How 4 Million Fossils Are Extracted From Tar At La Brea Tar Pits

How 4 Million Fossils Are Extracted From Tar At La Brea Tar Pits | Colossal Collections

Рет қаралды 1,707,705

Күн бұрын

Excavators at the La Brea Tar Pits & Museum work to dig up fossils of mammoths, dire wolves, giant sloths and more out of the ground. They clean and piece together the bones, and prepare them for research and museum collections. With 4 million specimens already in scientists' hands, why keep excavating after more than 100 years?
The La Brea Tar Pits is one of the only paleontological sites on Earth that has preserved an entire ecosystem over time, from plants to camels to bugs. And every new fossil not only helps tell the story of the Los Angeles Basin over 50,000 years but also gives us clues about how current species, including humans, could weather climate change in the future.
We went to the La Brea Tar Pits to see how specimens are discovered, cleaned, and pieced together to build a record of the last 50,000 years.
0:00 - Intro
0:41 - Acquisition
3:58 - Cleaning and Preparation
6:17 - Research and Collections
MORE SCIENCE INSIDER VIDEOS:
Dermatologists Debunk 8 Body-Odor Myths | Debunked | Science Insider
• Dermatologists Debunk ...
Neurologists Debunk 11 Brain Myths | Debunked | Science Insider
• Neurologists Debunk 11...
Eye Doctors Debunk 13 More Vision Myths | Debunked | Science Insider
• Eye Doctors Debunk 13 ...
------------------------------------------------------
#Fossil #ColossalCollection #ScienceInsider
Science Insider tells you all you need to know about science: space, medicine, biotech, physiology, and more.
Visit us at: www.businessinsider.com
Science Insider on Facebook: / businessinsi. .
Science Insider on Instagram: / science_ins. .
Business Insider on Twitter: / businessinsider
Tech Insider on Twitter: / techinsider
How 4 Million Fossils Are Extracted From Tar At La Brea Tar Pits | Colossal Collections

Пікірлер: 909

@pleasurepanda3285 Жыл бұрын

My son is working in a tunnel for the metro rail that's going through the area of those tar pits and they had to take a class in paleontology in case they come across any fossils. I'm glad that they're making the workers aware of the importance of being careful around these fragile artifacts.

@yanosaur Жыл бұрын

That's good thinking by the LA Metro. I'm sure it's tempting to pocket any fossil you find. Did they have any incentive to turn in any found fossils? (Also, artifacts are by definition man-made objects)

@MyBoomStick1 Жыл бұрын

@@yanosaur imma start robbing those workers houses in search of a sabertooth Tooth

@tonybezanson9625 Жыл бұрын

I've noticed in the UK, before construction can begin, archeological surveys have to be taken

@benji45645 Жыл бұрын

@@yanosaur I think whenever a fossil is discovered, the work site automatically becomes part of the la brea paleontology project. They record anything that's found and the museum collects the bones, but there's not really a reason for the construction company to deal with storing or transporting them. They might pocket a small bone here and there, but anything bigger is probably difficult to steal.

@ajantebuchanan3629 Жыл бұрын

Finders keepers!

@sixfigureskibum Жыл бұрын

I was blessed to visit the tar pits in late 70s and 80s. My dad's office was a few blocks away as well as school field trips. This a a neat introduction but the knowledge is deep .. the most important concept not told here: the area is rather dry Mediterranean ecosystem with 80% rain in 2 months. Water sits on top of the tar looking like a pool of water.. thirsty animals and humans would wade into shallows to find themselves sinking into the asphalt the water is floating on... settling into layers..

@dont-want-no-wrench Жыл бұрын

yes, a horrible death for them. you are right about the rain, mostly jan or feb.

@Diana1000Smiles Жыл бұрын

Blessed? By the Tar Pit god? 🙄

@strayiggytv Жыл бұрын

@@Diana1000Smiles tar pit god is as real as any other lol

@rowand2263 Жыл бұрын

😎

@desperate4dopamine Жыл бұрын

@@strayiggytv hahahaha GOT EM! lol that’s a true statement

@steveoh9285 Жыл бұрын

I know Laura personally, she is a wonderful, knowledgeable, and dedicated representative of the Tar Pits. Excellent video!

@nika4843 Жыл бұрын

Tell her that she needs to make an ASMR youtube series of just her cleaning the fossils with the dental pick. I got major ASMR vibes from seeing her do that.

@Lolabonezz Жыл бұрын

I used to work there a couple years ago & they are still actively excavating to this day! Over 5 million specimens have been found since they began!

@jamessparkman6604 Жыл бұрын

Hey here’s an idea why not bring these creatures back to life with DNA from their modern relatives

@batfurs3001 Жыл бұрын

I'm so jealous! I'd absolutely LOVE to work there in fossil prep. Unfortunately I live in Europe so I don't think I'll ever get the chance

@jamessparkman6604 Жыл бұрын

@@batfurs3001 You may be jealous but I’m not there’s nothing to be jealous of just not a good characteristic jealousy

@gr3mlin404 Жыл бұрын

@@jamessparkman6604 It's not that simple. These are fossils, meaning they're mineralized. When this occurs, there is no DNA left to extract. So you wouldn't be able to recreate these species using their modern relatives as you would need DNA from the animal you're trying to bring back. However, there are animals from this era that you would be able to bring back. Those being any preserved in permafrost such as Mammoths. The animals preserved in permafrost still have skin, bones, blood, and even meat that's still edible. These can be recreated using their modern relatives as you have the DNA from the previous animal.

@jamessparkman6604 Жыл бұрын

@@gr3mlin404 Well I know affect the tyrannosaur femur did Have DNA put that in your notebook so there

@mspears_bobobuddytheseniorcat Жыл бұрын

It’s weird to think how many creatures died in that small area of the tar pits…. I’ve been there several times and it’s not that large.

@otroflores91 Жыл бұрын

Honey trap

@ortegonadam Жыл бұрын

The tar pit today is just a miniscule amount of what is left over decades of time and human terraforming. I'm sure it was an amazing other wordly sight back then

@veggiedisease123 Жыл бұрын

It was a lot larger before they started quarrying it for asphalt.

@charlesnewkirk4776 Жыл бұрын

The need of water !

@strayiggytv Жыл бұрын

Yeah not only was it bigger back then but every animal that died in it was a lure fir other animals to die in it. You see the same thing in abandoned mines where an animal falls in and other animals fall in trying to get to it.

@smashingpumpkin1986 Жыл бұрын

You'd think after the first 40,000 years the sabre-toothed cats would've learned to stop jumping into tar pits 😶

@Jonquavious2780 Жыл бұрын

Bruh

@culturebreath369 Жыл бұрын

🤣🤘

@dougdavis8986 Жыл бұрын

@@Jonquavious2780 people still say bruh????

@christopherwellman2364 Жыл бұрын

@@dougdavis8986 no

@superturkeylegs Жыл бұрын

Well, the ones who jumped in took themselves out of the gene pool. I suppose that didn't incentivize tar pit swan dives

@pistol0grip0pump Жыл бұрын

The patience, skill and attention to detail required is incredible, it just shows you how much these people love what they do, every day is a treasure hunt! 5 year old me would be absolutely losing his shit right now 😂

@batfurs3001 Жыл бұрын

19 year old current me is losing her shit right now! It looks SO fun to dig through that. I would LOVE to get my hands on a big clump of that stuff to clean.

@dud3655 Жыл бұрын

Gotta say this looks pretty fun, always loved paleontology and archaeology, there's just something so cool about finding old stuff and fossils in dirt or some other materials

@angelinaspicer2685 Жыл бұрын

I love the tar pits! I live near LA and I've been on so many field trips with my schools over the years. This place is amazing, there is a small museum for the pits which is realllllyyy awesome. It's filled to the brim with amazing fossils and information. They also have lots of games and statues, and its right next to the art museum!! I highly recommend a visit if ever in the area.

@anthonyostrovsky 5 ай бұрын

This girl loves her craft! It’s beautiful to see how passionate she is.

@billrobbins5874 Жыл бұрын

Heard about these tar pits for forever. First time getting a glimpse of what they hold. Really thank and appreciate being able to finally see some of the animals. ♥️👍♥️

@ogoe_joeoutdoors1088 Жыл бұрын

Worth the visit if you ever get a chance

@CJ_102 Жыл бұрын

It's so refreshing to watch people enjoying their craft.

@curtisthomas2670 Жыл бұрын

Fun fact: The largest natural deposit of tar/asphalt is the La Brea Pitch Lake in La Brea, Trinidad and Tobago, covering 100 acres and 250 feet deep. Many of the earliest asphalt paved roads in NYC and D.C. were paved with material from this lake. "La Brea" is Spanish for "the tar/pitch".

@unexpected7837 Жыл бұрын

Trinidad no longer owns the pitch lake.

@MyBoomStick1 Жыл бұрын

@@unexpected7837 lmao they couldn’t make their own so they had to use the natural shit??

@MyBoomStick1 Жыл бұрын

@@unexpected7837 lemme guess, some white dude owns it

@unexpected7837 Жыл бұрын

@@MyBoomStick1 China owns it . I'm from Trinidad and Tobago so i know

@sharkbait4653 Жыл бұрын

@@MyBoomStick1 Racist got ratioed lol

@gabethedinosaur95 Жыл бұрын

I remember visiting la brea 20 years ago with my dad and mom and I felt so excited and never wanted to leave the museum. I was just there in June and I felt like a little kid again.

@babyhecker1113 Жыл бұрын

Cool mate, i would like to visit there once.

@jalanasp Жыл бұрын

At every stage my only thought was “I would love this job” this was absolutely fascinating

@dougdavis8986 Жыл бұрын

It's not too late. Go do it

@RowdyUpInHere Жыл бұрын

@@dougdavis8986 I bet everyone wants to work in the LA tar pits.

@maggie5386 Жыл бұрын

I know right? everything is so captivating!

@izzfitri6888 Жыл бұрын

But I don't even have archeological degree.

@ericatchley3482 Жыл бұрын

I was there last year in September and it's one of the coolest places I've ever been. The collection is insane! If your in LA take the time and visit!

@Diana1000Smiles Жыл бұрын

Usually the parts of California I love are on Fire. It's a sad situation, Climate Change, very sad, indeed.

@snakepl1skin Жыл бұрын

i wanna go but i also dont wanna get stabbed or robbed enjoying something i've never experienced LOL

@ericatchley3482 Жыл бұрын

@@snakepl1skin I had no problems while I was out there people were nice,might be because they are all high as hell, hung out in Hollywood at night with a bunch of other musicians and had a blast!

@bearbones4347 Жыл бұрын

@@Diana1000Smiles oh yah i beleive u lol what a lie but u thought u better ur self to spread

@flumbofrommelkont6863 Жыл бұрын

Neat how the La Brea fossils are prepared in a similar way with the same materials or techniques as to how old paintings are cleaned and restored, including the use of reversible adhesives that don't harm the object itself that future researchers/restorers can get rid of again. I never thought about it but of course it would be a similar process.

@goodtobehandy Жыл бұрын

Amazing how many creatures lived in the area.

@mikemiller659 Жыл бұрын

Around 1987 a friend & I stopped by and I have to tell you the Most amazing thing I witnessed was a homeless man who had trained his cat to take a small plastic spoon that he had filled with a small bit of caned cat food. Taking the spoon in its two paws standing on it's hind feet would feed it's self from the spoon. The Pit was interesting too.

@desperate4dopamine Жыл бұрын

@@mikemiller659 homeless in LA?! Noooooooooooooo. I. Just. Don’t. Believe. You.

@fableagain 8 күн бұрын

Imagine how cool ot must be to work there excavating fossils... Wow!

@chejimenez4650 Жыл бұрын

Went there in 2020 with my wife on our formerly yearly trip to Disneyland and I absolutely loved it there. Excited to go back whenever we're able.

@ScrubDusters Жыл бұрын

You can see how many in the comments who love this work or enjoy at least the viewing of such, proving that discovery ambition will never die

@artofescapism 4 ай бұрын

Very cool video! I love hearing researchers discuss their work, and the detail and care that goes into the excavation and preservation of these fossils is very impressive. No place cooler to me than a museum's collections!

@darlathompson8173 Жыл бұрын

They had a series called La Brea on NBC. It was about a sink hole that opened up in cal and people fell into another dimension back in the Stone Age. Wow.

@beastmaster0934 Жыл бұрын

I watched that show, it was pretty neat. Until it got all weird when the dad found out the blonde kid from that tribe was him from the past. Hopefully season 2 is better (if it ever comes out)

@sixfigureskibum Жыл бұрын

In all reality. There was a sink hole that opened because a guy lied on his resume and became the head engineer for the new publ7c transit systems in 90s.. no education at all .. there was methane seeping up onto street surfaces and would catch fire from cigarettes/ matches tossed by pedestrians ... I'd think that guy is still in prison

@TitularHeroine Жыл бұрын

That was a documentary; Laura in this video is excavating the fossil remains of those guys 😁😄😀😐😶 Sorry

@dougdavis8986 Жыл бұрын

Based on a true story

@dougdavis8986 Жыл бұрын

@@beastmaster0934 yeah. And he was boinking his future mom!

@mayureshsatam1154 2 ай бұрын

She loves her job I mean look a her she is so happy and eager to show her tools and technique

@John.0z Жыл бұрын

Visiting the Tar Pits was the highlight of my time in LA! But that was a long time ago.

@dont-want-no-wrench Жыл бұрын

right next to the art museum!

@randyearles9286 Жыл бұрын

kudos to the staff and volunteers for their time and patience.

@user-em6ie2be7x Жыл бұрын

Interesting...it really never hurts to learn something new.

@Justwantahover Жыл бұрын

Except if you were a young earth creationist.

@kickazz2730 Жыл бұрын

Went there in the early 2000s, it was an amazing place to see and learn about extinct animals from the past. More interesting was La Brea was in the heart of LA.

@crazyliljoe Жыл бұрын

I'd probably break everything lol these people are amazing. Thanks for all that you do.

@Secter84 Жыл бұрын

That first fat woman looked like she was being rough with those fossils pounding on them with a hammer and chisel like she was. I bet you anything she has broken Tom's of Fossils.

@Scoobywoo7447 Жыл бұрын

Imagine what we would find in the deep underwater brine pools, we could literally find completely intact creatures.

@leonmat26 Жыл бұрын

Brine pools are absolutely insane.

@Scoobywoo7447 Жыл бұрын

@@leonmat26 they are, shame we can't enter them yet.

@anonymousstout4759 Жыл бұрын

You're talking about brine pool where a hagfish toxicated themselves right?

@Scoobywoo7447 Жыл бұрын

@@anonymousstout4759 yes.

@r.guerreiro140 Жыл бұрын

This is really exciting The point is how to get there Dive suits more resembling an exoskeleton maybe??

@user-mz8qd5rd9q 4 күн бұрын

I saw the tar pits early 2000s. Fascinating place.

@josequezada519 Жыл бұрын

Just going point out this is good quality video work and animation. Good job on the creative team! 👏

@parisfrance6483 Жыл бұрын

I really love this type of work 👍

@BrandoJay Жыл бұрын

This was extremely interesting, especially considering that I have no knowledge in this subject. Very cool video!!

@treborrobert5674 Жыл бұрын

an assessment from the extinct to preserve the present, a truly holistic endeavor... great 👍 job !!!

@randyearles1634 Ай бұрын

these people have way more patience than I do. Kudos to all the people involved.

@BrianaCunningham Жыл бұрын

This was a super cool video. Love seeing this kind of exploration.

@vice.nor.virtue Жыл бұрын

I would love to put that gigantic hunk of dry tar and bone into a vat of solvent and just watch it all gently dismantle into a pile of bones. So. Satisfying.

@nitzneymann3977 14 күн бұрын

There's so much history beneath our feet.

@corknakovastein Жыл бұрын

So crazy that Alaska is having bigger findings than this. Super cool either way, definitely making us rethink what we know about paleontology

@yaslinegonzalez359 Жыл бұрын

La is not the place that has tar pit with bunch of fossil in it there been other places across the world with tar pit

@kingboagart899 4 ай бұрын

LA warm Alaska cold.

@desperate4dopamine Жыл бұрын

Been there before and holy hell it stinks lolol but literally amazing all at the same time

@Catsandbats666 Жыл бұрын

Do you need a degree to do the specialized fossil cleaning? That's what an artist does on the daily!

@sixfigureskibum Жыл бұрын

Ypu are aware that there are actually degrees in higher education to be an actual artist? And that ordinary uneducated people collect fossils every day? We dug fossils as kids drive distance from Arcadia in LA county... so cal. But now I l7ve in Utah and fossils are everywhere... especially dinosaur national park..

@Godwinpounds4333 Жыл бұрын

Hello how are you doing?

@kristolball Ай бұрын

I find it amazing how more and more of these fossils are being located with soft tissue still on the bones.

@Hardworkandrealestateprofits 9 күн бұрын

I first went to the tar pits as a kid on field trips and then went as an adult. Cool place to go. You would think it’s a massive place for all of these animals to have died at but it’s actually pretty small

@teabee44 Жыл бұрын

I love learning about fossils and dinosaurs, thank you

@realWorsin Жыл бұрын

How many sabretooth skulls do we really need to dig up? Seems we spend a lot of money digging up bones just to put them in some box.

@susanbellman3093 Жыл бұрын

In fourth grade, my teacher reported that they figured out that the debris being tossed when cleaning fossils was plants. So much there.

@otroflores91 Жыл бұрын

What year was that around?

@williamavery9185 Жыл бұрын

Many finders and collectors...never give your finds to a museum. It will be put away downstairs....for ever. Sell it, it will be treasured and admired by its new custodion.

@godrilla5549 Жыл бұрын

Or use them to play the drums

@joepalomar105 Жыл бұрын

10 hrs haha a Mexican will do that in 30 mins

@malusdraco3793 Жыл бұрын

i would like nothing more than to spend hours every day sitting in front of a fossil and cleaning it up. what a dream!

@alcorraalb6029 11 күн бұрын

That’s amazing. I would love to do this kind of work🥰

@shoulderdestroyer6124 Жыл бұрын

All these fossils remind me of pokemon

@importanttingwei7747 Жыл бұрын

OIL companies should be in this place to extract the tar with scientists to help with the energy demand of the local government

@vice.nor.virtue Жыл бұрын

I reckon they would suck up or destroy too many fossils. A similar thought crossed my mind, too. Besides, America already has enough oil reservoirs, it doesn't _have_ to use these pits.

@antoniousai1989 Жыл бұрын

Tar is a terrible fuel. It releases lots of chemicals.

@alt8791 Жыл бұрын

The oil isn’t usable, but believe me there’s a lot of oil extraction in Southern California.

@dougdavis8986 Жыл бұрын

Dork

@strayiggytv Жыл бұрын

Yeah this isn't usable oil and even if it was, oil is a temporary energy solution anyway. You're basically advocating for a bandaid over a gaping wound.

@32OJSimpson32 Жыл бұрын

Recently visited the tar pits when I was in LA. I highly recommend it.

@richardnone5644 24 күн бұрын

thank you this is very interesting i was at the tar pits in the mid 60s on a visit to LA

@1998ichigokurosaki98 Жыл бұрын

Where are angry religious fans?

@dougdavis8986 Жыл бұрын

In japan

@STho205 Жыл бұрын

You're angry enough.

@ritswik Жыл бұрын

Homeless people can do this job.

@thecommunistowl811 Жыл бұрын

If they were trained in paleontology I guess. But that's a really weird thing to say

@PiggyFuktoy 4 ай бұрын

I went to the tar pits as a grade student in the 60’s and returned again when I was in my 60’s … wonderful wonderful place! ( as is the LA County Museum of Natural History similarly visited and revisited )

@mikeyd946 Жыл бұрын

Very neat! I hope to visit there one day!

@MorningThief_ Жыл бұрын

5:37 WASHI-KOZO FAM! WHERE MY BAUMGARTNER PEEPS AT!?!?

@skysetblue9578 Ай бұрын

So wild that such a horrifying way to die could lead future researchers to learn about life in different time periods.

@Blimpie1000 4 ай бұрын

I have been there a couple of times. I have mainly viewed the pit easily accessible to the public; has some sort of statues of the animals. On my shelf is a bottle of "Goo" from the pits. Very cool!!!!

@SegzWithTedCruz 4 ай бұрын

I would do anything for a fossil restoration ASMR channel

@kaizusmyguyzus6469 5 күн бұрын

It’s not all so quiet… once the power tools come out I doubt it would be relaxing

@SegzWithTedCruz 5 күн бұрын

@@kaizusmyguyzus6469 Who doesn't love a peaceful sound of a dremel on high with a brush attachment lol

@WinterroSP 6 күн бұрын

Are there any Mesozoic tar pits? Ik they are short lived, however I’d love to see how an entire ecosystem would look look back then.

@julieinthedesert420 Ай бұрын

The The Tar Tar Pits. 😂😂❤❤❤ love this place!

@soxpeewee Жыл бұрын

I feel like the visiting parking lot should be very well maintained based on the amount of available asphalt

@paullong6051 Жыл бұрын

The Pits are really awesome < so many animals < Thanks for informing us

@haven_lady675 Жыл бұрын

Come to the tar pits here in Los Angeles, folks. It's so cool!

@GaitaPonto 4 ай бұрын

what an incredible collection. colossal is the best term, no doubt.

@samanthasimental3788 Жыл бұрын

When I was young growing up in East L.A. i loved when our school had field trips to the tar pits and the mesuems.

@MrGaborseres Жыл бұрын

Keep digging 💪👍🤗 We're watching and enjoying 👍👍

@BabyBoomersDoomer Жыл бұрын

Imagine all the tar you bring home from work.

@leftymadrid Жыл бұрын

Extremely interesting 🤔 I would not mind doing that. Seems like great therapy.

@DipsyKoo Жыл бұрын

This is super cool! Thank you Laura

@bkhkh7285 4 ай бұрын

I found acient marine species just on a side of my summer residence wall! 400millions years old. Amazing!

@slook7094 Жыл бұрын

That sound of that hook scraping against bones sends chills up my spine. Reminds me of the dentist.

@kaeganperry5716 Жыл бұрын

I was immediately captivated by Laura! Her personality and passion are killer and really elevate this from a typical dumbed down science video!

@kimberlyperrotis8962 4 ай бұрын

Those saber-tooth tigers were enormous, just look at the size of those bones! La Brea is one of the most important fossil sites there is.

@ManuelArmenta-qw1cu 4 ай бұрын

Thanks for all this great information and for the real care that you all have on the conservation of our magnificent world God Bless !!!

@Bammer2001 Жыл бұрын

*MacRory:* There are no La Brea Tar Pits in _Scotland._ *Bugs Bunny:* Scotland?! Meeeeehhhh, what's up, MacDoc?

@TheMovieUniverse 2 ай бұрын

I've always wondered how they got fossils out of there. Thanks for posting this!

@PetterBruland Жыл бұрын

Next part of that project should be to do a high quality 3d scan. Then it could be shared for schools to 3d print replicas for class room use etc. Very cool video, thanks!

@AutosPhotos Жыл бұрын

That Tar is no joke. Im one of the miners who endured all the hazards. It was quite the fight.

@madnessintomagic 3 ай бұрын

7:37… North America had camels? Also, how does one get a job in the lab just cleaning the fossils. What a relaxing and worthwhile thing to do!

@RugMann 3 ай бұрын

Camels originally evolved in North America millions of years ago. Llamas and alpacas are some of the closest living genetic relatives of Camels

@witblitsfilm 9 ай бұрын

Incredible, looking forward to visiting in a few weeks! Nice to see South Africa represented in LA Stephany!

@kravstema6287 Жыл бұрын

One of my favorite places, due for a visit again

@S-T-E-V-E Жыл бұрын

I would love a job cleaning up fossils! It's something I have the patience for!

@Firestorm637 Жыл бұрын

Wow!!! Super interesting!!! Lots of patience

@KPZivot Жыл бұрын

Fascinating hope we humans invest more into such research before our end. love from india

@davidjohnson1414 Жыл бұрын

Excellent Thankyou So Informative So Well Presented 🎁

@davidr2680 11 ай бұрын

Really enjoyed watching the video! it was very informative and helpful for a research project

@pamelamays4186 Жыл бұрын

I visited the Tar Pits on a visit to see my father many, many years ago.

@smmfdftbh 3 ай бұрын

This is so cool, I would love to dig for fossils all day

@joshcantrell8397 7 күн бұрын

What unprecedented human impacts we’re experiencing today?

@mattgaming8717 Жыл бұрын

Damn still finding stuff today. Crazy.

@PG-3462 Жыл бұрын

When I was a kid, I found several fossils on the shores of Lake Huron while playing with rocks

@SharrenDabs 4 ай бұрын

this looks like the funnest job! and everyone is so nerdy and happy!! where do i sign up? 😹

@tinkmarshino Жыл бұрын

Did you really say "she will use a little adhesive" as she goops a bunch of glue all over the bone? That was funny.. Fabulous collection I could spend years there studying those remains.. thanks