How Pagan Was Medieval Britain?

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Күн бұрын

Did paganism survive all through the Middle Ages, as scholars once thought, remaining the religion of the common people, while the elite had embraced Christianity? Or did it die out earlier?
This lecture will consider a broad range of evidence, including figures in seasonal folk rites, carvings in churches, the records of trials for witchcraft and a continuing veneration of natural places such as wells. It will also compare ancient paganism and medieval Christianity as successive religious systems.
A lecture by Ronald Hutton recorded on 7 June 2023 at Barbican Centre, London
The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website:
www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/m...
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Пікірлер: 376

@anthonyvictor3034 10 ай бұрын

It is ironic to see the hostility among some observers to Prof Hutton regarding his interpretation of historical evidence. From what I have read, he is personally sympathetic to paganism. But his task is not to evangelise for the tradition but to explore a historical question. Such an approach should be judged according to evidence not personal preferences. He gives an interpretation of evidence and should be judged by the standard of his research and not by what we might like or dislike.

@Jumpoable 10 ай бұрын

Well I mean, Christians do NOT appreciate the history of Christianity, just the mythology of it.

@violenceislife1987 10 ай бұрын

Agreed

@Dischordian 10 ай бұрын

I didn't see any hostility - they were simply subjecting the matter to scrutiny.

@lacolocha75 10 ай бұрын

That really wasn’t hostility it was very polite academic discusssion!!

@johninman7545 9 ай бұрын

There's no debate. People used to debate not scream at each other

@sbentler6830 Ай бұрын

I could listen to Prof.Hutton endlessly. What a treasure! Even his asides are crammed with knowledge you just won’t find anywhere else.

@JOHN----DOE 10 ай бұрын

Lovely to hear an articulate, rational scholar going into granular primary sources instead of pushing some wish-fulfilling ideology. Please keep it up. Real scholarship is endangered.

@martinm.6459 10 ай бұрын

Even as a half German and half Hungarian guy (whose mother tongue is not English) is a joy to hear professor Hutton's beautiful and sophisticated English.Last but not at least his lectures are highly interesting !!! 👍 Greetings from Hungary🇭🇺

@madeinengland1212 7 ай бұрын

He is an arresting sight if you cross paths with him, as i did in Oxford one day. Totally unique style. Historical style but not reproduction. I think his dress says “we have something to learn from the past. Don’t throw it all away. “

@seande1855 2 ай бұрын

Thank you Gresham College , and thank you Prof.Hutton for all you bring us , but most of all just being ; You . Brilliant !

@melissarey2973 10 ай бұрын

Ooooo! A new one. So excited! I enjoy Ronald Hutton's presentations on these topics so much more than others out there. Thank you, Gresham, for posting and Ronald Hutton for another excellent lecture.

@trishriederer1857 10 ай бұрын

266 views in less than an hour.. He is a favorite of mine too

@stufour 10 ай бұрын

Couldn’t put it better! Thank you Gresham!

@Padraigp 10 ай бұрын

He's a Marvel....loved when he would visit Ruth and tom and Alex on their historical farms and provide for the social aspects1❤

@christophersmall4603 10 ай бұрын

And next year, Magic? Right on!

@GeorgeEH 10 ай бұрын

And keep them coming, Gresham College!

@jasonhatfield3084 10 ай бұрын

10 minutes in, and I already feel the urge to put on some Jethro Tull (Songs From the Wood; "jack o' the green") and some PJ Harvey ("sheela na gig"). Thanks for the new Ron video.

@authormichellefranklin 10 ай бұрын

Love Prof. Hutton. What a treat his classes are! Please have him on again!

@davidchurch3472 Ай бұрын

Have you ever noticed how, if someone else were speaking so slowly, it would be either frustratingly annoying, or soporifically boring, but Prof Hutton's inflections make it draw you in to a deeper interest and understanding, as we have longer to understand the information and take it in. It is a marvellous skill.

@SirVashtastic 10 ай бұрын

Perfect lecture for the summer Solstice ☀️

@kellysouter4381 10 ай бұрын

Winter solstice here in Australia! Pork and apples. Pine, cedar, frankincense and juniper smells in the house. Giving of gifts, chocolate actually 😄

@jrojala 10 ай бұрын

This talk was so enjoyable! I adore Prof. Hutton’s work and I love his style. Sincerest thanks for sharing it with us here. This midwestern millennial has the opportunity to benefit from talks I wouldn’t normally have access to simply because cool people share them online! It’s one of the few benefits I have noted as a person of a certain age… haha

@benjaminwalker5750 10 ай бұрын

Superb presentation, well marshalled facts, arguing for a conclusion that is probably disagreeable to many members of the audience. Hutton is a great scholar, and we're lucky to have him.

@llassahllassah3983 10 ай бұрын

What I like the most here is that the introduction to the lecture makes a point to acknowledge that there are beliefs and traditions which were misattributed to a pagan past but are still nonetheless important to people right now, so the misattribution has had an impact on how we now see the world. I cannot wait for a talk on Edwardian paganism, which was delightful!

@cookiessprite 10 ай бұрын

Yes! I love the Prof's lectures. Thanks for giving us another one.

@giuseppersa2391 10 ай бұрын

Always exceptional to see our favourite Prof gracing us ❤😊

@HLBear 10 ай бұрын

Thanks to Ronald Hutton and Gresham. I enjoy all of his lectures!

@thishandleistacken 10 ай бұрын

Every time I see this man I cant help but smile :) Thank you professor and thank you Gresham.

@barbararowley6077 10 ай бұрын

A Professor Hutton lecture is always a highlight! Fascinating and absorbing as always. Thank you!

@megamanusa5 10 ай бұрын

That was a great lecture! My tuppence observation is that it's interesting that although the names of Germanic deities are preserved in the days of the week, and in the festival of Easter, and of course we still have Roman months, this wasn't enough to protect the deities from being abandoned.

@Cat_Woods 10 ай бұрын

I was hoping for an explanation for how these came to be preserved, despite the elimination of paganism.

@megamanusa5 10 ай бұрын

@@Cat_Woods I think Portuguese is the only language that replaced the pagan names of the week. The Portuguese must have been serious pagans to have had their days of the week taken away from them! Also maybe Russian does this as well.

@Cat_Woods 10 ай бұрын

@@megamanusa5 Interesting, I didn't know that. Thanks.

@Neilhuny 10 ай бұрын

Prof Hutton explicitly excluded anything pagan absorbed by Christianity (26:18) and discussed only paganism where it existed solely as an alternative belief system.

@hughcrosthwait5497 10 ай бұрын

@@Cat_Woods Prof Hutton spoke briefly about this in the earlier lecture in this series about Anglo-Saxon paganism. It's at around 51.00 in that lecture

@Mirrorgirl492 10 ай бұрын

Fantastic, fascinating. Professor Hutton, as always, had me hanging on every word.

@naomiseraphina9718 10 ай бұрын

Well, the story of an unbroken Pagan tradition may only be a fantasy, but obviously there has always been something that people have needed from the old Pagan ways. Something in our hearts kept them alive, if only as a sort of dream, throughout the years of their obscurity. The proof is that we, the Pagans of today, are here. We dance to the tunes of the Old Gods even if we have to compose them all ourselves. And thanks be to the gods that this is so!

@Wotsitorlabart 10 ай бұрын

Sorry, but your 'Old Pagan Ways' are just 18th/19th/20th century made up stuff.

@MarmaladeINFP 10 ай бұрын

The beating of the bounds, wassailing, etc probably originated in paganism.

@Wotsitorlabart 10 ай бұрын

@@MarmaladeINFP No evidence for a pagan origin for either. Or the etc's.

@bugzyhardrada3168 10 ай бұрын

Considering that everything christians is unoriginal and derives from something and somewhere and someone else, I think it's safe to say all things have an unchristian origin. A plagerized, erroneous work of theological fiction is perhaps something that is best described as wholly unoriginal.

@bugzyhardrada3168 10 ай бұрын

@@xunqianbaidu6917 I'm not. Please explain what you mean?

@merlapittman5034 10 ай бұрын

Again, a marvelous lecture. Professor Hutton is just so very interesting and informative, and I really like his lecture style

@b.hammersley6247 10 ай бұрын

Being interesting isn't enough. You need to be accurate too. See my comments 7 days ago.

@christopherhowse1217 10 ай бұрын

Bravo Professor Hutton, informative and entertaining as always!

@susanscott8653 10 ай бұрын

What a delightful and educational lecture. Thank you so much.

@alexwood3251 9 ай бұрын

I have thoroughly enjoyed professor Hutton’s lecture series. I eagerly await next years series.

@kimberlyperrotis8962 10 ай бұрын

❤ these history videos from Gresham College, more, please.

@peterzarelli1432 10 ай бұрын

Loved him on Philomena Cunk! And also this lecture

@Horribilus Ай бұрын

Brilliant! I never knew Hutton during my time at Oxford although I saw him about town. He undoubtedly belongs in All Souls like the “rest” of the world’s best. Make me scream; “eureka!”

@MAPolomski 10 ай бұрын

On the matter of yew trees in church yards, I believe there is mention in Gerald of Wales of while doing a preaching tour to raise recruits for the Crusades that they were encouraged to plant yew trees for the making of Longbows.

@I_hate_roads 9 ай бұрын

Great as always, if but a bit strict in the definition of Paganism. A bit more emphasis on folklore and traditions would have painted a better picture

@KevinArdala01 10 ай бұрын

These lectures were brilliant, enjoyed every single one of them. 👍

@TheDailyWitch 8 ай бұрын

Fascinating! Dr Hutton always delivers well researched and informative talks.

@jimbothewan 10 ай бұрын

Stumbled across this and thoroughly enjoyed this informative lecture.

@kellysouter4381 10 ай бұрын

My favourite lecturer. Always interesting, thank you.

@rodeastell3615 10 ай бұрын

Excellent video ... well done Prof. Hutton.

@kaarlimakela3413 10 ай бұрын

Happy find! My dude! 😊

@mauroacastello6351 10 ай бұрын

Fascinating lecture!

@thegroove2000 10 ай бұрын

This man's knowledge is very impressive. Thanks for this..

@genier7829 10 ай бұрын

Thanks, I found the unraveling of symbols and created historical roots very interesting.

@curtiswfranks 10 ай бұрын

If Hutton, then click the like button.

@rjmun580 10 ай бұрын

Thank you, another lecture both educational and entertaining.

@robertr7569 10 ай бұрын

Enjoyed this lecture a great deal.

@bearhustler 10 ай бұрын

Thank you for bringing up the facts about aging Yew trees.

@Woodwalker219 9 ай бұрын

Informative and very relaxing.I use to cure insomnia.

@louisemay974 10 ай бұрын

Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful lecture.

@eamonnobroithe2988 10 ай бұрын

Wonderful lecture. Sheila-na-Gig is obviously an Irish term, I wonder if in origin it was "Síle an Ghogaide" (Síle on her hunkers)

@Padraigp 10 ай бұрын

Oh well done you that makes a lot of sense.

@LuciThomasHardylover-qx6ts 4 ай бұрын

He did actually talk about how the image came from France and Spain, how the Irish developed their own story for her and earlier the usage of the Irish name.

@Shineon83 10 ай бұрын

….A new Professor Hutton lecture? 1. Ringer “Off” …. 2. “Do Not Disturb” on Doorknob….3. Cup of Hot Tea in Hand……❤

@Benjamin.Jamin. 10 ай бұрын

Fantastic as always. Thank you! It's nice to imagine a continuous line of folk tradition and paganism, but the evidence clearly doesn't bear that out.

@williambranch4283 10 ай бұрын

Irish Christianity, and Welsh and Scottish were considered barbaric while not under the control of Roman priests. Roman Christianity substituted the superstitions of one semi-pagan people for another. That underlying non-roman-ness fueled the heresies and eventual Protestantism all over Europe.

@Wotsitorlabart 10 ай бұрын

Only in neo-pagan wishful thinking did it somehow survive. But then actual historical evidence is not one of their strong points.

@MarmaladeINFP 10 ай бұрын

The beating of the bounds, wassailing, etc probably originated in paganism.

@Wotsitorlabart 10 ай бұрын

@@MarmaladeINFP No they didn't.

@GoldenKaos 10 ай бұрын

@@MarmaladeINFP”probably” doing a lot of heavy lifting there

@graybeard101 4 ай бұрын

thank you well explained interesting and informative.

@treegoblin5479 9 ай бұрын

Great stuff , love it

@malcolmdouglas5476 10 ай бұрын

Superb.

@tracyrupp4882 Ай бұрын

Hi Ronald. I have a degree in horticulture and have never heard that Yew trees do not have rings. This is fascinating! Is it because of the density or growth rapidity of the Taxus wood or do rings develop, but they're just absent because the original trunk becomes gutted over time? Really intriguing. Sadly, there are few ancestral Yews in the US, but, fortunately, a very old one in Spring Grove Cemetery about an hour from me.

@rachelsanger8629 10 ай бұрын

Interesting to learn that church-going was not compulsory in medieval times.

@faithlesshound5621 10 ай бұрын

It all went wrong (in England) with Henry VIII. The church had gathered great wealth, so he seized it all for himself and his friends, while switching from being a devout Catholic to an equally devout Protestant. The religious nuts (on both sides) made church-going compulsory, but they never managed to hold onto power for very long. Fortunately the hard cases decided to emigrate to America, where they have been given their head to do their worst.

@jackdawes1965 10 ай бұрын

Always love the profs lectures My observation being a Brit is that we are and probably have never been a very religious population in general

@megw7312 10 ай бұрын

The Britons of the 1st century were apostolic Christians. The Anglo / Saxon arrivals eventually adopted Rome’s version (Augustine). It has been said that Edward 1st wore a Papal ring, etc., etc. So, whereabouts, and who, are the Britons in question?

@Vandelberger 10 ай бұрын

@@megw7312They also fought very hard to keep their Druid traditions alive, according to the Romans.

@grimble4564 9 ай бұрын

I think the British have never been big on centralized religion, but to me the point of this lecture is that people had very strong local traditions that were more concerned with everyday life than the abstract theology of the parish or monastery.

@Vandelberger 10 ай бұрын

Well the first question brought up a whole new line of questions.

@Spielkalb-von-Sparta 3 ай бұрын

Thank you very much indeed for this lecture! Coming from Germany raised in a protestantism area I never was exposed to any kind of the worshipping of saints. The connection between those and the former pagan polytheism was an eye-opener to me. This approach makes a lot of sense to me in understanding of the transition into the new religion.

@waynemcauliffe-fv5yf 10 ай бұрын

Ronald does it again

@tbjtbj7930 10 ай бұрын

I wish I could remember where I read this, but whilst studying Hardy I found an account of a village an early 19c traveller had stumbled upon deep in the woods. To his amazement it had no church, no minister and the inhabitants 'knew nothing of the gospels'. The evangelisation of Britain seemed to have missed them out completely.

@kenofken9458 10 ай бұрын

That would be interesting to document. I think it's fairly unlikely as it's very hard to conceive of any area of Britain so remote and wild in that time period that it would have remained untouched by Christianity. It's a big island and prior to railroads had it's less traveled areas, but it wasn't like the farthest reaches of the Baltics or Siberia.

@tbjtbj7930 10 ай бұрын

@@kenofken9458 That's why I've remembered it. I suspect the writer might have been being a bit Romantic, and the villagers were just totally neglected by the local church. But without the source who knows.

@faithlesshound5621 10 ай бұрын

@@tbjtbj7930 You suspect the Victorian poet Thomas Hardy might have been "a bit Romantic?" I suspect he might have had his novelist's hat on at the time.

@kattkatt744 8 ай бұрын

This is an authors ghost story told at the fire place. The Sami where the last population to be converted into the Abrahamic religions in Europe. They where converted as late as the beginning of the 18th century and even with them living in the Arctic and many of them being nomadic as late as the 19th century, Christianity reached every nook and cranny of their society. That there would be a place in the the British Isles overlooked by Christianisation in 19th century is so extremely statistically unlikely that you got to guess that is exactly why the story was enticing for Hardy to tell because if he could get you to belive that he truly would be the master of storytelling.

@johncourtneidge 10 ай бұрын

Thank-you!

@helenamcginty4920 10 ай бұрын

So nice to see Prof. Hutton drinking water from a glass rather than glugging from a plastic bottle.

@dominicrooney5638 10 ай бұрын

Invented tradition and the historicity of historical investigation - delicious!

@kenofken9458 10 ай бұрын

How Pagan was medieval Britain? Not as Pagan as Britain today😁

@kristjiannne Ай бұрын

My family celebrated May Day by going door to door with flowers and with a Maypole in the backyard.

@blackstonewielder19 7 ай бұрын

It might be worth studying saint's lives very carefully, because in other countries Christianized pagan gods aren't always as obvious as St Brigit. In Russia, a story featuring St Nicholas and St Elijah seems to be very much a Christian veneer over a story about the Slavic gods Veles and Perun respectively.

@paulvonhindenburg4727 10 ай бұрын

There were prayers to Odin found in some north English Barn deriving from the 18th century.

@PILLOWKVLT 10 ай бұрын

source?

@paulvonhindenburg4727 10 ай бұрын

@@PILLOWKVLT I wish I could remember. Some book having to do with folk beliefs.

@PetroicaRodinogaster264 Ай бұрын

I would have thought that summertime was the very time that chimney sweeps would’ve had the most work. The fires not going would’ve made it so much easier to clean the chimneys, ready for the winter when they would be burning again, but what do I know?

@Albinojackrussel 10 ай бұрын

Anyone who's interested in the stuff about medieval atheism/scepticism there is another lecture on this channel about exactly that. It should come up if you just search "Gresham medieval atheism"

@rachelsanger8629 10 ай бұрын

Yes, that's a really interesting lecture too!

@christiericardo3101 10 ай бұрын

Fantastic lecture!

@user-pt3gi5ul2e 10 ай бұрын

Is Sheela Na Gig why "Sheila" is coarse slang in Oz?

@Y2KMillenniumBug 10 ай бұрын

We started with the King and I, followed by my fair lady, then there is Oliver twist begging for food and Annie with Uncle Starbuck. Than there is the Sola scriptura from sound of music, oh let's not forget about Mary Poppins that warned about the Bank going bust. Hahaha

@16252 10 ай бұрын

cool thanks

@lacolocha75 10 ай бұрын

As I understand it current academic view is that Sheela na gigs did not in fact come from france

@jean-lucpicard5510 10 ай бұрын

His voice is familiar. Has he ever been in a historical documentary about the English civil war?

@BoerChris 10 ай бұрын

Only one thing I would take issue with: Would not May, and the beginning of summer, represent the start of the busy season for sweeps? After all, sweeps cannot do their work while hearths are in use.

@megw7312 10 ай бұрын

Not many chimneys in Britain in medieval times. In simple homes, the smoke wafted through the thatch or a hole in the roof.

@sarahmillard6401 10 ай бұрын

@@megw7312Prof Hutton in the lecture stated that the Jack-in-the-Green phenomenon started in London in the late 18th century, when most homes would have a chimney. It was not a medieval phenomenon.

@Wotsitorlabart 10 ай бұрын

@@sarahmillard6401 And in the warmer months no fires means no soot, means no work for chimney sweeps.

@ianchristian7949 10 ай бұрын

As always a very entertaining and informative lecture from D̶r̶ ̶W̶h̶o̶ ProfRonH but... I may have missed it as I was cooking dinner while listening but the title of the lecture on KZfaq was How Pagan was Mediæval (that's my style, what's yours?) Britain but there was no mention of Wales or Scotland. And the mediæval period is generally taken to run from the end of the Roman occupation to the start of the Renaissance, rounded to 500-1500 AD. So early mediæval Britain was very pagan.

@luminous3357 26 күн бұрын

➡️ So, the origin of the green man was medieval ppls belief in a wild man of the forest, and that belief just popped up out of nowhere? Puts me in mind of the subject of the archetypal wildman creature that appears in the folk history of many cultures across the world, a belief which goes far deeper into history than the middle ages and touches on the subject of sasquatch/yeti type entities. I'd love to see someone do serious research into the history of folk beliefs around this subject.

@williampo8304 3 ай бұрын

Actually "Mary" is really the Goddess Juno whose Name in ancient Etruscan ( according to Cicero) means "She Who Aids" ...now known as "Our Lady of Perpetual Help".

@robturner3065 Ай бұрын

11:00 what? No one cooked or heated water all summer? As someone who grew up in a house with a Rayburn and remembers it blazing away all year...

@petrapetrakoliou8979 10 ай бұрын

Of course yew trees do have tree rings! This may just have been a slip of the tongue of Prof. Hutton. Every real tree of the temperate climate does have tree rings. Maybe he heard that it doesn't have any resin canals. Yew has exceptionally conspicuous rings that you cas easily count to tell the age of the tree... In churchyards they are often several hundred years old.

@gwynapnudd9199 10 ай бұрын

Welsh saints, reaching the parts you didn't know you had since the 5thC

@CartledgeJohn 6 ай бұрын

I wonder if some of these folk traditions influenced the mind of JRR Tolkien? The Elvish realm of Lothlorien is ruled by a beautiful white-clad lady called Galadriel, whose husband Celeborn is a very secondary figure in the regime.

@violenceislife1987 10 ай бұрын

25:05 oh my

@Y2KMillenniumBug 10 ай бұрын

And where is the fantastic garden? I don't see any yet. I think the bible was documenting places where you can find western food like Colliseums and Eden where you get western style food settings like those we see in the movies.. Western form of Acupuncture.

@Eriugena8 10 ай бұрын

Thanks but I'm not touching anything today unless it's Ron Hutton. Oh wait, it is!!

@elizabethmcglothlin5406 10 ай бұрын

It seems that paganism just seeped into English Christianity in an organic way, with later crackdowns leading to a fragmenting effect.

@violenceislife1987 10 ай бұрын

2:13 seems logical

@diegooland1261 10 ай бұрын

Isn't Pagan used to describe religious/spiritual practices pre-Christianity? If so, doesn't that make everyone pagan before the Christians came along?

@InTheRhettRow 10 ай бұрын

Yes. Though it pertains more to the polytheistic religions brought in by Indo Europeans (Celts, Anglo-Saxons, Slavic, Greek, Latin) as opposed to the religions pre-Bronze age, though they were most definitely nature based polytheistic.

@jrd33 10 ай бұрын

The word Pagan was introduced in the 4th century by Christians to refer to people who aren't Christians. I wouldn't try to use it as a general term outside of Christian cultures.

@rachelsanger8629 10 ай бұрын

Not "everyone" ! there were already other religions like Judaism and Hinduism. Not everyone turned to Christianity.

@HamCubes 7 ай бұрын

Bookmark 17:48

@MrRobertFarr 10 ай бұрын

❤ As Pagan as The Witchfinder General !❤

@davepx1 2 ай бұрын

Re the witch trials of the 16th-17th centuries (53:35), my understanding is that it wasn't Christian (at this stage Catholic) theology that mutated from the late 15th century, but rather that the cause of witch-hunting was taken up by some oddballs and opportunists in the face of opposition from the Church hierarchy, then adopted at the height of the frenzy by some local episcopal rabble-rousers and their Protestant counterparts as central ecclesiastical control waned during the Reformation, the authorities in Rome throughout resisting the notion of evil being able to manifest itself through human supernatural action. There may have been some dilution of the official line as the hysteria took off, but the pre-Reformation Church was unreceptive to such lunacy. I suspect Prof Hutton' would say much the same, and the formulation just came out a bit garbled in answering a question "off the cuff", as often happens.

@Y2KMillenniumBug 10 ай бұрын

Now now that's why I said we are mixing true documentarian and mixing it with gaming role playing. The carpenter guy does have an actual person and face. I am sure Bruce Lee has it's origins. So dies Lucy, Twitty Birds Homer and Bart Simpsons family.

@miyojewoltsnasonth2159 10 ай бұрын

4:30 The Sheela na Gig here looks a little bit like an alien. Do most Sheela na Gig representations have this alien-like appearance?

@asherroodcreel640 10 ай бұрын

Did you know we evolved from aliens just look at hithight man

@adrianaslund8605 10 ай бұрын

Back in iron age roman times they straight up freaked the romans out. One time they made landfall and women were throwing themselves on them attacking them. So the romans cut them down. But then the women gathered in a pile and a briton came out of the woods with a torch and lit the pile on fire. They were greased up in pitch or something and the romans had unwittingly participated in human sacrifice. Which freaked the romans out.

@seastorm1979 9 ай бұрын

I`m sure that many old pagan customs and traditions survived in medieval Europe without people even thinking that they were pagan traditions! It`s well recorded that here in Finland the people brought bear pelts to churches as offerings and making other offerings to forest fairies and the Church had a really tough time convincing everybody that they were not supposed to do that! And many such traditions survived well into the 19th century. So people didn´t even think that they were doing anything "pagan", they were just doing what everybody had been doing all the time.

@kimberlyperrotis8962 10 ай бұрын

Oops, YT unsubscribed me! I fixed that right away.

@jamiegallier2106 10 ай бұрын

❤

@Foxglove963 10 ай бұрын

During December appear throughout Europe black men, such as Black Pete. At Groningen was excavated a black mask from the Iron Age. Shamans used masks as representations of another reality. In the 6th and 7th centuries AD the Continental Saxons still observed pagan customs at their offering places, including structured alignments to a sacred stone, until destroyed by the Frankish army.

@wor53lg50 5 ай бұрын

Can you tell me what you mean by black men and what a person of colour has anything to do with this thread?...

@JelMain 10 ай бұрын

With no reference to Graves' White Goddess, Fraser's The Golden Bough, and the wider Victorian creation of a very rough estimate of history, there's no way to treat the possible fabulation fairly.

@van3363 10 ай бұрын

How did my grandmother have a green man on her wall in 1968? In Missouri, USA. She did. And she called it such.

@chendaforest 9 ай бұрын

Well it was popular in Britain so it likely influence other parts of the English speaking world.

@van3363 9 ай бұрын

@@chendaforest well thats not matching the times in this video and it doesn't explain things like folk magic she and her friends taught me. Folk magic from Appalachian hills. Handed down generation to generation. The craft is real, always has been and servivives today.

@chendaforest 9 ай бұрын

@@van3363 I don't doubt that area has a rich tradition of magic, which likely had many influences.

@Y2KMillenniumBug 10 ай бұрын

Now I don't know if they were supposed to look for Blockchain One or Two. Or 3? I dunno cause I am in hiding.