*takes can out* Look at this, this is disgraceful. *puts can back in*

Nobel Prize for Scanning Girl

I remember being at school in the seventies and there being a BBC special about current theoretical physics and the results from CERN and Gargamelle were the key part of understanding the theory at the time.

I just typed in "neutral currents" in KZfaq's search & this is the first result. Thanks, Brady! Please keep making more Sixty Symbols videos. Perhaps add some more videos on math (calculus, statistical mechanics,etc.) & how they're applied to physics equations. I watch a lot of Prof. Leonard Susskind's lectures for that, but would love to hear the Sixty Symbols professors go through some of those concepts. Thanks!

I thought this video was going to be something about smurfs.

Weak interaction could describe most KZfaq comment sections.

Which would show that they know beans about science history. 100 years ago Henrietta Leavitt had a similar job, cataloguing stars from photographic plates. She discovered the relationship between the brightness and the period of Cepheid variable stars. This lead to a ruler with which distances in space could be measured. Leavitt was to be nominated for a Nobel Prize, but then they found out that she had died 3 years earlier. Not much different that the scanning girl's job...

From wikipedia: "The name of the chamber derives from the giantess Gargamelle in the works of François Rabelais; she was Gargantua's mother." This was mentioned in the video as well.

Lovely archival footage in there. Should've mentioned that it's the Higgs particle is the final piece of the puzzle here. For it is the Higgs which causes the symmetry between the weak force and the electromagnetic force to be spontaneously broken at everyday temperatures, and appear as two separate forces much in the way electricity and magnetism themselves were seen to be entirely separate phenomena before Maxwell unified them into electromagnetism the 19th century.

Such a beautiful piece of technology, soiled by people who don't care about scientific history. It brings a tear to my eye.

Never cease to entertain. Thanx for this Brady :D

As I recall, your original question did not mention turning off the strong force, so the nuclei would remain intact. The bulk of the mass of your body would remain in the form of the nuclei and 1/1836 as scattered electrons. The electrons would be moving fast enough to escape the Earth and Sun's gravity, but the nuclei would be moving in independent orbits around the earth, gradually spreading out. The cloud eventually spread out across the volume of the Earth and a small distance above.

The actual mechanism goes something like this - The Weak force is the force by which quarts change flavour (up, down, etc). A Neutron is Up-Down-Down. One of the Down quarks emits a W- Boson (the mediator of the Weak force), changing the Down to an Up (a net change in charge of +1, balanced by the -1 of the boson). The W- decays almost instantly into an electron and an antineutrino (again, conserving charge, as the antineutrino is neutral).

The Gargamelle control board looks very much like an analogue synthesizer.

You are right, conservation of momentum would imply that the nuclei would go in the other direction, at 1/1836 of the speed of the electron for hydrogen. That looks to be approximately the same as the speed of molecules at room temperature, which would be another reason why the nuclei would spread out, which I did not mention earlier. If the strong nuclear force is removed, then the quarks would fly off at almost the speed of light, because there the rest mass is a small percentage of the total.

Many people use _gargantuan_ when referring to something massively huge, but I've used _Rabelaisian_ since I was a teen. I'm now considering taking up _Gargamellian_

this bubble chamber experiment was done in france and the smurfs comes from france to, that maybe explains that the names are alike.

I always enjoy this channel. Thanks.

Awesome video Brady. I love these old experiment equipment films ^_^

The Intersecting Storage Rings, the first large-scale experiment at CERN and the world's first hadron collider. I wonder what the halls of the ISR are used for now?

Love this channel

Lovely, was just having a moment of boredom at work. Thank you, sixty symbols!

Freon is a tradename for flourocarbon compounds made by DuPont, that used to be use a lot as refrigerants and solvents. They've been mostly replaced by other types of chemicals these days because when released into the atmosphere, they catalyze reactions in the stratosphere causing ozone depletion.

I have a few - the main one is @periodicvideos - Brady

Scanning Girl was voted Most Underrated Science Superhero in 1967.

freon is the gas that has been used inside refrigerators and air conditioners for years. When freon is compressed (as in a fridge) it turns into a liquid.

Brady should just have a channel called like Brady's Best. Just stuff you know, that brady is really into. cuz i would pay for that

Thanks Brady! This is the only picture I could find of the scanner girls and I'd rather share this story than the Artilery Tables story everyone knows from When Computers were Human!

Neutrinos don't tend to interact very often. Since most matter is empty space, you need a lot of it, plus a lot of neutrinos, to see any notable number of reactions. It was called the Weak Nuclear Force, if I recall, because the known particles involved in it only did so rarely, and on a fairly small scale.

Can you make a video on how imaging of the interactions was made then and also how it is now made? :D

I imagine the beercan belonged to a certain fibre optic cable installer who was contracting for the OPERA experiment.

so we had our first lesson of this topic in physics at school today, and suddenly you release this video! How do you time these things

Gargamelle was one of the heroes of the CBBO (CERN Big Bang Orchestra) performance given on the occasion of the 50th CERN anniversary One can see on KZfaq (under CERN CBBO )

No, this CBBO (orchestra was created for the 50tj anniversary of CERN and played specially composed musics on this occasion, invoking, between others, the Gargamelle bubble chamber.

What an interesting post.

I bet those pesky Smurfs left that tinny!!!!

cool... so do we!

Could you elaborate on what would happen with the subnuclear particles? Like would the kinetic energy of the electrons make them fly of into all different directions once the attraction to the nuclei disappears?

Thank you for your time and answers njimko! But if the electrons, protons, neutrons and quarks would disperse at high speeds, what is then left to make the aforementioned dark matter? (sorry, my physics is at high school level, or more correctly it was at high school level several years ago)

Smurfatulations on another outsmurfing video! (

Nice video! Here's a small question: Why do we keep talking about 4 fundamental interactions when we know about the "electro-weak int." since the 70's? Is it that they are "unified" (described by the same equations?) only in very special conditions and that otherwise these two int. do VERY different things? Is that all? What about electricity and magnetism? They aren't THAT different so in that case we do call the two as only one? Also: why not "eletro-magnetic-weak int." or something like that?

Well, it's a part of history now!

"Some electrons knocking around" - quote of the century

I also thought it was a bit off putting it outside. Even without trash, it was weathering a lot.

True, it's fairly difficult to take existing neutrinos and 'catch' them, which is why that isn't what would be done. Instead, it would be much easier to use a reaction that -generates- large numbers neutrinos in a predictable manner to create the stream. Neutrinos, it turns out, are fairly easy to generate (elements that undergo radioactive beta decay, for example, throw off lots of neutrinos in addition to beta particles).

Those things really look like some type of steampunk machines. When I see this it reminds me of Bioshock :D

when he says "pass some neutrino's through it", how is that actually done? in any experiment for that matter? you can't exactly catch neutrinos, bag em and use them for later right? aren't they hard to detect let alone control and direct them somewhere? sorry for all the questions :P

Can you please tell me where or how can I find that old experiment film? Thank you!

I thought that if a neutron passed an electron, there would be an interaction (attraction) because unlike charges attract. Am I wrong on that?

Did they clean it up after this video?

lol, the "scanning girl" ^^

You should made a video on chromatic aberrations and the so called sub-wavelength coating the modern lenses have to reduce them.

Electro-weak symmetry unification is only present at very high energy states. On the energy scale of typical daily life, the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces are very different indeed. Conversely, electrical and magnetic forces are actually two aspects of the same process, and act together at all times - there is no known state where they decouple. As for why not 'electro-mangeto-weak' interaction: convenience - Since magnetism is just an aspect of electrodynamics, it would be redundant.

Nothing can quite replace her eyes.

Does Brady have a twitter? I think Brady should have a Twitter.

Would I melt if suddenly elecromagnetic forces were turned of in my body leaving only weak interactions and gravity to have an effect?

I just finished listening to Carl Sagan's "Contact" audio book, so regular human science won't impress me for a few days.

I need a recap on the week and strong force, I thought the strong one was what holds neutrons and protons together, and the strong one holds the protons together in an atom, and then there's the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force, but I don't see what that has to do with neutrons and electrons... :/ help?

I wonder if she was the only scanning girl. I seem to recall a news story (60 Minutes or something like that) when they were looking for quarks; many people were doing the scanning, looking for a needle in a haystack. I think they even put fake positive results into some of the images to make sure the scanners could reliably spot what they were looking for.

I have never heard the weak force explained properly beyond "it happens in the sun" or "it causes radio activity". A neutron transforms in a proton + electron + neutrino. How? What makes quarks change from uud to udd. What force mediator etc. It looks like the weak force is too complicated to be explained in layman terms.

haha That's what I was thinking. She's a legal adult doing big time scientific study and they call her scanning girl. Maybe her job wasn't that difficult or complex actually, but still.

OK, but the kinetic energy of the nuclear particles (at say, room temp.) is not high enough to send them off in different directions?

correction- you would go into an elongated orbit that would periodically bring back to your original position.

did the creators of gargamelle base their hypothesis on previous evidence?

Yeah, it's not that unlike charges attract, it's that magnetically opposite charges attract. Positive attracts negative and vice versa. But a negatively charged particle will not attract a neutrally charged particle.

question: If you travel a lot how long will it take for 'YOU' to not match up whit your birthday by 1 day. Cos of I think Time dilation.

please do one about how does galaxy IC 1101 got so hugeeeeeeeee PLEASE

Whimsical neutrino

Just as a photon mediates the electromagnetic force moving between electrons and baryons.

how do they shoot neutrinos?

The gargamelle seed from Beta 1.7 shall live on as a legend. :)

what is freeon liquid?

That is what I wondered. So I looked it up and found this public.web.cern.ch/public/en/research/Gargamelle-en.html . This says it is a Neutrino

nice

that's what's called 'virtual particle'. You can't observe it directly only measure its effects

Did it also manage to find any Smurfs?

at 1:59 it sounds like he's saying bacon in a Jamaican accent. Science!

how do you know we didn't?

yeah

Each electron has 13.6eV of kinetic energy in the ground state of hydrogen. If the attraction goes away, that energy would go somewhere, so yeah sounds like the electrons would go their separate ways, at a speed of about 2 million m/s if my math is correct, in the case of ground state hydrogen.

Dark matter is made of dark, there all the time but when you try to see it by shining a light on it, it goes away. This is different from bark matter, made from trees, and shark matter, made from fish.

So why is it so big?

Btw, what happened to the guts of it? Did they cannibalize it?

Just like what @njimko23 said, but I would emphasize the "collapse in like thunder" bit. Depending on how big of a person you are, you would probably blow a good section of your house up (amusing that's where you are) :) HUGE shock wave!!! :)

What's that sound at 4:52 LOL

That really reminds me of the old Bionicle canisters.

4:12 wow, SFr. 25 Million (Swiss Francs) or about $ 5 Million. Now its $ 25.7 Million. How times change. A year ago it was even worse or better for me :-).

That reminds me of the man who cracked open a bear before playing some computer games.

Don't get me wrong, I LOVE these videos!!! But would it be possible to show just a little more actual physics. The history of the physics is great and all but it would nice if it were just a little more coupled with the physics itself. For simpler things anyway, I would even love to see some of the math. I know I'm just one of many people your trying to please but I just thought I would make my, (and other like me) presence known.

1:59, not sure if he's saying "beer can" or "bacon" with a jamaican accent o.O

haha I climbed into that when I was there, didn't really understand what it was at the time though

it doesn't "go away" when you shine light on it, light just passes through dark matter it's probably made of neutrinos or , in the worst case for our ego, it's made of particles that have no sort of charge at all, not even weak charge, wich means we will never detect the dark matter particles directly unless we master string theory/gravitons first.

So THAT'S what the Z0 particle does!

You would become an invisble mass of dark matter and would fall towards the center of the Earth, and would take on an orbit around center somewhere inside the core. The air that was around you would collapse in like thunder into what is effectively a vacuum.

Do they say "Take it E-Zed" in England? :p

I'm glad you understood my question! And thanks for the answer, it makes sense now :D one last question though: you mentioned generating Neutrino's by methods like radioactive decay to 'shoot' the neutrinos... Is this done INSIDE the experiment itself? for example inside the Gargamelle, or outside the experiment, as such, and since neutrinos have no charge, they go 'through' the Gargamelle?

It's a pity that Glashow, Weinberg and Salam's names are less well known than they should be.

Mijn eerste gedachte! Ik dacht dat deze machine van hem de naam kreeg.

Doesn't EVERYONE know that Gargamelle was the evil guy who tormented the Smurfs? Come on people!

Scanning girls sure is important!!!