The handover of Jerusalem took place through the "Treaty of Jaffa" on the 22nd of Rabi' al-Awwal 626 AH / 18th of February 1229 AD, which stipulated that the Crusaders would take Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Sidon.
This disgraceful treaty aroused the indignation and anger of Muslims everywhere, and mourning ceremonies were held in Islamic cities.
After that, Emperor Frederick II entered the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to be crowned King of Jerusalem. His stay in the Levant was brief, and he returned to his country after achieving what no Crusade had achieved since the First Crusade.
So, what is the story behind all this?
*Sources:*
1. "Mufarrij al-Kurub fi Akhbar Bani Ayyub" by Ibn Wasil
2. "Zubdat al-Halab fi Ta'rikh Halab" by Kamal al-Din Ibn al-Adim
3. "Al-Bustan al-Jami' li-Jami' Tawarik Ahl al-Zaman" by Al-Imad al-Isfahani
4. "Al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya wa al-Mahasin al-Yusufiyya" by Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad
5. "Nuzhat al-Anam fi Ta'rikh al-Islam" by Ibn Duqmaq, Sarim al-Din
6. "Dhayl Mirat al-Zaman" by Abu al-Fath al-Yunini
7. "Atlas of the History of the Abbasid State" by Sami Abdullah al-Maghlooth
8. "The History of the Ayyubids in Egypt, the Levant, and the Jazira" by Muhammad Suhail Taqoush
9. "King al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub and His Relations with Political Forces" by Muhammad Younes Falih
*Timestamps:*
00:00 - Introduction
01:52 - Timeline of Events
03:00 - The Zengid State and the Fall of the Fatimid State
07:30 - Salah al-Din Unites Egypt and the Levant
08:55 - Battle of Hattin
11:40 - Salah al-Din's Liberation of Jerusalem
13:10 - King al-Adil Unites the Ayyubid State and Confronts the Crusaders
16:35 - The Fifth Crusade and the Siege of Damietta
19:12 - King al-Kamil's First Betrayal
23:05 - The Fall of Damietta
24:54 - King al-Kamil Seeks the Crusaders' Help Against His Brother
26:15 - The Sixth Crusade
28:03 - King al-Kamil Hands Over Jerusalem to the Crusaders
29:54 - King Frederick Receives the Keys to Jerusalem
30:55 - Muslims Protest the Handover of Jerusalem
34:46 - Al-Nasir Dawud Liberates Jerusalem Then Hands It Over to the Crusaders
37:09 - Crusaders Drink Wine on the Dome of the Rock
39:36 - Najm al-Din Ayyub Liberates Jerusalem from the Crusaders
41:03 - Lessons and Reflections
45:05 - Conclusion
*#OurHistory*
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