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Hypertension | Blood Pressure Regulation | Hypotension
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00:00 Normal Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures
00:40 Systolic (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP); relationship with Cardiac Output (CO) and Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) respectively.
01:440 SBP’s direct proportionality with CO.
06:07 Defining DBP.
08:58 DBP’s direct proportionality with TPR.
11:11 Effect of arterioloconstrictors and arteriolodilators on TPR and by extension DBP. Altering SBP by controlling CO.
13:20 Explanation and calculation of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP); Mean Systemic Blood Pressure
23:18 Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume and Heart Rate. Factors influencing Stroke Volume (e.g. Preload, Contractility, Afterload.
28:48 Venous Return; Preload, factors influencing it i.e. Ventricular Filling Pressure, Filling Time.
33:18 Contractility and Afterload and how they affect Preload.
35:47 Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR); contribution to Blood Pressure through changes in DBP; concepts of stressed and unstressed volumes and effect of vasodilation/arteriolodilation and Venoconstriction/Arterioloconstriction.
40:36 M.A.P = CO into TPR; Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral Resistance as interdependent variables (and not independent) ; i.e. if one increases the other decreases and vice versa.
43:00 Short term (Rapid) and Long term regulation of BP; i.e. Neurological and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system.
46:30 Detailed explanation of Neurological Regulation; how it counterbalances major fluctuations; Baroreceptors, Carotid Sinus and Aortic Arch Sinus; Role of Glossopharyngeal (9th Nerve) and Vagus Nerve (10th Nerve), central regulation in Medulla through sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow tracts acting on SA node and Vasomotor center acting on veins and arteries.
1:15:05 Effect of Hypertension on sensitivity of nerve endings in Carotid Sinus Arch and S.A node and clinical implications of this phenomena.
1:17:24 Summary of neuronal blood pressure regulation and rapid control of blood pressure with emphasis on Parasympathetic and Sympathetic activity through afferent and efferent neurons.
1:19:33 Neuronal Blood Pressure Regulation (NBPR); Clinical co-relates; Carotid Occlusion, Carotid Sinus Massage, its importance in managing Supraventricular Tachycardias (SVT).
1:24:50 NBPR; Clinical co-relates; Postural changes in blood pressure, Orthostatic Hypotension, severe dehydration, use of sympatholytic or vasodilator drugs and compensatory rise in Sympathetic Nervous System (SANS) activity leading to rise in blood pressure.
1:34:40 NBPR; Clinical Co-relate; Volume load, compensatory rise in Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity (PANS) leading to fall in blood pressure.
1:36:17 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAA); Production/release of Renin; Effect of increased or decreased renal perfusion on JuxtaGlomerular Apparatus (JG apparatus). Its role in increased reabsorption of Na+ in convoluted tubules and Loop of Henle. Decreased Na+ detection by JG apparatus leading to compensatory release of Renin.
1:51:37 RAA system: Increased Renin release in blood stream leading to release of Angiotensin-1 from the liver. Conversion of AT-1 to AT-2 by the enzyme Angiotensin-Conversion-Enzyme (ACE) present in cells of the lung.
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