How Gemstones Form From Sedimentary & Hydrothermal Processes (8 Examples!) GEO GIRL

Рет қаралды 14,829

Күн бұрын

This is the 2nd gemstone video! In this one, I briefly recap what gemstones are and the variety of ways in which gemstones can form, and then I focus on 8 specific gemstone examples-- opal, citrine, amethyst, moonstone, onyx, pearl, coral, & amber-- to discuss how each of these gems form, how they get there beautiful colors and optical properties, & more!
If you're more interested in the list of high T & P igneous & metamorphic gemstones, including diamond, ruby, sapphire, tourmaline, emerald, aquamarine, garnet, peridot, topaz, lapis lazuli, & turquoise, check out that video here: • How Gemstones Form Fro...
References:
Earth Materials: Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology textbook: amzn.to/3WFVSXK
Hurlbut & Kammerling, 1991 (Gemology)- amzn.to/42cqfpS
Groat, 2008 (Geology of gem deposits)- doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-02...
Schumann, 2017 (Gemstones of the World: Newly Revised & Expanded Fourth Edition)- amzn.to/3qh2eRD
Fan, 2018 (Precious Coral)- dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen....
Langenheim, 2003 (Plant resins: chemistry, evolution, ecology, and ethnobotany)- doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch103
GEO GIRL Website: www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
0:00 What are Gemstones?
0:33 How do Gemstones Form?
3:19 List of Gemstones
4:09 How Opal Forms
6:43 How Amethyst & Citrine Form
8:30 How Moonstone Forms
10:40 How Onyx Forms
13:26 How Pearl Forms
15:10 How Coral Forms
17:18 How Amber Forms
Hey there, Earth enthusiast! Check my favorite Earth-friendly products:
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(Just click link, press get started, take the free C footprint quiz, then choose how much you want to reduce your footprint by donating to the C sequestration projects they're funding!)
Non-textbook books I recommend:
Oxygen by D. Canfield: amzn.to/3gffbCL
Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: amzn.to/3w3hC1I
Life on young planet by A. Knoll: amzn.to/2RBMpny
Some assembly required by N. Shubin: amzn.to/3w1Ezm2
Your inner fish by N. Shubin: amzn.to/3cpw3Wb
Oxygen by N. Lane: amzn.to/3z4FgwZ
Alien Oceans by K. Hand: amzn.to/3clMx1l
Life's Engines: amzn.to/3w1Nhke
Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student:
Geology field notebook: amzn.to/3lb6dJf
Geology rock hammer: amzn.to/3DZw8MA
Geological compass: amzn.to/3hfbdLu
Geological hand lens: amzn.to/3jXysM5
Camera: amzn.to/3l6fGRT
Carbon-neutral pencil bag: shrsl.com/3cvjv
Carbon-neutral backpack: shrsl.com/3cvkc
Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below!

Пікірлер: 131

@PepsiMagt Жыл бұрын

The most amazing gem is discovering this underrated youtube channel.

@notinmanitou Жыл бұрын

I heartily agree!! I was/am thrilled to find this channel!

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

You guys are too sweet! Thank you!

@SlashHarkenUltra Жыл бұрын

Siiiimp

@johnnywoodstock Жыл бұрын

Much like this channel, this comment deserves more recognition

@squirrelfrendotcom Жыл бұрын

I've been watching geogirl playlists and I love the broad range of topics with so many videos..kudos geogirl!

@donaldbrizzolara7720 Жыл бұрын

Rachel: Here’s another interesting gemstone…..Ammolite! It is extraordinarily rare and strikingly beautifull…and it ties in nicely with your recent discussion of ammonites and nautiloids. Ammolite is actually an opal-like organic gemstone found primarily along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of North America. It is made of the fossilized shells of ammonites (mainly Upper Cretaceous ammonites and baculites), which in turn are composed primarily of aragonite, the same mineral contained in nacre, with a microstructure inherited from the shell. It is one of few biogenic gemstones which, as you just discussed, includes amber and pearl. In 1981, ammolite was given official gemstone status by the World Jewellery Confederation. In my wanderings in Alaska I have found rare occurrences of sub gem quality ammolite but nothing like the extraordinary material found in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Montana (Bear Paw Formation).

@barbaradurfee645 Жыл бұрын

You sent me to Wikipedia on this :) It's beautiful!

@eddydogleg Жыл бұрын

I was on a shallow gas well around Brooks Alberta that we drilled ammolite. What came over the shake shaker was very pretty. We where watching at the shaker because we figured the surface hole rig had dropped something down the hole.

@barbaradurfee645 Жыл бұрын

Good sleuthing, must have broken the monotony nicely 😊

@bentufte7774 Жыл бұрын

Opalized fossils such as opalized petrified wood or Eric the opalized Australian pliosaur could fit in as well!

@donaldbrizzolara7720 Жыл бұрын

@@barbaradurfee645 Barb: You mentioned monotony in your response. I think I was one of the rare ducks. I actually loved wellsite duty…the on-site technology as well as the geology. The joy of creating a prospect and then the thrill of seeing the outcome. Seeing the rocks exposed to light of day for first time in multiple million of years was always exhilarating to me. Sure, there was down time but there was always a good book to read and bountiful food and “fat pills” (yummy baked goods) to enjoy! I truly miss the unique culture and comradeship.

@MrPhillip2 Жыл бұрын

On the How Onyx Forms slide, I’d like to add an observation to the Hydrothermal Solutions graphic. It is my understanding that the fluids are forced through the porous and permeable sedimentary rock by temperature and pressure differentials. When a cavity, crevice, or vug is encountered, there is a great pressure drop and that triggers the precipitation of dissolved minerals. Great presentation. 👏

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Oh yes, that is a great point! The T & P have great influence on these minerals precipitation. I think that is one reason why opal is so different, it precipitates more slowly as the fluid evaporates rather than being forced to precipitate by temperature & pressure, thus, it can form these perfect arrangements of silica spheres, or at least that is my understanding. I am still learning, so I appreciate any more insight you (or others) have! :D Thanks!

@MrPhillip2 Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL I always understood that it was the water that made opal different from other forms. SiO2·nH2O After reading Wikipedia/Opal, I understand it’s more complicated with the balls of silica you mention. Thanks again for your hard work and for being a geology evangelist!

@sydhenderson6753 Жыл бұрын

Amethyst was once one of the cardinal gemstones along with diamonds, sapphires, rubies and emeralds. This lasted until large deposits were found in the 18th century in Brazil and other places.

@earthandtime5817 Жыл бұрын

Really enjoyed this video. Never thought of coral, pearls, and amber as a group that geologists would include. Great content and fascinating. Thank you.

@anonymous-ng8lc Жыл бұрын

Your videos make me regret not going for a geological degree :P

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Never too late to go back ;)

@noitalfed Жыл бұрын

Thanks! A fun video for this former gemstone hobbyist. Always great to know how things are made. Ditto for the first gemstone video.

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Thanks so much! I am so glad you enjoyed the gemstone videos, if there are any gems I didn't cover or that you'd like to hear more about, let me know and I can work it into a future video :D

@eerokutale277 Жыл бұрын

Every time I watch your videos I learn something new.

@juliahaynie764 Жыл бұрын

I hope you do videos on calcites and fluorites! Many fluorites make me think of math and geometry put in their most beautiful forms!

@Cygnus__X1 Жыл бұрын

My mom loves rocks like me. I collect them on the beach for her. I wear a blue green opal ring to keep my mind and spirit calm. Love your channel im going to have to binge watch it soon

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Thanks! So glad you enjoy the channel! :D

@BlackJar72 Жыл бұрын

It was really good to finally find out what aquamarine was as a stone, since aquamarine paint traditionally was made from llapis lazuli but the appearance of both in lists implied they were not the same thing. Funny that aquamarine isn't actually aquamarine in color.

@barbaradurfee645 Жыл бұрын

Fun topic, thanks for posting!!

@mp-qh1um Жыл бұрын

finally i found good information that i was looking for for years with a plus, your voice

@shadeen3604 Жыл бұрын

Thank you geo girl very interesting video we got good information about corals hope one day you will be gemmologist also

@terenzo50 Жыл бұрын

You get a "Wow!" reaction from me pretty much every time. AKA "!!!".

@SeaScienceFilmLabs Жыл бұрын

Oh, Man!!! I have raw Amethyst and Citrine! They are some of My favorite things… Citrine is “basically” Amethyst that had gotten 2-3000 degrees hotter, right???

@characterblub Жыл бұрын

🎉 i forgot about my childhood obsession with gemstones until now

@stevefritz5182 Жыл бұрын

I love the brevity of this release. Sometimes my head wants to explode with too much data.

@siyadabdirahmansiyad379 Жыл бұрын

Thank youuuuuuuuuu, I have really been looking such information recently…

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Thanks, so glad you enjoyed it! ;)

@Chronicler9 11 күн бұрын

These videos *rock* (pun entirely intended) and I love you for making these. Thank you ^^

@iminsmim Жыл бұрын

Enjoyed your video very much, your presentation is so good thanks.

@Deep_Matter_Analysis Жыл бұрын

Thanks this is nice, keep it coming, I expect to see extra more of these interesting presentation about Geods from you..🙏🏿🙏🏿🙌🏿☺️

@oker59 Жыл бұрын

Ope - found the gemstone I know about(interesting that you can't cover all the gemstones possible!). I was starting to worry; because, I don't know how to find out which one I know about. The one I know about is Amethyst - the purple Amethyst. I have one that my parents actually bought when we were living in New Mexico. We went to some Native American place, and some gift store was selling them. I remember hearing you could find them, and despite my best efforts, I never could! They said you can find them by testing the rock for a hollow sound. To say the least, I could never learn what the hollow sound was!

@genier7829 Жыл бұрын

Fun video, thanks for posting!

@JustInTimeWorlds 2 ай бұрын

This was fascinating. Thank you :)

@LorenStClair Жыл бұрын

Grear job, very clear.

@mateuszczerwinski5898 Жыл бұрын

Rachel, you are a true gem! Love you ❤

@cavetroll666 Жыл бұрын

Yesss Gemstone video thanks and Amethyst is my favorite :D

@metinsaltik1651 Жыл бұрын

thank you very much, nice work.

@cindieagle2008 8 ай бұрын

Would addressing the subject of petrified wood in depth , including the many stages and different forms of fossilization (replacement, premineralization, etc) be a subject you would consider educating us about? LOVE your videos.

@aenithharper2417 Ай бұрын

This is amazing. I am doing some world building for a fantasy story and the different gemstones became an important topic 😅. Thank you for summarizing such a complex topic for those of us who need to learn just enough to be dangerous.

@carltuckerson7718 Жыл бұрын

Hey! Still watching all the videos but my life is light speed at the moment

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

No worries, good to see you here in the comments! Thanks for the support ;)

@jeremyinthewild Жыл бұрын

Great video, thanks for sharing your knowledge! I noticed your rock collection in the background, do you have a video on them? If not I'm sure it would be interesting!

@idlikemoreprivacy9716 Жыл бұрын

Awesome video, channel! Thanks!

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Thank you so much! ;D

@Carmen-D-Clinton 8 ай бұрын

YES. I LEARNED A LOT HER IN THESE VIDEOS & I ENJOY ALL OF THE GEMS ALTHOUGH IAM A ♐!

@GalutiaFamilyChannel 8 күн бұрын

Hey! Great channel! I love science❤

@binaryplanettectonics8117 3 ай бұрын

I would love to hear about Zircon both as a spectacular gemstone of varied colours but also its formation excluding lead but including uranium to allow age definition of rocks relative to half life. In the Central Queensland Australian gem fields it is found with Sapphire. Congratulations on your presentations.

@exnihilokonkin6122 Жыл бұрын

Hope you cover obsidian next ❤

@KateeAngel Жыл бұрын

Opals are super cool. Legit prettier than diamonds or anything else

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Agreed! :D

@Carmen-D-Clinton 8 ай бұрын

❤I Sincerely Apreciate ALL The Dedication & Hard Work Each of YOUR Vdeo Explanations of these Gem Stones. Thank YOU very much Lady. 😂 🎉 😅 🎉 😊 🎉 💕 🎉 📦 🎉 🍫 🎉 🍬 🎉 🖤 🎉 😮

@mikesully7212 Жыл бұрын

thank you!! you"re great : )

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Thank you! :)

@24kgoogilliontvofficial Жыл бұрын

I love gemstone

@ReachSkyla 11 ай бұрын

Amethyst is my favorite gemstone 😊

@yousafkakar8566 Жыл бұрын

Make a video on ophiolites

@vm.999 3 ай бұрын

Liked and subscribed!

@philochristos Жыл бұрын

I have a kiln that goes up to 2200ºF, so I can turn my amethyst into citrine.

@goldcambodia 5 ай бұрын

good!

@emom358 Жыл бұрын

What about alexandrite, sunstone, star sapphire (or others), tiger eye, etc. Really enjoy your channel.

@shanieboi86 Жыл бұрын

My gut feel is that the spheres scattering the light is not exactly what is happening with opal. My guess is it's acting like a diffraction grating, reflecting some wavelengths and refracting others.

@taradjokic6560 Жыл бұрын

I suspect your description is likely what is meant by the term scattering. For example Neutron scattering is used as an umbrella term for techniques including Neutron diffraction

@nicholasmaude6906 Жыл бұрын

Do any of these gemstones fluoresce under UV-light, Rachel?

@Inlocked Жыл бұрын

If the gemstone found in placer deposits but its orginal origin is intrusive dyke deposits so how can i classified and mentioned the origin of gemestone??:)

@bweresquirrel8279 Жыл бұрын

Would it be feasible to try the amethyst to citrine conversion in a jeweler's furnace? I have a digital jeweler's furnace rated to the appropriate temperature range. (Usually use it to melt metals).

@Ren505nm Жыл бұрын

I was thinking what a pottery kiln would do.🤔

@sarahrosen4985 Жыл бұрын

But amethyst is prettier! I mean, purple lurve!

@user-ue7rq2uf4q Жыл бұрын

Привет из города Санкт-Петербург. Спасибо за лекцию! Хорошего дня и настроения!

@KateeAngel Жыл бұрын

Oh I am not the only one from Piter here

@MrLandphill Жыл бұрын

okay you rock

@dukecity7688 Жыл бұрын

Is there any chance of finding any of these in New England? I feel like we have nothing interesting here - geologically speaking.

@TheChuckwagonLite Жыл бұрын

I made Ruby

@kandrinchae 3 ай бұрын

How about Tanzanite?

@pastora4650 7 ай бұрын

Do you know the process to get Agatized Coral? :D

@bentationfunkiloglio Жыл бұрын

I love me my opals! Cut my own gems from rough Australian and Ethiopian stones, mostly Australian. What? Want to know more, you say. No worries I’m happy to ramble on for hours. Get more bling for your bucks with Ethiopian opal. Downside is that Ethiopian opal is hydrophane and prone to cracking. Australian opal is typically not hydrophane and is super tough. Interestingly, different regions in Australia produced opals with different characteristics. Lightning Ridge is best known for black opal, most expensive variety on Earth. Coober Pedy is best known for more common white opal. Andamooka is known for amazing crystal opal and matrix opal. Mintabie was recently closed down by the Australian government. It has amazing crystal opal. Queensland area has boulder opal.

@nicholasmaude6906 Жыл бұрын

Are there diamonds formed by the subduction of coal-deposits, Rachel?

@jimbojones247 Жыл бұрын

your eyes are the real gemstones here

@sydhenderson6753 Жыл бұрын

I don't think we ever got to zircons, which are usually small but can be centimeters across and are really beautify. And, of course, there is cubic zirconia which comes from yet another source of gemstones: humans.

@johnvl6358 Жыл бұрын

😎

@eddydogleg Жыл бұрын

Sorry if this is a dumb question. Won't the minerals that are deposited to form hydrothermal gems also deposit in the heat exchangers of geothermal power plants?

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Not a dumb question at all! It is possible, but the country rock (preexisting rock that the hydrothermal water flows through) must be rich enough in silica to make the water rich enough in silica to desposit relatively pure silica minerals like amethyst, citrine, opal, etc. This is why these minerals are typically assoicated with igneous rocks, like lava flow deposits, becuase these provide a lot of silica to the hydrothermal fluids. I am not sure where we put our geothermal power plants, but I don't think it is on igenous deposits (?), so I doubt these gems would be as likely to form there. Anyone who knows more about the composition of the rocks injected for these power plants, please comment on this thread! But also, this process of the water becoming enriched in silica & depositing such minerals (from my understanding) would take quite a long time (~thousands-millions of yrs). But I would be curious to see if anyone has looked into your question at these sites, I think that is an intriguing idea! :)

@barbaradurfee645 Жыл бұрын

Filter filter filter

@eddydogleg Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL the closest I've come to a geothermal well is to have worked with a guy that had been a rig manager on a rig drilling geothermal wells in Japan. He said they were tough wells to drill because the lava would grind the drill string to dust. So maybe it is that the water isn't in contact with country rock long enough to dissolve heat exchanger fouling amounts of silica.

@velikerimov9703 Жыл бұрын

Hello Geo Girl

@nicholasmaude6906 Жыл бұрын

I first found out about Citrine, Rachel, when I watched Wonder Woman 1984.

@sarahrosen4985 Жыл бұрын

Man, where was I? Was I not paying attention when I watched?🤪

@markanderson3740 Жыл бұрын

So would it be a consideration that the SiO2 crystals are floaters that undergo constant erosive exchange with the water while suspended, such that it outcome is a slurry of tiny seeded crystals that are rounded into spherical shape before the waterworks end. In addition, under what conditions can H2O become chemically erosive to a developed SiO2 crystal. Is the solution ever supersaturated under metamorphic heating, or is it purely a cold water activity. I have a calcedony nodule that looks like it formed in a paleosol, with inclusions of organic matter. I've never polished it or cut it, so it remains a mystery. it is the perfect yellow gold colour throughout and bumpy like many other small gravels made the surrounding faces of the cavity. The dark matter intersects the face like it was a root to a plant. I spotted it in a pile of 3/4 crushed stone gravel at a building where I was working. Been in my collection for about 35 years. it is a perfect pocket stone, too.

@markanderson3740 Жыл бұрын

If you book yourself a vacation, consider Porta Plata in Dominican Republic. Go on the day tour to the township, check in at the jewelery shop toward the end of the day. I got a beautiful delicate hand made silver ring and earrings of Larimar, and for myself I got a 5cm diameter x 1cm thick disc of Dominican amber, including a green beetle, several ants and 2.5 spiders :) for about $400Can. Among my favorite stones, to be sure.

@rayflaherty3441 Жыл бұрын

Nice video. I guess I owe you a bit of an apology, because when talking to my friends I've been pronouncing the "geo" in "geo girl" the same as the geo in geoduck.

@youtubejosephwm6699 Жыл бұрын

Rachel do you have a Discord server if so what's the link and if not can you create one?

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Nope I don't have one, but someday if I make one I will let you know! :)

@youtubejosephwm6699 Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL okay I sent you an email can you please reply to it I want to do an interview with you

@andrespacheco6730 Жыл бұрын

why didn't you explain which one is good for finding love? /j

@ericvulgate Жыл бұрын

The expensive ones.

@hortenciabarroso Жыл бұрын

👋👋

@bordernova_border_collies 8 ай бұрын

Off topic: those eyes… ❤

@youtubejosephwm6699 Жыл бұрын

Rachel I sent you an email on June 8th the subject is interview

@DesolateGoldFields Ай бұрын

How is gold formed? Is seems nobody knows the answer to that.

@sunnyone2127 Жыл бұрын

hangman 1128 channel, have a look gemstones and there origin.

@jeangab536 Жыл бұрын

i llove gems tho i buy rings because of it..

@bobroberts8500 Жыл бұрын

Where's an a to z mineral list?

@Chiavaccio 11 ай бұрын

👏👏👏👏👏👏😮😮😮😮

@starmorning6197 Жыл бұрын

Hello. Greetings from Cambodia. My name is Kim. Nice to meet you. I have many kinds of gemstones and meteorites. I want to welcome you to my house and stay with my family. I'll give you some precious stones. 🙏🏼❤🇰🇭

@geoffgeoff143 Жыл бұрын

I wouldnt classify Halite as a rock

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Good point, it is technically a mineral ;)

@Cainbantam Жыл бұрын

You're beautiful!

@BracaPhoto Жыл бұрын

Is the corral "organic" because it's a "carbonate" ?? Diamonds are carbon but they are considered as "inorganic" right?? I'm just a blue collar geotech so forgive the basic questions ... i usually make money from the dirt and throw out the rocks 😂

@user-zh8ds3sh4p Жыл бұрын

بالله عليكي تدخلي الاسلام هتكوني سبب في دخولي الجنة

@uncleanunicorn4571 Жыл бұрын

Darnit honey, take the amethysts out of the oven.

@ugbaadlionheart 7 ай бұрын

Carol is not a gemstone it is a animal!

@Inlocked Жыл бұрын

Noted:you wear same dress on both video sweety😂

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

Haha yes, I wore the same shirt here and in the other gem video because I filmed them back to back :) I was going to try to make it all one video, but then divided it into two last minute. ;)

@youtubejosephwm6699 Жыл бұрын

Rachel I sent you an email can you please reply to it I want to do an interview with you just go to your email and search interview

@GEOGIRL Жыл бұрын

I haven't recieved your email.. What is the subject line and when did you send it?

@youtubejosephwm6699 Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL the subject line is interview it was sent on the 8th