Жыл бұрын
0this my first time in this channel. 0:26 sec in and im ALL IN HERE
@raymondhintz5457
@raymondhintz5457 Жыл бұрын
You can speed up the turn off time of a transistor by discharging the the capacitance in the base to collector junction by using a germanium diode.
@ianwalsh3868
@ianwalsh3868 Жыл бұрын
I was actually thinking about transistor style login in Minecraft TODAY! I love Ben Eater’s videos, would you be interested in doing a video on your Minecraft version/sharing the world? That would be an excellent starting point, having seen Ben’s videos
@crystalsheep1434
@crystalsheep1434 8 ай бұрын
Pretty cool
@TheUtuber999
@TheUtuber999 Жыл бұрын
2:37 I like the clever idea of reducing the number of required registers to keep the transistor count to a minimum, even if it means needing to tweak the code a bit to accommodate. I'm wondering if you might still be able to drive those 2N7002s at something like 1 - 10 mA because 200 mA seems ridiculously high. Have you tried that already?
@ArneChristianRosenfeldt
@ArneChristianRosenfeldt 8 ай бұрын
There seems to be a rather hard lower limit for the number of registers to still be able to implement 8086 microcode. We need PC. We need a stack to push away context. For MUL and REP we need CX to count. We need AX, DX for the values. For MOVS we need two addresses, let’s store them in BX and DX. On 6502 CX would be X. Y and Z would be the addresses is MOVS . DX would be B.
@beentrill24
@beentrill24 Жыл бұрын
I'll say this much, as a student going to one of the top universities in the country as an Electrical Engineering student, especially learning as much in theory and concept about these components such as transistors or microprocessors I've learned just as much if not more in the first 45 seconds of this video than you could learn at a top tier university. Sad but true.
@beentrill24
@beentrill24 Жыл бұрын
Please by all means, learn as much as you can from the internet before wasting your money on a degree unless you absolutely need it. It's all a scam. please.
@BIGRIP87
@BIGRIP87 3 жыл бұрын
very very cool
@rajkiran3989
@rajkiran3989 Жыл бұрын
Hell ya...i am gonna subscribe.
@antonnym214
@antonnym214 Жыл бұрын
Very nice work! I have been thinking of a design for a 12-bit Addr / Data computer. It was hard, but I was able to decide on a 16-instruction set. That's 4-bits for the opcode, and 8 bits for data all in the instruction. Originally, the plan was using relays, but I may end up going with transistors like you. This is very interesting stuff! All good wishes.
@deang5622
@deang5622 Жыл бұрын
Why not do it in an FPGA and use a hardware description language?
@chrisskyr623
@chrisskyr623 3 жыл бұрын
Awesome
@ahmedsajeed1240
@ahmedsajeed1240 3 жыл бұрын
brother , it would be great if you do a video on how you have started out in thus HOW THE COMPUTER WORKS and BUILDING ONE ON MY OWN journey , what books you've read , whom you've watched , how long it took , your advice for novice people like me and also what mistakes not to make . please say what u think , I'm waiting for your response...
@saydron
@saydron Жыл бұрын
Thanks Lev
@TF-km2ls
@TF-km2ls Жыл бұрын
I think I never subscribed that fast to a channel
@thecorruptedbit5585
@thecorruptedbit5585 Жыл бұрын
Have you checked out Usagi Electric's Vacuum Tube Computer project? It might be interesting to compare to your own goal (though the technologies are a bit different)
@naikrovek
@naikrovek 2 жыл бұрын
well this is awesome
@theorphanobliterator
@theorphanobliterator Жыл бұрын
I feel like 4 registers isn't enough. Especially because they are special purpose registers. Less memory accesses are needed in a CPU with more registers. In the few cpus I've built, I usually use 8 general purpose registers, convinced with the numerous special purpose registers. In programs like Tetris, this allows the cpu to not access memory as much; more data can be stored with the alu. One register for current falling brick x position, another for y position. The next for the current block type, and the fourth register for the next block type. things like these allow you to do constant operations on these operands very quickly without having to access memory (takes multiple cycles)
@DigitalViscosity
@DigitalViscosity Жыл бұрын
The design is reminiscent of the 6502, it has zero page addressing which is just as fast as 256 registers.
@theorphanobliterator
@theorphanobliterator Жыл бұрын
@@DigitalViscosity i still prefer the load/store architecture like that of the mips instruction set
@Frisky0563
@Frisky0563 Жыл бұрын
Do you have a logic analyzer say 64 channels ? I would be awesome to watch this in action. The fetching of opcodes and associate data. The result of an addiction instruction and so many things. I work with microcontrollers which is very similar in nature. I lately have been research a older Zilog Z8 series mpu which came out shortly after I graduated from Devry. I'm using a Z8613RS and a Z8681 in expanded mode. It's a lot of fun. I think that's awesome building a computer from discrete transistor. I just want to say Hi and wish you well.
@JournalKannada
@JournalKannada Жыл бұрын
Ben Eater Jr. 🤩❤️🔥
@thatoyaonebogopa9483
@thatoyaonebogopa9483 Жыл бұрын
Do you have a part list so we can buy and follow along.
@aewens
@aewens 3 жыл бұрын
Seems similar to the “IntCode” implementation from the 2019 Advent of Code problems
@MhdAliAlashkar
@MhdAliAlashkar Жыл бұрын
عمل رائع حياك الله
@VikiLab
@VikiLab Жыл бұрын
This great !! my question is how did you learn all this ?
@rkmag1141
@rkmag1141 Жыл бұрын
The references he said at the beginning are enough for those who are really interested in basic computer architecture
@firashaidar1544
@firashaidar1544 2 жыл бұрын
What transistors did you use?
@vanshjam3015
@vanshjam3015 Жыл бұрын
Thank you! Here's a request from ! Can you please make a tutorial on how to record your actual tutorial and input your own soft
@mythofheroes1675
@mythofheroes1675 Жыл бұрын
Hi! What books did you use to learn all that? Me want.
@mathwithgui8303
@mathwithgui8303 2 жыл бұрын
next video creating a two cpu motherboard homemade, do you think its possible?
@lordrahulcool
@lordrahulcool Жыл бұрын
How are those yellow relay? Are they reliable?
@ehrenmurdick
@ehrenmurdick Жыл бұрын
Are the 16bit instructions just literal control words? If so, do you break them up into more than one step in the instruction decoder logic?
@varunahlawat9013
@varunahlawat9013 2 ай бұрын
WTF! teach me all of this! subscribed
@abdulrahmantahir3033
@abdulrahmantahir3033 25 күн бұрын
i also want
@abdullahyousef3596
@abdullahyousef3596 Жыл бұрын
Are there good KZfaq videos/Playlists I could study from to able to build similar stuff, also what are the topics I need to study to build similar things.
@nariharicreations
@nariharicreations Жыл бұрын
I found out why soft softs so different compared to Ableton. It is because there is a default limiter on the master that i didn't know about.
@technikfreaksmj5321
@technikfreaksmj5321 2 жыл бұрын
which transistors are good for building a computer
@deang5622
@deang5622 Жыл бұрын
FETs. You can use bipolars but they will consume more power and you will need more of them.
@evenaicantfigurethisout
@evenaicantfigurethisout Жыл бұрын
hello, are you going to continue this series?
@JKTCGMV13
@JKTCGMV13 Жыл бұрын
“When I go to college” this is an insane project for a high schooler
@DigitalViscosity
@DigitalViscosity Жыл бұрын
Nowadays it is, back in the 80s and 90s the computer "nerds" did stuff like this but with less access to information unfortunately. They got it nice nowadays.
@empatikokumalar8202
@empatikokumalar8202 Жыл бұрын
Hi Lev; Which country are you a citizen of and what is your education on the subject?
@ahmedabdelmonem2409
@ahmedabdelmonem2409 Жыл бұрын
Drag the volu for the setuper track that you're recording into all the way down.
@kgtuuhffmkk8907
@kgtuuhffmkk8907 9 ай бұрын
Congratulations! You have re-invented 6502.
@danielfein1639
@danielfein1639 3 жыл бұрын
wow
@awesomesky9492
@awesomesky9492 Жыл бұрын
Awesome😱😱😱😅
@azariayehezkel9064
@azariayehezkel9064 Жыл бұрын
nice tutorial for young guy
@elinesiobrito3333
@elinesiobrito3333 Жыл бұрын
good
@mrdinoking6626
@mrdinoking6626 3 жыл бұрын
Doesnt understood anything but it felt nice
@GCKteamKrispy
@GCKteamKrispy 2 жыл бұрын
Занялся таким-же проектом, но решил использовать 74hc... для начала (4 бит), а выше уже хочу использовать FPGA Чистые транзисторы, это уже слишком для меня😂 Слишком много проводов и соединений
@michaelmounts1269
@michaelmounts1269 Жыл бұрын
👍
@allyouwantserieshindi
@allyouwantserieshindi Жыл бұрын
I’m overwheld it’s soooo much
@AliBaba-vw7mo
@AliBaba-vw7mo Жыл бұрын
Hey there Lev, what subject are you going to pursue in college?
@chromosundrift
@chromosundrift 3 жыл бұрын
Don't forget to add sound!
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