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The Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol is a synchronous, multi-master, multi-slave, packet-switched, single-ended serial communication protocol. It's commonly used to connect low-speed peripherals to a motherboard, embedded system, or other electronic devices. Here's an overview of its key features:
1. **Master-Slave Architecture**: I2C supports a master-slave architecture, where one or more master devices control multiple slave devices on the bus.
2. **Two-Wire Interface**: I2C uses two lines for communication:
- SDA (Serial Data Line): Bidirectional line for data transfer.
- SCL (Serial Clock Line): Provides the clock signal for synchronization between devices.
3. **Addressing**: Each slave device on the bus is assigned a unique 7-bit or 10-bit address, allowing the master to communicate with specific slave devices.
4. **Synchronous Communication**: Communication on the I2C bus is synchronous, with data transferred in the form of bytes. The clock signal generated by the master device controls the timing of data transfer.
5. **Start and Stop Conditions**: Communication on the bus begins with a start condition (S) and ends with a stop condition (P). These conditions mark the beginning and end of a data transfer sequence.
6. **Data Transfer**: Data transfer on the bus occurs in bytes, with 8 bits transferred per byte. Each byte is followed by an acknowledgment (ACK) or not-acknowledge (NACK) signal from the receiving device.
7. **Clock Stretching**: Slave devices can hold the clock line (SCL) low to slow down the master device if they need more time to process data, a feature known as clock stretching.
8. **Multi-Master Support**: I2C supports multiple master devices on the same bus, although care must be taken to avoid bus contention and ensure proper arbitration.
9. **Bus Speeds**: I2C supports various bus speeds, commonly ranging from a few kHz to a few MHz, depending on the devices connected and the application requirements.
10. **Hardware Requirements**: To implement I2C communication, devices need only minimal hardware support, typically including open-drain (or open-collector) drivers for the SDA and SCL lines.
Overall, the I2C protocol provides a simple and efficient means of communication between integrated circuits, making it popular in applications such as sensor interfacing, EEPROM memory access, and controlling peripheral devices.
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