To try everything Brilliant has to offer - free - for a full 30 days, visit brilliant.org/polyMATHY . The first 200 to sign up will get 20% off Brilliant’s annual premium subscription. Following up on my assertions in this video, I have just published a video on the secondary channel where I discuss the evidence against lax vowels in Classical Latin, namely that [ɪ] and [ʊ] are wrong for ĭ and ŭ: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/g9tdps-Ap9vWpoE.html Thanks for subscribing to both channels! 🦂 Support my work on Patreon: www.patreon.com/LukeRanieri 📚 Luke Ranieri Audiobooks: luke-ranieri.myshopify.com 🤠 Take my course LATIN UNCOVERED on StoryLearning, including my original Latin adventure novella "Vir Petasātus" learn.storylearning.com/lu-promo?affiliate_id=3932873 🦂 Sign up for my Latin Pronunciation & Conversation series on Patreon: www.patreon.com/posts/54058196

I've long been looking for a comprehensive video on Latin's evolution into the Romance languages. This surely does not disappoint.

As an Italian that studied Latin at school, thank you for this!

Hello Luke, this is a bit off topic with the video, but I have to tell you a story that you will like to read, I think. I'm half Greek and half Spanish, I was born and raised in Spain, so my Greek is good, but I don't have a native level. The thing is that when I can, I go to Greece in the summer to see my family and friends. Well, this summer I went to the island of Thassos where a friend was waiting for me. To go to Thassos I had to take a ferry from the city of Kavala, in the region of Macedonia. When I got to the port I didn't know which ferry to take, so I asked a young Greek guy he was walking in front of me. He was also going to Thassos and he didn't know which ferry was ours either, so we went together to ask someone from the staff. Once this was resolved and already on the ferry, we started talking. He noticed a weird accent in my Greek and asked me where I'm from, to which I replied him I'm from Spain. The boy told me that he is studying Spanish on his own and we began to have a basic conversation in Spanish (the truth is that he spoke it very well). From there, he told me that languages are his passion, and that he was learning classical Greek and Latin at the same time, and I told him that he also had an interest in these languages. And almost simultaneously, we said each other: "Do you know the KZfaq channel polýMATHY?" We both laughed and were amazed. There you had two strangers who had just met, on a boat in the middle of the Aegean Sea, and both followers of your channel. :) Since that day we have maintained a good friendship and we talk regularly on instagram. How capricious life is.

Neat! Seeing Latin become Italian is something I've waited for so long to be documented. Can't wait for Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian! (Nativlang already did French).

Not only this guy displays an incredible knowledge in all things regarding ancient Latin and Romance languages, but he also has a very distinctive taste in videography and music that can't go unnoticed. It really helps his communication as a whole giving it a deeper and more effective meaning.

As an Italian i can say that this video is absolutely perfect!

Babe wake up new vernacular just dropped -B

Phenomenal. I speak Spanish and French (and learned some Latin), not Italian, but this explains so much for me. I always wondered about the change in the future tense (which is the same in French and Spanish). He should get an honorary doctorate for this video. I am in absolute awe of this guy.

gosh, hearing the italian and latin terms right next to each other are so beautiful

Amazing as always. All of the exceptions are intimidating, but I’m glad to know that they’re mostly well-described! Definitely going to be referring to this later

I'm italian and this is so interesting. Thank you Luke!

I'm going to have to check out your whole series. It sounds quite interesting!

You've outdone yourself Luke, such an AMAZING, well-produced video! Having grown up in a Spanish speaking household & later visiting Italy, it was super intriguing to hear so many identical expressions & words being used. I've come to realize that (even today) Latin is the well-worn bridge many of us use to travel & become acquainted with each other across the Romantic World!

Thank u 4 this viedo being Italian Toronto beautiful Italy 🇮🇹 ❤️

Please do this for Spanish and Portuguese! I would like to understand the shift to Argentine Spanish as well with Sicilian immigration and in Brazil as well

I absolutely love it. I wish I could spend a lifetime listening to videos like this. Thanks Luke

Amazing video, Luke!

As a graduate in modern languages, your channel is just pure gold!

I've been waiting for a video like this, and I'm delighted to see you made it. Can't think of a better person to learn this from. Thanks, Luke. Can't wait to sink my teeth into this.

DA STUDIOSO ITALIANO DI LINGUA LATINA DEVO DIRTI CHE QUESTO VIDEO È GENIALE!!

Thank you. This was a thing of beauty. I enjoyed your focus on Italian (a language I love) but have also learned much about my own language (Spanish), as you anticipated in the introduction.

Pelicula pulcherrima. That was incredibly interesting. I've enjoyed it and I think that's one of the most complete videos I've ever seen on KZfaq about evolution of Latin.

I feel like your presentation is useful for learning stress relief :) the soothing music, combined with your calm and patient voice, really facilitates learning, and calming of the mind. :-) 🤝👏

This was the video we all waited for...... Thank you.

Very good video. In Portuguese, we can see the phenomenon of the ''new future tense'' using the verb ''to have/habere'' with the ''mesóclise'': ''I will love him = amá-lo-ei (originally ''amar-lo-hei'')''. ''Mesóclise'' sounds arcaic in Brazil nowadays and it's interesting how it proves that the future tense of modern Romance languages come from the infinitive + habere.

Can't wait for spanish, romanian, french, portuguese... Honestly I'm very excited about the romanian one, bcs of its slavic influence, making it, i would say, the most singular one

Fascinating! Thanks!

I love language, being armenia from the ussr, grew up with that then russian now english and learned some spanish and french but latin and italian is a must for me, this is amazing PolyMath! Love your WORK! Awesomus Maximus man! :)x

How Latin becomes Italian? Easy, just change the order of the letters in "Latin", then repeat "i" and ""a", and finally arrange all to get "Italian".

It is such a treat to study Italian!

Uno dei video più interessanti di youtube senza dubbio, grazie Luke! Ottimo lavoro davvero!

I really enjoyed the footage accompanying this interesting essay 👏🏼

I am in awe of the pronunciation system of Latin in its varieties.

Amazing video! Although it is over an hour long, it still fills short. I'd love to see a video like this about the changes that occur from Latin to my native language, Romanian. You gave us a small glimpse of those changes but I want more. People often neglect our Roman heritage based on the differences between our language and the other, more well known, romance languages and all of the words that we adopted from Turkish and Greek during the Ottoman era and especially from Slavic prior to that. I also wonder if a pre-slavic migration proto-romanian can be reconstructed based on what we know about the evolution of romance languages.

Thank you for this excellent video, which I absolutely have to recommend to my students who want to delve deeper into the relationship between the two languages.

Little random fact In Sicilian we don't have the future tense, we express it as the present + adverb For example: Dumani vaju 'n campagna, literally "domani vado" instead of "domani andrò"

Thanks so much for making this!

I can't even imagine how long it took you to create this video. I appreciate al your hard work. It's utterly fascinating and even after an hour I feel like it was just beginning to scratch the surface. I'm a bit disappointed that it's over, kind of like a good book. I found particularly interesting the evolution of the future tense and how that occurred. In addition to the excellent content, tangentially, the music and the images you used were incredible as well.

Grazie mille Luke! I watched a documentary about the evolution of french from latin through middle french to modern french a couple months ago and since then I craved a similar video/documentary about Italian, in which I have immensely more interest in! I searched everywhere and yet to no avail, until I saw this video of yours! Thank you a thousand times magister, maestro, amico!!!

Beautiful work of art! Thank you!

Incredible video. Much appreciated

superb video as always! looking forward to the next one :)

Wow, Bravo! This video is Absolut in the delivery a complete comprehension.

Super competent, prolific, linguist and creator. 👏

I vote for any video on dialects and regional languages of Italy. Occasionally my father would break out into a stream of Sicilian and it was fun. Enjoyed your soothing masterful video.

Latin to Italian is a video I thought I would see more commonly. Thanks for the video and information.

I would love to hear about the Subjunctive in European languages, if possible. Spanish has lost the Future Subjunctive in the last two centuries, though I still uße it in some very unplausible situations; my Castilian mother (Segovia province) used it more than I do and her mother much more often. I find the Subjunctive very useful in the majority of its uses, but I do observe its lack of use in some situations in young generations (people under 45 yrs old or so) in Spain. Fascinating!! I AM in my early seventies born in Madrid, Spain.

Grazie, Luke. Bellissimo e interessantissimo documento!

Wow, what a great Halloween/Samhain gift! Thank you Luke, it's just gorgeous!

Amazing. The quality, the content, and the delivery. Thank you. Raphael nyc

I really enjoyed it. Well done!

Great video as always. How about doing something similar for Romanian? I find impressive that so many changes in Italian parallel the changes in Romanian. In fact, it feels like Romanian is some sort of an extension of Italian. No wonder then so many Romanian speakers feel Italian is the closest of all other Romance languages.

That magical talking bear got me too. Old English is on my list of languages to learn. Now I know where to go. Now if you just offered Middle English too...

Less substratum and superstratum in French rather in Italian. In French there is the Celtic substratum (Gallic) and the Germanic superstratum (Frankish) that have influenced development. When you hear Italian, you sense that the variation from Latin is the smallest of all the Romance languages. Thousand thanks for these very interesting videos.

Very scholarly explanation. Much appreciated!

This is very important and interesting for me as a conlanger (constructed language creator) as a resource for examples of phonological and morphological shifts as languages evolve.

Thank you, so amazing video. Your Italian pronunciation is beautiful.

From province of Macerata, here we also nail raddoppiamento fonosintattico! :D

The language of the Vulgate, the late 4th century translation of the Bible from Greek to Latin, shows thats much of the basis for the innovations of the modern romance languages were already in place. For example the use of ‘quia’ to introduce indirect speech, the stretched uses of ille/illa as generalized 3rd person pronouns, overuse of prepositions (dixit ad illos…) and the use of ‘romance’ vocabulary: manducare instead of edere etc…

Bravissimo, un video meraviglioso che apre la mente! Ogni paese ha le sue radici e diversità, non necessariamente oggetti di conflitto o diffidenza, ma al contrario inesauribili fonti di curiosità... Come mi hai implicitamente insegnato 👏👏👏

Thank you!

I LOVED thisvideo. THANK YOU!!!!!!! I AM a MFL teacher and I just love all the research about language development. Much appreciated 😊

Outstanding. Thank you.

Luke, I'm totally flashed by the depth of your thought process. Congratulations! Did you look at the probable influences of predecessor languages on latin? Maybe I missed the video in which you examine that.

This video has been a delight and certainly very informative for those unfamiliar with IPA, though I want to add something about your take on the indirect statements. I believe, based on the information I had gathered, that the que/che word from the Romance languages came from Latin quod, rather than quia. Quod served as a casual conjunction also, was substituting the acc. inf. construction alongside quia and even quoniam, and quod was also used as 'that' in other constructions . Quia merged with quam as 'qua' and survived in a few languages like Romanian and Neapolitan as 'ca'. Very great video nonetheless and looking forward for more videos from you.

Thank you so much for this video. I have read a lot of about the history of change from Latin to various Romance languages, endlessly fascinating subject, I cannot wait for your next videos on the matter.

Very interesting thanks for sharing

Ma quanta ricerca e lavoro ci sono stati in questo video? 😱 Tanto di cappello!

I've been looking for a summarized but fairly thorough coverage of Classical Latin to modern romance languages, and by the length, I know this will not disappoint. I'm so excited to hear about the development from vulgar to old Italian to modern romance

I am so glad you mentioned the development of the future tense in Italian. I always found it cool that it (though in a not so obvious way) Italian uses the verb avere (to have) for both future AND past. I would like to think that in an alternate universe only the word order would be the difference between I loved and I will love in Italian lol. Lovely video

I really like your voice. I think your voice sounds really pleasant, it's very magnetic, and listening to it is very calming.😇

One of your best, Luke. The music, visuals, and soft spoken English reminds me of when I would watch Eugene Weber give his lectures on PBS television. I would like to see you do this exact same thing with Spanish and Portuguese. I'd think it would be a hit, you could incorporate the Latin with the Italian. What Portuguese retained from Latin so well and what is something that makes it unique. Ditto for Spanish. I do believe it's long overdue. Naturally of course you'll get plenty of insight from speakers from Latin America and the Iberian peninsula.

Been waiting for this one for a long time;~)

Molto esaustivo e denso di informazioni importanti. Da notare che la transizione dal latino parlato all'italiano è ancora più sfumata e complessa. I casi sono totalmente persi nella flessione di nomi ed aggettivi ma sono conservati quasi intatti in quella dei pronomi personali (io, me, mi(hi), tu, te, ti attestato nei primi documenti come "tebe") ad esempio ed in parte in quella dei pronomi relativi (che, cui...). La conservazione nei nomi del caso accusativo non è sempre vera al 100%, uomo, re, vengono da nominativi puri... Il neutro è perso, ma sostantivi come uovo, dito e pochi altri non hanno altro modo di formare il plurale che quello classico in -a dei nomi neutri...Vestigia residuali e tenaci (ma vive) di un passato antichissimo

It's worth noting that some dialects of present day English _have developed_ phonemic vowel length to some degree. For example, for most speakers of Australian English, the vowel in SUM or MUCK is identical in quality to the vowel in PSALM or MARK, length being the only difference between them.

Hell yeah, thanks Luke

Thank you very much for this delightful and soothing video. The most intriguing are the examples of words changing through time and in fashions I would never have guessed. As to what I would like to hear about next, there is this curious phenomenon that in Romance or Latin there was at some time a congruence of verb forms with the object (instead of the subject) which I only know from French. I.e.: l'homme que j'ai vu la dame que j'ai vue les hommes que j'ai vus les dames que j'ai vues. I find it completely mystifying. If you know more about this and could make video on the development of habere in Latin and Romance one of these days that would be great.

bravissimo Luke, complimentiiiii👏👏👏👏im so glad for this video,i had been waiting for it and you are very well educated

I love the length of the video! So much juicy info. Very early on Classical Latin and spoken Latin hardly had any differences between each other. Classical Latin WAS how upper-class Romans spoke in the late republic early imperial times. So there was no "Vulgar Latin." But even later on when the spoken dialects of Latin were becoming very different in late antiquity, written Latin was still considered the standard way of writing their language. It's like how modern French works today. The spelling is so different from the pronunciation and verb endings are even pronounced differently from how they write French. There is no reason the "proto romance" dialects and their speakers in the early Middle Ages and late antiquity couldn't have done the same thing to the verb and case endings of literary Late Latin when reading out loud. I'm trying to reconstruct the different regional pronunciations of Latin in all the major regions from late antiquity to about the 9th or 10th century before/around the time the Carolingian reforms spread to the other Romance speaking areas. Gallo-romance is easy because all you have to do is figure out the sound changes and phonology that occurred over time. I was discussing it with KZfaqr ABalphabeta on Discord and he told me that the dialects in Gaul at the latest until the early 7th century had a 3-case nominative, genitive-dative, and accusative-ablative system, then in the mid and late 7th century it went to the two-case system we see in medieval French and Occitan. So the Gallo-romance pronunciation of Late Latin texts over time is easy to figure out when applying Roger Wright's theory to it. I did a translation of the Oaths of Strasbourg into Late Latin and applied the reconstructed pronunciation of the original Oaths to my Latin version and despite only 2 case endings in medieval french and the huge difference in phonology from the two I was able to treat the Latin version as if Latin was still the correct way of writing Romance. Trying to figure out Italo-romance and Ibero-romance pronunciation of Latin texts in that later period is a bit harder because finding information about generally when the case system completely went away or how it evolved as it was going away in those regions is harder to account for. Phonology is the easy part. From what I know with Italian, there is a theory that at some point accusative -os became -ois which become became -oi, and then -ei and then -i, becoming identical with the nominative -i. We find in Old Latin the nominative form "Poploi" which also is found in certain surviving writings as "Poploe" or "Poplei" before it becomes nominative plural "Populi" in Classical Latin. So we can see how that evolution of -oi to -i could have happened if -os became -ois and then the -s got deleted. The same thing could have happened to accusative plural and nominative plural -es. -es -eis -ei -e -i. Could the nominative plural -us have possibly gone -os -ois - -oi too when a dual case system like French had at one point before it disappeared existed in Italo-romance? Or another theory I have is possibly in Italo-romance at one point we could have had a dual case system sort of more closer to Romanian where the nominative and accusative merged earlier (so we have a situation of -us to -os to -o, so both nominative and accusatives in the singular become identical) and so we have an Accusative-nominative-ablative as one case and then we have a genitive-dative case as the other. Then when the merged genitive-dative disappears we have no cases at all by the time Italian or other Italo Romance languages are written down. This was a great video! Anyways, these are my thoughts and commentary on the subject as long as my comment was lol.

it'd be interesting to hear a Proto-Germanic vs Latin comparison. See how different those cousin languages are.

I feel like the loss of final consonants contributes more to the loss of the case system than phonemic vowel length. The fourth and fifth declension aside, the only length based distinction in the first three conjugations is the 1st declension ablative. Even with the loss of final consonants, Proto Romance kind of had to have a case system because Romanian still has a case system derived from Latin, one with a nominative/accusative and dative/ablative/genitive merger (notably all the inflections that would be indistinguishable without final consonants (ignoring genitive plurals) are merged)

Fabulous video. You rock!

I am embarking very now on a journey through Dante’s Commedia. Fortuitous timing, my friend!

thanks Luke!

"Sao ko kelle terre, per kelle fini que ki contene, trenta anni le possette parte Sancti Benedicti." Capua, 960 d.C., Italiano, anzi Italianissimo! .. e quindi intimamente Latino.

It's amazing how they almost all ditched the consonants at the end of many words.

1:11:50 I suppose the Future Tense *_COULD_* have survived; but that would have meant the loss of the Imperfect Tense 🤔.

Wow. I loved this. As someone who speaks italian and Spanish this was fascinating. So many of these patterns and shifts apply to Spanish equally.. E.g. palatium -> palatyum -> palacio (pah lah thi oh)

Thanks!

Exactly what I was looking for

This is very interesting and I'm learning Italian now as a French speaker who learned passable Spanish and sometimes have to stop myself to remark at how both languages are similar to Italian yet distinct enough from each other. That said, the œ dipthong is still present in French words like œil. But also sœur, œuf.

1:04:37 Finnish also has this kind of a sandhi-phenomenon, similar to _raddoppiamento fonosintattico,_ called: _”Jäännöslopuke”, ”Loppuhenkonen”, ”Rajakahdennus”,_ etc., meaning: ”Remnant Ending”, ”Final Aspiration”, ”Syntactic Gemination”, etc., respectively; which used to be denoted with a final apostrophe ”-’”, or letters: ”-k”, ”-h” or: ”-q”, or by geminating the initial consonant of a sufficial clitic, back in the 1800’s; but, now, isn’t marked (similarly to Italian), as it tends to come naturally, for native speakers; except in certain environments, like before clitics, by varying numbers of speakers. Of course; Krasnian (which I mentioned, in the update-video of Lucian pronunciation) marks it with an apostrophe: ”-’”, in ”Lacịƞḱa”; with a hard mark: ”-Ъ”/”-ъ”, in ”Kiriĺịca”; and with a plain square: ”-𑀩” (indicating a so-called ”neutral consonant”), in ”Krásnịca”. The word: _”Jäännöslopuke”_ actually has a _”Jäännöslopuke”,_ and is written, as: _”Jäännöslopuke’”_ (Lacịƞḱa), or: _”Йääннöслопукеъ”_ (Kiriĺịca), in Krasnian. Also worth noting, is that; while many Finnish-speakers are losing that _”Jäännöslopuke’”,_ when reciting in ”Standard” Finnish _(”Kirjakieli”_ = ”Book Language”); such as, when narrating a documentary (a phenomenon, which I’ve noticed becoming alarmingly common, in my own lifetime of 31 years); because it’s not marked, graphically; in Krasnian, the _”Jäännöslopuke’”_ is strictly prescribed (hence, why it’s also marked, graphically, in Krasnian); because, much like, with the 5 distinct stress-levels of Krasnian (which even most stress-based languages might find overkill), a lot of Krasnian grammar (such as ”Compound Moods”) depends upon _”Jäännöslopuke’”._ Consider, for example, the Krasnian Optative Mood (Conditional: ”-isi” + Imperative: ”-’”), in the plea: _”Tulisi’ tänne’.”_ (= ”Please, come here.”). If Krasnian had no _”Jäännöslopuke’”,_ the Optative Mood would merge with the Conditional Mood; and thus, the sentence would become: _”Tulisi tänne.”_ (= ”Would come here.”); like it’d be written, in Finnish. Krasnian also doesn’t have a direct equivalent to the English word: ”Please”; which makes this Optative Mood; and, by extension, the _”Jäännöslopuke’”;_ that much more necessary. Thus; Krasnian grammar, as we know it, simply wouldn’t exist, without _”Jäännöslopuke’”_ (or the 5 distinct phonemic stress levels); just like, how Latin grammar, as we know it, simply wouldn’t exist, without phonemic vowel length. *EDIT:* 1:05:00 There is also a similar exception, in Finnish, with the sufficial clitic: ”-kA” (”-ka”/”-kä”, according to the vowel harmony), where, after a few words, like: _”Tai”_ (= ”Or”) and: _”Vai”_ (= ”Or(?)”), the ”K” of that clitic gets geminated, in orthography, as well: _”Taikka”_ (= ”Or” (Emphatic)), and: _”Vaikka”_ (= ”Although”). Of course; in Krasnian, there are 2 different, but equally valid, ways to write the word: _”Taikka”;_ either: _”Taikka”/”Taǰkka” (”Таикка”/”Таӥкка”,_ in ”Kiriĺịca”), with a geminated ”K”, as in Finnish; or: _”Tai’ka”/”Taǰ’ka” (”Таиъка”/”Таӥька”,_ in ”Kiriĺịca”), with an apostrophe, for clarity; as to, what is the root word. However; for the word: ”Vaikka”, the recommendation is to write it, as: _”Vaikka”/”Vaǰkka”_ _(”Ваикка”/_ _”Ваӥкка”,_ in ”Kiriĺịca”), with a geminated ”K”; because its meaning: ”Although”, is drastically different, from the meaning of its root word: ”Or(?)”, in questions; and thus, it’s mostly treated, as a totally different word; whereas _”Taikka”_ just means: ”Or”, in statements; just like its root word: _”Tai’”,_ except that _”Taikka”_ is used, as a more emphatic variant; or, in _”Kansaƞkieli”_ (= ”Vulgar Krasnian”), as an equal, free variant. Contrary to Finnish, where _”Taikka”_ is used to separate sets of multiple options, from each other, or, from singular options; and such distinction can’t even be made, for questions, in Finnish; because the analogous word: _”Vaikka”,_ has a totally different meaning (”Although”); Krasnian uses the words: _”Tahi”/”Таһи”_ and: _”Vahi”/”Ваһи”,_ for that very distinction, in statements and questions, respectively. For example: _”Voimme tehdä’ pihviäm tai’ keittoam, tahi mennä’ ravintolaan.”_ (”We can make stake or soup, *_OR_* go to a restaurant.”) _”Menemmekö Ìntialaiseen vai’ Kìinalaiseen Ravintolaan?,* vahi syömmekö kotona?”_ (”Shall we go to the Indian or the Chinese restaurant, *_OR_* shall we eat home?”) * The ”?,” is there, to represent the Krasnian _”Kysymyspilkku”_ (”Question Comma”), which is used to end question clauses, but never whole sentences. The ”proper” form is a question mark, whose dot below has been replaced by a comma; but that doesn’t exist, in the Unicode; because it (just like its sibling: _”Huutopilkku”_ = ”The Exclamation Comma”) is unique to Krasnian; thus, in print, the standard form is a regular, old question mark, followed by a regular, old comma. Example usage could be: _”Soitatko minullem?, kun pääset kotiin.”_ (”Will you call me, when you get home?”) Thus; when a sentence that contains a question clause (even a direct question clause) ends in a statement clause, it gets a regular period/full stop, at the end; not a question mark. This, of course, makes more sense, when you really think about it: The question clause ends in a question mark (not necessarily a question point, though), and the statement clause ends in a regular point/comma; instead of having the question clause ending in a regular comma, and the statement clause ending in a question mark; and it also helps pinpoint, at a glance, which part of the sentence is the actual question. Another note, regarding the penultimate and the antepenultimate example sentences: I very deliberately CAPITALIZED, *bold faced,* and _italicized_ the 2nd *_”OR”,_* in each one, to highlight this ”stronger ”Or””, which corresponds to the words: _”Tahi”_ and: _”Vahi”,_ respectively. Just in case the commas weren’t enough of an indication. Krasnian also often uses the appropriate version of commas (regular, Question, or Exclamation Commas), for that purpose; but they are pretty subtle; and, of course, in speech, you can’t indicate things, with commas, at all. For the penultimate example sentence; the words: _”Intialainen”, ”Kiinalainen”,_ and: _”Ravintola”_ (= ”Indian”, ”Chinese”, and: ”Restaurant”, respectively; all, in the Illative Case: ”Into”) are capitalized (representing an added Weak Stress, on the 1st syllable), to indicate that they’re definite nouns and/or adjectives; and the adjectives: _”Ìntialainen”_ and _”Kìinalainen”_ have the (optional) grave accent, on top of their 1st vowels, to indicate the slight falling pitch, that’s characteristic of definite nouns (and adjectives), whose 1st syllable is long (unless its 2nd mora happens to be an obstruent; specifically, a voiceless sibilant, or any plosive, glide, or spirant). This grave accent is, of course, mostly used, in educational material; such, as this comment.

They discovered tomatoes thus the modern Italian was born.

Ineccepibile come sempre!

Literally the only place that teaches actual Latin and Old English and it costs a kidney or two ;-; I think it's really great that it exists though, at least there's that chance in the future

1:13:10 That's interesting because you can do the same thing in the northern dialect of Albanian. The future tense is usually created with to want + subjunctive (e.g. "do të shkoj" means "I will go", but literally it's "I want that I go"), but there's a second way in the northern dialect where you can say "kam me shkua" which literally means "I have to go" but it actually means I will go or I'm going to go. You can't do that in the southern dialect because they don't have an infinitive.

Amazing video, Luke. You mention that the Latin accusative form can be considered the antecedent in some way of the Italian word. But it seems to me that the ablative form, which lacks the usual terminal "m" of the accusative, is almost always a closer match, e.g. "latte" from "lacte" rather than from "lactem".

Awesome!

Is Italian really one of the few Romance languages to retain /kwa/ from "qua"? It seems to also be retained in Spanish (cuando), Portuguese (quando), Catalan (quan), Occitan (quan) and numerous other Romance languages.