How to Read and Understand a Balance Sheet (Apple in Review)

  Рет қаралды 230,343

Leila Gharani

Leila Gharani

Күн бұрын

Get Access to My Course "Fundamentals of Financial Analysis" 👉 www.xelplus.com/course/learn-...
Dive into the world of financial analysis with this comprehensive guide on reading and analyzing a balance sheet, featuring Apple's latest financials. Perfect for analysts, managers, entrepreneurs, or aspiring investors!
⬇️ Download the file I used in the video from here 👉 pages.xelplus.com/ratios-exce...
🔍 What's Inside:
▪️ Understanding Financial Statements: Learn where to find financial statements, focusing on the 10-K (annual) and 10-Q (quarterly) reports, typically available in the Investor Relations section of a company's website.
▪️ Analyzing Apple's Balance Sheet: Get a step-by-step walkthrough of Apple's balance sheet, including key components like assets, liabilities, and equity.
▪️ Insightful Ratios for Financial Analysis: Discover important financial ratios like current ratio, debt ratio, and working capital days to assess a company's liquidity, capital structure, and operational efficiency.
▪️ Operational Efficiency Analysis: Explore Apple's management of assets through inventory days outstanding, receivable days, and payable days, culminating in the calculation of the cash conversion cycle.
▪️ Summarizing Financial Health: Conclude with a summary of Apple's financial health, highlighting liquidity, debt management, and operational efficiency.
In this video you'll learn how to read a balance sheet and how to calculate some important ratios. We'll cover the current ratio, debt ratio, working capital days, and the cash conversion cycle.
🌍 My Online Excel Courses ► www.xelplus.com/courses/
00:00 How to Read and Analyze a Balance Sheet
00:34 10-K and 10-Q Reports
01:13 Assets
03:06 Liabilities
05:23 Equity
07:54 Ratios in Financial Analysis
08:26 Current Ratio
09:49 Debt Ratio
11:20 Inventory Days
12:32 Receivable Days
13:09 Payable Days
13:39 Cash Conversion Cycle
14:19 Summary
🎬 LINKS to related videos:
How the Balance Sheet Works: • How the Balance Sheet ...
Financial Leverage Explained: • How to Use Debt to Bui...
➡️ Join this channel to get access to perks: / @leilagharani
👕☕ Get the Official XelPlus MERCH: xelplus.creator-spring.com/
🎓 Not sure which of my Excel courses fits best for you? Take the quiz: www.xelplus.com/course-quiz/
🎥 RESOURCES I recommend: www.xelplus.com/resources/
🚩Let’s connect on social:
Instagram: / lgharani
LinkedIn: / xelplus
Note: This description contains affiliate links, which means at no additional cost to you, we will receive a small commission if you make a purchase using the links. This helps support the channel and allows us to continue to make videos like this. Thank you for your support!
#Excel #Finance

Пікірлер: 260
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 6 ай бұрын
Download my workbook to follow along here 👉 pages.xelplus.com/ratios-excel-file Unlock your financial potential! Sign up now for the complete Fundamentals of Financial Analysis course here 👉 www.xelplus.com/course/learn-financial-analysis/
@kleanthisskoulikaris8053
@kleanthisskoulikaris8053 2 жыл бұрын
Words cannot describe how appreciative I am for you doing such a series, slightly off Excel but delving into actual Finance principles. We don't even work for the same company, but I'd nominate you as "Employee of the Month" just for that!
@theresamadrid8998
@theresamadrid8998 2 жыл бұрын
Seconded!
@staceyl.thienel1499
@staceyl.thienel1499 Жыл бұрын
Yes!!!!! I Third this! You rock - I have gained so much from you 😃
@vijayarjunwadkar
@vijayarjunwadkar 2 жыл бұрын
How I wish again and again that these videos could have been there, when I was studying Accounting in college! Thank you Leila for the great explanation of these concepts. It was a welcome refresher! 😊👍
@andrewcharlesmoss
@andrewcharlesmoss 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for this. As someone who doesn’t have a finance background, my knowledge of balance sheets is limited, but your video was very informative.
@wizardofaus8473
@wizardofaus8473 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you Leila, outstanding as always. An entire series on this topic would be fantastic.
@Neknasty-kv4yf
@Neknasty-kv4yf 2 ай бұрын
You have no idea how refreshing this is to grasp this kind of information. This video saves a lot of time learning the necessary information compared to some college courses.
@User-fi9zf
@User-fi9zf 2 жыл бұрын
Was postponing the balance sheet thing for years, but could not do it anymore seeing such an outstanding lesson. Merci Leila
@Stoogeyful
@Stoogeyful 2 жыл бұрын
Just started my accounting module on ratio analysis and this video showed up, really useful explanation using a real company's balance sheet. It would be great if you made a video on Apple's P&L and cashflow.
@derranstokes8760
@derranstokes8760 2 жыл бұрын
what a great video - explaining a very complex financial analysis for everyone to understand. Thank you for sharing such hard earned knowledge.
@Sundowners971
@Sundowners971 2 жыл бұрын
Great intro to BALANCE SHEET. Includes highlighted portions, definitions, formulas and examples. Helpful. Thank You.
@AyodejiA
@AyodejiA 2 жыл бұрын
You genuinely have a simple way to explain and presents concepts to a broad audience. Kudos.
@jervahnmorgan
@jervahnmorgan 2 жыл бұрын
She’s awesome!!! How in the heck does she explain this better than my professors did in college???
@jdanois2655
@jdanois2655 2 жыл бұрын
This is an excellent and simplified way of explaining the B/S and what to look for in often confusing SEC Filings. TY!
@semmunn8322
@semmunn8322 7 ай бұрын
I cannot say enough about how good this lady is. I have watched to over 100 such videos. Many of them drag it out to fill 20 minutes. Turns out, if the videos are longer, they make more money. This lady stays to the point makes it clear. Maybe I am biased, because I have an accent too.
@heroicwhisper
@heroicwhisper 2 жыл бұрын
Outstanding video. Best explanation of a Balance Sheet I’ve watched or have explained. As a bookkeeper, I look at BS frequently and this was the clearest explanation. Well done Leila
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Awesome, thank you Henry!
@OOBEJuanKenobi
@OOBEJuanKenobi 2 жыл бұрын
@@LeilaGharani You are beautiful :) No one cares about money. Only what ideas we have in our minds. We all share thoughts.
@jennyroserepollo760
@jennyroserepollo760 Жыл бұрын
Engineering major but we have an accounting subject. This video helped me a lot in my coursework. Kudos, Leila. Thanks.
@rogerloydmccoy
@rogerloydmccoy 2 жыл бұрын
I would really appreciate a video on how the P&L, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow statements flow between each other.
@mohammediftekhar8157
@mohammediftekhar8157 2 жыл бұрын
Leila..Absolutely bests ratio and balance sheet explained. Complex balance sheet analysis made simple. Your explanation is just as good as soothing running water to ears. Thankyou for sharing you knowledge... 👍🏾
@hansklein3649
@hansklein3649 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for that crash course in MBA, Leila! Companies like Apple & Co do their balance sheet with a specific software, but... Excel allows to do a lot more than simple mathematic operations! 🙂
@fishybusinessclass
@fishybusinessclass 2 жыл бұрын
Excellent video for non financial users! I work in public accounting and studying for my CPA and your video is a good overview of some relevant ratios. Looking forward to more
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Great to hear!
@GaboCh2000
@GaboCh2000 2 жыл бұрын
Excellent video, @Leila Gharani. Much clearer than my graduate school class in financing and accounting. Please keep making more of these kinds of videos. Thank you.
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you! Will do!
@mohamedsaadhouga4062
@mohamedsaadhouga4062 2 жыл бұрын
Thank You Leila, you made it looks very easy to assimilate! Much appreciated.
@peternganga9371
@peternganga9371 2 жыл бұрын
Beautiful Leila. Really wonderful. One request however, is it possible to have you briefly present on Debtors and Creditors Control? That would really help. Thanks.
@shunamigo6169
@shunamigo6169 2 жыл бұрын
U are honestly the best ! ever since I watch your vids, it has been very clear !! Pls do more of this kind of vids especially financial statements and dive more technically ~~
@LucianoBastosdeCarvalho
@LucianoBastosdeCarvalho 2 жыл бұрын
Excellent video, congratulation for this amazing class! I'll follow your teaching way and repass them to my students in Brazil. Thank you!
@tkosse
@tkosse 2 жыл бұрын
This was terrific. Can't wait for the video on the Income Statement and ratios.
@srr6965
@srr6965 2 жыл бұрын
This is so helpful! You've done a great job of simplifying the statement I've already shared with several others Thank you so much!!
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Awesome, thank you!
@henrylau116
@henrylau116 2 жыл бұрын
This is an awesome video. Thank you Leila. Looking forward to your P/L and Cashflow videos,
@goosty17
@goosty17 2 жыл бұрын
This is amazing. Please do more of these financial related Excel stuff
@nd4110
@nd4110 Жыл бұрын
Great video! Concise and to the point with a visual aid. Awesome! Did you make a video for the income statement and cash flow statement? If so, please share.
@TheUmaiz
@TheUmaiz 2 жыл бұрын
Great 👌 The way in which you discuss the ratios are also awesome.
@mmhuq3
@mmhuq3 Жыл бұрын
Fantastic video. I learned quite a bit. Thank you
@websterchauke2910
@websterchauke2910 2 жыл бұрын
I think lots of people would be shocked and amazed if you were to do an analysis of Tesla. 🤣
@ademolao.adegoke303
@ademolao.adegoke303 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for all you do Leila. This is kinda a refresher course for a Chartered Accountant like me. I hope to see videos on Statement of Cash flow and the likes. Again, thank you
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Glad you liked it!
@aw114
@aw114 2 жыл бұрын
Leila, another well delivered tutorial, thank you. May I suggest content for another tutorial? I'd like to know if and how I can apply standard formatting (font, font size, paragraph alignment, and line spacing, etc) to all MS Word docs on my hard drive without having to open each file individually and apply the desired formatting. It would also be good to add in a command that converted older file formats, such as Word 97-2003, to the latest format without having to open and save each file in the new version. Thank you.
@omotossso
@omotossso 2 жыл бұрын
Topic is wide but interesting. I have to watch over and over. Thanks
@JSpencer13
@JSpencer13 4 ай бұрын
Thank you for ALL your videos. I have learned so much in one day than I have in months. Your a great teacher so please don’t ever stop making content that is helping so many of us excel in the field. I can’t thank you enough 🙏🙏
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 4 ай бұрын
Thank you so much!
@azironen9173
@azironen9173 2 жыл бұрын
Great presentation, Leila. One comment - for the inventory days formula, I’d take the COGS of products only.
@Sifatullahsolo
@Sifatullahsolo Жыл бұрын
please make some more videos on finance . u have super skill of explaining things and making them simple. thanks
@santhoshsubbiah8120
@santhoshsubbiah8120 2 жыл бұрын
Thankyou so much Leila, looking forward to cashflow and profit and loss analysis
@accountsbalance
@accountsbalance 7 ай бұрын
Very helpful video for beginners! Its amazing how you make complex financial concepts easy to understand and follow! Great job!
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 7 ай бұрын
Awesome, thank you!
@jske9
@jske9 4 ай бұрын
I really appreciate these videos to get a deeper understanding of Accounting. Thanks so much Leila.
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 4 ай бұрын
You're so welcome!
@mohammadmehdi1559
@mohammadmehdi1559 2 жыл бұрын
مرسی لیلاا خیلی زیاد دنبال همچین آموزشی بودم. واقعا کمک کننده بودش
@harshdharasandiya1026
@harshdharasandiya1026 2 жыл бұрын
Very helpful . Nicely explain, waiting for more such videos related to financial statements analysis
@mastervibz9858
@mastervibz9858 2 жыл бұрын
Your analysis is always so spot on and very educative for me. Thanks for sharing these insights
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
You are so welcome!
@cecilrivera4241
@cecilrivera4241 2 жыл бұрын
Outstanding job on the topic, very insightful.
@abhisheksaini6874
@abhisheksaini6874 Жыл бұрын
Thank you for such a wonderful explanation
@shubham7367
@shubham7367 2 жыл бұрын
Not for a Single minute it feels complex to understand, we come to know about a lot more ratios in this video. Thankyou very much mam :)
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
So nice of you!
@accountingwithed8377
@accountingwithed8377 2 жыл бұрын
Wowww that was just beautifully done as usually. Please if you can make a series of this, I am sure it will be so helpful.
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks, Joseph! I'll see what I can come up with :)
@Jorge-qq8hl
@Jorge-qq8hl Жыл бұрын
Perfect, very simple and objective! Thanks!
@ShubhamMathur14
@ShubhamMathur14 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for this amazing topic. Please make a series in finance.
@TheReaistl45
@TheReaistl45 2 жыл бұрын
Excellent! Please do more videos like this! Thank you.
@derrickadang9816
@derrickadang9816 2 жыл бұрын
Wow! The statements won't be intimidating anymore...Thank you Leila.
@chidieberenjoku8143
@chidieberenjoku8143 Жыл бұрын
Awesome insight @Leila, thanks for doing this.
@StratosLaspas
@StratosLaspas 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you that was very insightful.
@BeCuriousPodcast
@BeCuriousPodcast 3 ай бұрын
Thank you so much for this video!
@mohammedfaizal5885
@mohammedfaizal5885 2 жыл бұрын
Thank for your wonderful information It would be great if you can provide regards to Income statement review
@mohamedfarhan5105
@mohamedfarhan5105 2 жыл бұрын
She's brilliant in every field 🔥
@reddysatyajeet7
@reddysatyajeet7 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for this …really helpful ..please keep sharing many more like this
@man-observing-world
@man-observing-world 2 жыл бұрын
This was amazing, I'm in love with your channel after this one single tutorial! I just subscribed, thank you so much.
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Awesome! Thanks for subbing!
@shajupauljohn3244
@shajupauljohn3244 2 жыл бұрын
Leila, I like to watch your videos, you are EXCELLENT. You explain everything in detail. Great job.
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Glad you like them!
@patniashvin798
@patniashvin798 2 жыл бұрын
Hi, your Excel tutorials are very informative. Please make more videos on that. From, India (BHARAT)
@sherrybiller4750
@sherrybiller4750 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for all the knowledge you share, very smart woman, thx again 👍
@shabchique7149
@shabchique7149 2 жыл бұрын
Great video, thank you Leila.
@peermohamed8028
@peermohamed8028 Жыл бұрын
Outstanding insights leila.Amazing
@sachinrv1
@sachinrv1 2 жыл бұрын
Excellent video Leila. Simple, straight, informative and meaningful. I personally loved those ratios viz. Inventory Days, Receivable Days, Payable Days. Thanks !. Wish you happy Christmas and healthy n prosperous year ahead. Love from India !!!
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks Sachin! Happy New Year to you too!
@prateshramjohn
@prateshramjohn 2 жыл бұрын
Accountant here, excellent video for beginners. Just to add some context to apple's excellent Cash conversion cycle; when companies outsource manufacturing, raw materials/component parts are not reflected on the statements and therefore only finished products are reflected as 'Inventory'. Meaning the inventory days becomes much smaller. Additionally, we're all aware that Apple stocks are high valued. They have a market capitalization of about 2trillion. Market capital cap refers to the total value of all shares at market price. The value of stocks reflected on the balance sheet is par. That means its the price the stock was issued at by Apple to the public. The price of Apple stocks on the secondary market(stock market) is higher than par because investors value the stock to be worth more than it was issued at.
@kraftlubin4683
@kraftlubin4683 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for your simplicity. Best teacher ever 🇰🇪❤
@kraftlubin4683
@kraftlubin4683 2 жыл бұрын
You should try teaching Quantum Mechanics, most art students may shift careers. Also, please teach us to write research reports for fintech companies. I feel Powerpoint is better than word coz of graphs and graphics, but you are the teacher 😇
@giannebadilla3477
@giannebadilla3477 Жыл бұрын
You don't know how happy i am. I learned a lot from this that's not on the modules given by our prof😭! Thankyou
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani Жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
@Nicolas-jx3oo
@Nicolas-jx3oo 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you Leila, always on point!
@alaashebeeb8729
@alaashebeeb8729 2 жыл бұрын
Laila, i am as a CFO would like to say you are really Fantastic and i wish to meet you one day to learn from you more in my long life of work, congratulations always
@RogerClubv
@RogerClubv 2 жыл бұрын
Thx Leila. This video is amazing!
@ibraa2218
@ibraa2218 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much 💓 I hope you make more videos like this
@achocron
@achocron 2 жыл бұрын
great video. would love to see what you do with the Income Statement.
@lwinsoemar7405
@lwinsoemar7405 2 жыл бұрын
Explained it in excellent way !
@cnieberd6072
@cnieberd6072 2 жыл бұрын
Great intro into Apple's financial statements, Leila: showing payable days at 83 means for you as a supplier you need a huge amount of cash for prefinancing your production while making business under hard limits (cost, quality control) with Apple. The guys in Los Altos are collecting cash from customers and suppliers. Didn't know that yet.
@meddaanouni3452
@meddaanouni3452 2 жыл бұрын
Agree. And that a requirement in the automotive industry '' paying for packaging and raw materials from the clients 😅 and waiting for extra penny's on every delivery '' buy and resale strategies
@henrylau116
@henrylau116 2 жыл бұрын
I already know these for years now. To a supplier, Apple is a "bad" customer as they squeeze them the cost, and demand quality n long payment term. However, many suppliers can't lose Apple as this is their biggest customer. And this Tier-1 suppliers, use the same "method" and demand the same to their Tier-2 suppliers and so on. And this is the real world.... What surprise me is that they are paying their suppliers in such a long time........
@rudyohallorancrabb3599
@rudyohallorancrabb3599 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the video Leila very informative in every aspect, the only thing I dont understand is where you found access to the excel version of Apples balance sheet, as I cannot find it anywhere? Thanks
@Reseng0411
@Reseng0411 2 жыл бұрын
Cool... Very loud and clear explanation 👍👍👍
@hazs3468
@hazs3468 2 жыл бұрын
hi Leila, I really love your vlogs! Can I request for a vlog about computation of Internal Rate of Return, Yield to Maturity and Net Present Value of Treasury Bonds and Bills and how to identify the best to buy. Hopeu can grant my wish! All the best!
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
I'll think about it. Many thanks for the suggestion!
@abusalehmuhammad
@abusalehmuhammad 2 жыл бұрын
Love it.. Thanks so much
@hatimparkar8068
@hatimparkar8068 2 жыл бұрын
Helpful video ma’am 👍🏻keep sharing such content
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you, will do!
@FredericBiondi
@FredericBiondi 2 жыл бұрын
If you make a complete course on financial statement, I'll buy it!
@anuragpathak3909
@anuragpathak3909 2 жыл бұрын
Very well explained mam, this type of video helps promoting financial awareness to every person. Thanks for starting this type of series..
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks a lot!
@Tom37323
@Tom37323 2 жыл бұрын
I am 74 and use hyperlinks to access external files, but you just opened my eyes two clicking into the different tabs of the spreadsheet. Thank you,
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Happy to help :)
@swaroopa4uable
@swaroopa4uable 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much !! I wish you create a course on Accounting and Finance !!!
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
I'll think about it. Thanks for the suggestion!
@e.b2036
@e.b2036 2 жыл бұрын
Hello, could you please provide a video on “mapping the financial statements”. For example how to form a cash flow statement from balance sheet and p&l statement…
@franzook
@franzook 8 ай бұрын
Can you do a Disney one? Loveee how you explain, it’s so easy to understand
@StratosLaspas
@StratosLaspas 2 жыл бұрын
I would also love to see a videos on home budgeting and open source applications that that we would use
@evednavimedia
@evednavimedia 2 жыл бұрын
Wonderful content!
@taizoondean689
@taizoondean689 2 жыл бұрын
Thank You Maa'm It was really good
@pravinr197
@pravinr197 2 жыл бұрын
To The World You May Be Just a Teacher But To Your Students You Are A Star
@diomedesrodriguez52
@diomedesrodriguez52 2 жыл бұрын
Awesome analysis...
@kndmr
@kndmr 2 жыл бұрын
Nice introduction for understanding of financials.. one thing I want to add is that the important thing is cash position. Thats why we analyze both BS and PL. Companies can increase its sales and make profit; yet, what about collections? How the company sustain its business operatins? How operations are financed? Thus, please learn how to read cash flow statement, because everything is about cash flow.. and maybe leyla can make a video how to read cash flow statement..
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
Fully agree! I do have a video about cash flow actually: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/nrNygZmqua-okmQ.html
@JB-nv9fn
@JB-nv9fn 2 жыл бұрын
Great videos. Merry Xmas.
@markring40
@markring40 2 жыл бұрын
Well done! Thank you.
@RajileshPanoli
@RajileshPanoli 10 ай бұрын
This is so good as a layman like me can also understand. Great video ever seen
@OMARYassin1
@OMARYassin1 2 жыл бұрын
your videos are done perfectly..
@wesdan360
@wesdan360 2 жыл бұрын
Fantastic! Thank you!
@suruchisingh4742
@suruchisingh4742 2 жыл бұрын
Awesome video Leila. Can we have more videos on this series please😊
@LeilaGharani
@LeilaGharani 2 жыл бұрын
I will try!
@555Alya
@555Alya 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for this video! I have a question, where are the Net Fixed Assets in this statement? are they the non-current assets?
Why Most People FAIL To Be Successful At Financial Analysis
9:01
Leila Gharani
Рет қаралды 121 М.
PROPERLY Record Debits and Credits with Examples (EASIEST Method)
14:53
50 YouTubers Fight For $1,000,000
41:27
MrBeast
Рет қаралды 191 МЛН
I Can't Believe We Did This...
00:38
Stokes Twins
Рет қаралды 131 МЛН
Amazing weight loss transformation !! 😱😱
00:24
Tibo InShape
Рет қаралды 51 МЛН
Cool Items! New Gadgets, Smart Appliances 🌟 By 123 GO! House
00:18
123 GO! HOUSE
Рет қаралды 17 МЛН
Financial Statements Made Simple (For Investors)
30:43
The Swedish Investor
Рет қаралды 251 М.
Excel Shortcuts You SHOULD Know!
8:48
Leila Gharani
Рет қаралды 2,1 МЛН
How to Make Money with Excel Skills
12:56
Leila Gharani
Рет қаралды 410 М.
Explained | The Stock Market | FULL EPISODE | Netflix
17:34
Netflix
Рет қаралды 14 МЛН
Excel for Accounting - 10 Excel Functions You NEED to KNOW!
19:05
Leila Gharani
Рет қаралды 2 МЛН
Excel's NEW Checkboxes Are Incredibly Cool! Here's why
14:24
Leila Gharani
Рет қаралды 503 М.
Cash vs Accrual Accounting Explained With A Story
11:00
Leila Gharani
Рет қаралды 399 М.
Advanced Pivot Table Techniques (to achieve more in Excel)
11:47
Leila Gharani
Рет қаралды 1,9 МЛН
50 YouTubers Fight For $1,000,000
41:27
MrBeast
Рет қаралды 191 МЛН