Good you react on feedback. I still don't understand how one 'rewards' an AI, so I might look at the MIT video. I do like short videos to the point like yours. You may want to look at your analogies; people who are interested in fusion videos and Google ai do know what a simulation is, so you don't need an analogy with the pilot. The bottle one was good, while it explained a more rate phenomenon.

it's best to not call it reward/punishment, it gives an extremely inaccurate impression. the AI is optimizing for a "reward function", it's not actually a reward like a treat for a dog. it's just a value where larger=better. the AI is simply designed to try and obtain the largest possible value, and researchers make the value awarded correlated with the real world result we want, therefore the AI achieves something aligned with our goals. that's the idea

BS because AI, deep mind, ML ... - all trained on huge stats+results, but these are 0 by now.

@@edopronk1303 simply by adding to a sum. The RL algorithm deliberately chooses a set of actions that lead to the highest sum.

I understand that. You are a really great communicator and researcher hence my desire to see what you can come up with on the dreaded "cold fusion", while there is a huge stigma attached to this technology, I suspect that it may prove to be the winner in this race.

Homer would take issue with you.

FYI 20 years from now geothermal power will be the big thing. It’s going to kill off solar, wind, gas, and nuclear. A revolution is about to kick off. Everywhere on earth, 10km below the surface is enough heat power to produce so much power that only 0.01% would satisfy all of humanity’s power needs for two million years. The technology advances from oil & gas fracking is revolutionizing geothermal power production.

Bruh it’s good new for everyone, it would bring human to the next stage. U will not need to worry about electric bill. Invention that are too energy hungry will no longer be a problem.

I don't see how fusion will every be cheap! The capital cost of a fusion power plant I doubt will ever be feasible for anything other than prestige projects and as experimental physics.

@@prumchhangsreng979 you would still be worrying about your electricity bill because when we have more to consume we consume more. A few decades after fusion is achieved we would have things in our homes that took of orders of magnitude more power than before.

@@tjampman It produces energy energy = money. And it will do it with cheap fuel. And the military would salivate at using it in warships for cool stuff like railguns. That require immense amount of power. And many other things.

I wondered the same thing and agree about the molten Thorium salt reactors. Practical fusion still seems decades away, while I get the impression that commercial Thorium salt reactors could be developed much faster if we put our societal / policy minds to it.

That's why I was always more interested in aneutronic fusion. Since most of the energy is release as charged particles instead of neutrons you can just use induction to harness that and convert it directly to electricity. Also has the side effect of not having to worry as much about reactor embrittlement and the fuels are more abundant and not radioactive. The main downside is that it's 10x harder to achieve temperature wise:/

@@capt4in1 I haven't seen anybody do a study on it yet but my guess is that most superconductors, particularly the high temperature one suffer a lot with prolonged radiation exposure.

@@capt4in1 I just looked it up and just this year July 2022 there was a paper published in nature about the degradation effects of neutron radiation in high temperature superconductors used for fusion. That's another reason to go a neutronic or better yet to Molten salt reactors

I'm no expert but I'm smart enough to know I know nothing, and also follow science news best I can, with some very smart friends. Last I heard Hastelloy or similar was basically perfected to contain the corrosive Thorium. Also makes me smirk when well-intended wallys of our end backfire and call Fusion a 'pipe dream' As they have no clue the Greenwald Limit got updated, then go light up.

Still not enough though, Ai needs an actual thought mechanism, not just a action selection ability.

@@Binahx86 my guess is we'll have something like that by 2030

@@Binahx86 we already have some stuff like that, recent papers have developped on associative memory mechanisms with spiking neural networks, which tend to reproduce what actually happens in our brain (spikes of energy from electricity currents) to emulate a thought mechanism It's still in research phase, and looking at how some convolutional neural networks and other memory based networks have only been implemented to public use recently, id guess we'll see those implemented in 5 to 10 years

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Advise not connecting the AI directly to your brain, nor to giant mechanical claws.

I prefer the Barkley approach to deactivating the Argus Array fusion reactors by becoming the Enterprise's computer. Nobody dies and the crew gets a quick trip to the galactic center.

@@abj136 You joking? That's all I'm waiting for!

man... i hope you trolling , but there are still so many ppl that base theyr fear of AI on films and fantasy ...

@@unknow11712 I was joking, about becoming Octo, yes but when the tech is "safe" I'm absulutely not against nor fearful of brain-machine interfaces. I subscribe to the transhumanist philosophy.

Glad you enjoyed it! I appreciate the kind words

If rewards = True then keep going ElseIf punishments = True then try again End If There are your feelings...

I have added a link in the description to MIT's great video about reinforcement learning which gives much more details! Unfortunately, it is a complex topic that is very difficult to explain accurately in a short pop-science video! I hope you find this source useful :D

@@ZirothTech Thanks, I'll pass that on 👍

@@B.Lastend a machine doesn't care about iterating as nauseam. Maybe you should watch the linked video, too.

@@human_isomer maybe I am a programmer and just wanted to explain u the video content in simple. I said nothing wrong 🤷‍♂️

AI might be best for both production of better tech designs, settings and as well as maintaining fusion reactions. It should perhaps be open sourced so more than just reactor's team working on it, as more thinking heads can solve problems better and faster.

Yeah and fusion scientists have been doing that for years, since 2014 at least. It’s not as simple as slapping on an ai algorithm to diagnostics since the signals coming in are discrete and not high enough resolution for good real time control

biggest problem is that it's nearly impossible to remove electrons from a plasma amalgam that melts everything that comes in contact with.

@@zillibran That's surely one of the biggest problems, but THE biggest problem? I think my comment still applies. ;)

"Not working" isn't a specific problem. AI is solving the underlying issue that's preventing it from working. How is that misleading?

Well, apart from being able to source enough tritium (e.g. from a lithium blanket), which is going to be a challenge, and lifetime of materials exposed to a huge number of neutrons, what is there? I'd say maintaining a sufficient density of plasma, at sufficient temperature, for long enough, is the big one. Without that, there is not much point!

Actually that is "only" problem

The graphs of it containing the plasma are from the real reactor, sorry that wasn't made clear

@@ZirothTech thanks for the clarification:)

Thanks Lois!

Breeding it in a lithium blanket or summin' like that

Breeding

There is a way to produce tritium inside a fusion reactor, which could make it affordable.

Haha

lolz

Thanks Eric!

:chuckles: Take a guess at the efficiency rating of PV ... and it's relative cost.

I'll light a candle in support of having a big ball of plasma in the sky

@@dallassukerkin6878 :chuckles: Take a guess at the efficiency of nuclear fusion and it's relative cost XD

And if we could build a Dyson swarm around it to collect that energy, we’d be good. However, we currently don’t have access to that.

@@Strop9911 :grins: A bit moot at the moment given that it's not a functional technology. Once it is (or IF :)), however, then humanities power problems are, if not over, then significantly resolved in terms of cost and availability. PV has it's uses but it is not efficient in either production or cost per unit.

As usual like all the other power-plant technologies. We're boiling water which powers a nozzle. The trick is to use as few input energy as nesessary to hold the fusion-reaction "going on" and harvest more energy it outputs then we used to make it start.

@@steinis6409 But how do you boil water from a magnetically-confined plasma that's at millions of degrees, inside a vacuum? It's not exactly like you can run piping for a heat exchanger through it...?

​@@michaelsmith2785 One product of the fusion are neutral charged but ofcourse very hot (uncharged) neutrons. Those can leave the magnetic-vacuum due to missing charge they don't interact with the magnetic field. Instead they will hit the mantle which is made to be hit by the neutrons. The neutrons will cool down alot when hitting the generator-wall which will heat up in exchange.. The heat from this outer wall will be transported via heat exchanger to the water which boils, powers the nozzle and so the rest is well known technique.

Tokamaks, stellarators, etc. do not intend to extract the energy from the plasma within the confinement region. When you fuse Deuterium and Tritium nuclei, you get a helium nucleus with 1/5 of the fusion energy and a neutron with 4/5 of the fusion energy. The helium stays confined in the plasma and helps maintain the heat (saves you adding external heat to maintain the pulse) but the neutron is not confined. The idea is to capture the kinetic energy of the neutrons in a liquid lithium "blanket", outside the plasma, directly from collisions and indirectly through fission reactions the neutrons cause which, conveniently, produce more heat and more tritium. Pert of ITER's work is to figure out and prove the lithium blanket system, but other MCF projects are working on it also - CFS, Tokamak Energy, etc.

Here is a quote from their scientific paper: "TCV (the reactor) is equipped with several real-time sensors and our control policies use a subset of these sensors. In particular, we use 34 of the wire loops that measure magnetic flux, 38 probes that measure the local magnetic field and 19 measurements of the current in active control coils (augmented with an explicit measure of the difference in current between the ohmic coils). In addition to the magnetic sensors, TCV is equipped with other sensors that are not available in real time, such as the cameras." I hope this helps!

Thanks for this - you’re well informed. So how will they all deal with the 14 MeV neutron damage?

@@johnh6245 isn’t neutron heating supposed to be the main goal? So a cheap modular blanket material that can be swapped out will be the goal

You would basically have stacked tokamaks. You won't be able to create three separate plasma rings in side of a single toroid.

That's a fancy way to say “global warming”

"Thermal pollution" isn't a power generation problem, it would be a power consumption problem. These reactors would be very well insulated because loss of heat to the environment results in a loss of efficiency. Heat would come from all the electrical appliances connected to the plant, which turn electricity into useful energy that winds up eventually as heat.

​@@Darth_Insidious thermal pollution is a power generation problem as well. In particular, coal and gas fired power plants release a lot of energy as waste heat into the environment. Geothermal and nuclear plants release less waste heat, and solar, wind, and wave generators extract energy from the environment, so don't suffer this issue.

@@matthewparker9276 I wonder how big a problem waste heat would actually be. Seems like our concrete jungles do more to heat up the local environment than power generation.

Waste heat from power production and consumption is, at present rates, about 1/100 the scale of the heating problem caused by excess greenhouse gases. It will be a long time before we reach the point where we've decarbonised electricity, transport and industrial heat and then grown power production sufficiently to cause an actual planetary heating problem. If we get to that point, more CO2 capture would redress the balance. If we even later still get to the point where there isn't enough CO2 left in the cycle for plant life, we're probably doing all the heavy industry in orbit and further out in space, so we can reduce energy consumption needs on terra firma anyhow. A quicker fix would be to replace concrete with some kind of composite.

Who says it’s ten years away?

Neutrons are intended to be captured to produce T from Li.

.. which involves building a moon base to obtain

So future of energy is super AI controlled giant magnet torus nursing an artificial star fueled by moon stones

@@alpers.2123 Close. The future of energy is a large monopolistic utility company owning a single expensive point of electrical supply. Sort of like what we have now, but with lasers and magnets.

@@47f0 reminds me a couple of sci-fi movies

@@mr_clean575 I understand that but how is the heat removed from the reactor. The plasma is contained in a mag field. How is the plasma handled so that it can transfer its heat??

It could just be -1 for some arbitraty score

Having talked with a scientist from ITER the method of extracting energy is actually quite simple. The inner donut closest to the plasma is constantly cooled by water and the heated water drives turbines similar to a fission reactor.

@Tom's Cubes you dont need a scientist to explain how transferring of heat works. Simply watching a kettle with cold water will suffice.

@Klaus Schwab the electons, with a lot energy, smash in the wall and create heat, this heat go on water (or other liquid) to run a turbine.

i made a mistake, i think it's neutron,not electrons, who are not interact with magnetic fields because neutre.

It will actually use lithium which produces the tritium fuel when hit by a neutron. However because the fuel is so energy dense it would arguably be a more efficient use of lithium than other uses. It might be efficient enough that you could cost effectively mine trace lithium out of seawater All the fusion fuels primarily produce helium but because they are so fuel efficient they wouldn't make very much. Above helium it would be very expensive to put in the energy to produce heavier elements as fusion becomes much harder when you go past helium

Don't. It will one day kill us all.

No

This is a great question Fraser, and I think it will be the topic of my next fusion video! There is a good little section on the 'Fusion Power' Wikipedia page called 'Energy Capture' that has some information. The key idea is the high energy neutrons that are shot off from the fusion reaction fly to the edge of the reactor wall, as they are not affected by the magnetic fields. These neutrons then collide with a protective blanket and heat it up, this blanket also stops damage to the magnets. The hot blanket can then be cooled with a fluid, extracting heat for a steam turbine.

The magnets are cooked with liquid helium. They’re in the cryostat, away from the blankets, so it’s pretty easy.

😂

Not literally punish.