Responding to some criticisms of the identification of God as non-binary.
Пікірлер: 195
@CharlesPayet Жыл бұрын
Hearing a theologian and historian accurately describe gender and sex, including non-binary, is such an incredibly refreshing change. Thank you, Dan!
@Eden_jasperАй бұрын
As a person who self-identifies as nonbinary, i absolutely agree.
@neomerlin Жыл бұрын
Love the choice to keep using the word 'dude' instead of 'man'. Just love it.
@emim_thinks Жыл бұрын
"Im a dude, He's a dude. she's a dude. We're all dudes" wise words.
@Eden_jasperАй бұрын
ROFL!!!! Friggin’ Good Burger
@MicahBuzanMUSIC Жыл бұрын
As a non-religious person who views religion as 100% man made, I find your videos fascinating and thought-provoking.
@ranilodicen4460 Жыл бұрын
man made his god in his own image!
@chuckbecker4983 Жыл бұрын
These videos are not religious. They are a literary analysis of a well documented collection of historical texts.
@SJO77778 ай бұрын
Following Jesus isn't being religious
@MicahBuzanMUSIC8 ай бұрын
Yes it is. All cults claim not to be cults. Religion has become a dirty word, so the christian religion is trying to distance itself by saying things like "it's not religion, it's a relationship". You can rephrase it how ever you like, but Christianity is absolutely a religion.@@SJO7777
@MicahBuzanMUSIC8 ай бұрын
I agree, and that's why I find them interesting. The videos are about religious development, but the videos themselves don't push a particular ideology or religious belief. These are historical and acedemic discussions about the Judeo-Christian religion@@chuckbecker4983
@ednakravitz2738 Жыл бұрын
I remember my religion class in college. I found it so enlightening because it’s just fact based, and I just saw so many people just losing their mind because their faith was in advertently questioned, and it was so difficult for them to wrap their heads around certain things because they were so offended. Faith is a strong thing.
@vampirefoe Жыл бұрын
Not to mention linguistic conventions of ambiguous and plural nouns being referred to in the "male form." I realize this may only be something that occurs in Latin and Latin-based languages, but it does serve to indicate the ubiquity of maleness as the norm.
@Sewblon4 ай бұрын
But the bible was written in Hebrew and Greek. So that isn't relevant.
@avalonwilliams2715Ай бұрын
Hebrew defaults to the male form for gender ambiguous pronouns as well.
@dianarising7703 Жыл бұрын
When I was taught in an evangelical church in the 60's and 70's, they said god was neither male nor female. That was before I read the whole bible and realized their are references to his physical body. Most references I can think of don't refer to his sexual attributes, so that would not necessarily be used for a gender. I read in English, so I disregard the He/him pronouns, because that is what English uses when the gender is unknown. What I wanted to mention was that many people used to say that wisdom was a female aspect of god.
@ryanyesman7664 Жыл бұрын
He/him pronouns are not what's used in English when you are speaking of someone who's gender is unknown. You use the singular they/them as has been done since Shakespeare's time. You do that on a regular basis, I guarantee it. When I don't know the gender of a Dr or someone with a nongendered name, I don't refer to a he, because that would be presuming knowledge I don't have. The God of the ancient Jews was most certainly gendered as male
@Eden_jasperАй бұрын
@@ryanyesman7664that’s definitely not a wholly honest critique of the first comment. I grew up in the 90s and heard he used regularly as an expected pronoun. People would assume pronouns based on association regularly. If a kid announced they made a friend, the following inquiries would assume the gender. If someone wrote a how-to article in a magazine, the author would commonly refer to the reader by the author’s gender. We talked regularly about “all mankind” or “…neither God nor man…”. The rhetoric may not always assume an unknown individual as masculine, but it’s incredibly common for individuals to assume their modality as the default. And since society has favored accounts by male writers, especially in biblical accounts, it is not a dishonest assumption to say that biblical authors assumed that the creator of the world and giver-of-law was male, even when gender was not specified. Many times God is identified as male/masculine in the bible, but there are neuter and feminine attributes assigned to God as well.
@dionysianapollomarx Жыл бұрын
Would like to hear more about the major points of the book by Dr. Stavrakopolou.
@Jake-zc3fk Жыл бұрын
Nailed it again Dan!
@minaguta4147 Жыл бұрын
Beautifully said. Thank you.
@davidtaliaferro Жыл бұрын
There are always problems when you try to cram GOD ( I AM , who WAS, IS and ALWAYS WILL BE) , into a book, box, church, creed, etc; God also doesn't fit on a bumper sticker or a fortune cookie; frustrating, isn't it?
@magister343 Жыл бұрын
Don't forget that in Numbers 23:19 and Hosea 11:9 it is explicitly stated that God is Not Male. (Most translations say "not a Man" but the Hebrew term there is gender specific, like the Latin Vir rather than Homo.)
@cjcanton9121 Жыл бұрын
Hosea 11:9 says "I am 'El, not a (mere) man" and Numbers 23:19 actually says that God is a man.
@emptyhand777 Жыл бұрын
@@cjcanton9121- here is Numbers 23 19, where does it say God is a man? God is not man, that he should lie, or a son of man, that he should change his mind. Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not fulfill it?
@alanb8884 Жыл бұрын
I loved that you said "dude" so often! 😂
@jakesims3420 Жыл бұрын
I deleted tik tok and really missed seeing your videos. I was so happy to see you had a KZfaq channel!!! Keep up the good work :)
@jennoscura2381Ай бұрын
If you haven't read it, I recommend checking out the JPS Tanakh Gender Sensitive Edition. They removed gendered language as much as is reasonable. Human characters are still gendered. But for G*d they removed gendered references. Instead of calling G*d The Lord, they call G*d The Eternal. As an atheist and observant Jew I really like that. It allows me to engage with the character of G*d in a way that's more compatible with atheism. The Eternal could be conceptualized as something more pantheistc like the universe rather than traditional monotheistic notions of diety. And I love the fact that they had the guts to write the book to began with. If someone made a gender sensitive edition of the Holy Bible, right wing evangelicals would would throw a fit.
@MusicalRaichu7 ай бұрын
thanks Dan, you make a lot of sense. the bible isn't consistent. it has masculine, feminine and non-human imagery related to God, plus references using a plural pronoun.
@alexandermendez3783 Жыл бұрын
According to John 4:24 states, “God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth.” Since God is a spiritual being, He does not possess physical human characteristics. However, sometimes figurative language used in Scripture assigns human characteristics to God in order to make it possible for man to understand God. This assignment of human characteristics to describe God is called “anthropomorphism.” Anthropomorphism is simply a means for God (a spiritual being) to communicate truth about His nature to humanity, physical beings. Since humanity is physical, we are limited in our understanding of those things beyond the physical realm; therefore, anthropomorphism in Scripture helps us to understand who God is.
@robertnutt7861 Жыл бұрын
God is God, but is crazy a social construct?
@js1423 Жыл бұрын
Zach Miller from “What Your Pastor Didn’t Tell You” just released video on the Mesopotamian context of the Nephilim with Dr. Amar Annus! Interesting watch!
@VulcanLogic Жыл бұрын
The original idea seems to have been binary, until the Deuteronomists showed up and started to not like all this Asherah talk. The idea of God as either a man or an entity outside the scope of human gender is a renegotiation of the actual religious practices of the pre-exilic Israelites.
@WingRaidCoach Жыл бұрын
The creator would have been better to just argue the second half… and stop at that 💯
@geoffreydowdle5751 Жыл бұрын
Also, I think the other creator thinking sex instead of gender.
@RustyWalker Жыл бұрын
@@gangstadrz9326 addendum: Though one must be careful not to use an appeal to tradition to say the "new" definition is invalid or that they actually *are* interchangeable *all* of the time. A careful study of context should reveal when it is the case and when it is not.
@RustyWalker Жыл бұрын
@@gangstadrz9326 I don't care what you believe ;) That's your right. I don't.
@AndrewFullerton Жыл бұрын
@@gangstadrz9326How do you rationalise languages (including older forms of English) assigning grammatical genders to inanimate objects? Are you under the impression that every object in some countries just have assorted genitals attached to them?
@Goodbrod Жыл бұрын
Goodness, how the heck do you keep all these books in your head to make references? Do you keep a large card catalogue in your basement? I'm gonna assume so. Just really impressive how well read you are.
@quietdime Жыл бұрын
As someone who agrees with you, I would love to know more why you believe that non-binary applies to the god of The Bible instead of binary, cis male/man. This video seems to state that it’s possibly but not why it’s probable.
@quietdime Жыл бұрын
I’d like more so that I could share both this and any other video to back it up. For anyone on Instagram that may try to poke holes in this idea!
@Sewblon4 ай бұрын
But does it make sense to say that God is non-binary just based on the bible?
@francissreckofabian01 Жыл бұрын
I thought gender was simply a biological thing? The problem for God is that he suffers from monotheism. Polytheistic religions have male, female, weird stuff, animals parts etc. A lot more fun.
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
Is sociological, not biological. What IS biological is sex
@waynerobbins1310Ай бұрын
Maybe Star Trek defined G_d pretty well as Tertiary Adjunct of Uni-Matrix 1🙃 Thanks for your insight and reason. Be well.
@Brutuscomedy6 ай бұрын
Yahweh used to have a wife! Male scribes who wished to consolidate control and power and concentrate worship in a single temple had to get rid of that pesky gal Asherah.
@emptyhand777 Жыл бұрын
IF God is male, the real question is this: Is God circumcised?
@Kushmeiser003Ай бұрын
Jeffrey Marsh is very predator like though, gives me a creepy aura.
@magister343 Жыл бұрын
"Non-binary" is a purely apophatic term which would definitely be an accurate description of most theologians understanding of God.
@1dk.1dc8 ай бұрын
God is not a man, a woman, or non-binary. God is God
@DerekBarolet Жыл бұрын
Wait, so they are saying someone can self identify without necessarily have matching chromosomes or genitalia?
@IdkFoxii Жыл бұрын
Chromosomes done watch w gender. We made that up to help us. Everyone is “a girl” before they end up being “a boy”
@KnuttyEntertainment Жыл бұрын
Embryonic homology in no means your gender or sex is at all fluid. Human embryos also all have gills and tails. Does that mean we are all fish before we end up being human? Of course not. Same goes for fetuses developing nipples before male genitalia. Those are just holdovers from evolution, not evidence that you were once a girl before becoming a male.
@davemojarra4734 Жыл бұрын
I'm atheist, give zero effs about this God stuff.
@elainafaust3717 Жыл бұрын
Why are you here then
@philsphan4414 Жыл бұрын
The Creator of the underlying video is wearing a Mets shirt. He thus cannot be taken seriously.
@KnuttyEntertainment Жыл бұрын
Did you see what the person he was responding to was wearing?
@Corvidknows Жыл бұрын
I believe the word "father" derives from the same root as "pattern." That doesn't help directly in this discussion, but we are patterned after Him, so as a corollary to all the arguments here, is a pattern a male or female noun?
@pansepot1490 Жыл бұрын
If both men and women are “patterned” after god that’s an argument for god being both.
@amazinggrace5692 Жыл бұрын
Yes, Wisdom is Sophia. Also, did god originally have a female partner, as many many gods have? Such as Asherah. Deleting or minimizing her or others had to have been a decision made in the shaping of the religion and the retelling of stories. This could then leave a male deity alone and removed half of the fullness of the religion. A shame, but then … patriarchy and organized religion.
@austinandersen5765 Жыл бұрын
Are you defending this position from a biblical perspective alone (i.e. what the biblical authors were intending)? Or is this also your personal belief(which I believe is founded in LDS/restorationist)? If the latter, how do you reconcile this with the LDS opinion that God the Father is a Glorified man of Flesh and Bone, as Joseph Smith saw during his first vision? I'm not looking to start any arguments, in just genuinely curious
@AurorXZ Жыл бұрын
That's actually a really interesting question. Do LDS folks think that deification causes one to transcend sex and gender?
@toddoman4636 Жыл бұрын
Wait is Dan a Lds believer? I am just curious I was not sure.
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
These ideas are miles removed from LDS theology. These ideas come from divinity school
@austinandersen5765 Жыл бұрын
@@AurorXZ I certainly don't, and I'm LDS. There's actually some variance among members. The official church position(I think) is that those that receive exaltation become like God. Most interpret that to mean that quite literally, that man is a "god in embryo", including many general authorities and leaders. I dont know if the church officially goes that far.
@austinandersen5765 Жыл бұрын
@@toddoman4636 I believe he completed his schooling at BYU and worked for the LDS church as their chief translator or something like that.
@RustyWalker Жыл бұрын
I wonder if a-binary is more accurate.
@the-eternal--dragon-shenron10 ай бұрын
the God of the BIBLE is not a male nor female it is an it or thingy.
@Ushi_oni__ Жыл бұрын
this is an incredible video.
@David-cw7pd Жыл бұрын
Francesca Stavrakopolou says god has a pen**
@TheMesomovie Жыл бұрын
Marvelous!
@Vishanti Жыл бұрын
Imagine taking theology from a kid struggling to get through puberty😂 well done, Dr Dan!
@KnuttyEntertainment Жыл бұрын
Imagine taking theology from a man who wears makeup to convince himself he’s not a man.
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
@@KnuttyEntertainment Imagine not understanding gender. Lmao skill issue
@KnuttyEntertainment Жыл бұрын
@@stopgont7360 I don’t have to imagine with people like you around. I don’t see what’s so difficult. You were either born with a dong or you weren’t.
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
@@KnuttyEntertainment That would be just that, being born with a dong. However 1. Neither that determines your sex (sex is bimodal, not binary). 2. Gender isn't related to your sex. How about you read some biologists, psychologists and sociologists on the topic and ignore your own interpretation of a mythology book so you can read with eyes unclothed in faith?
@KnuttyEntertainment Жыл бұрын
@@stopgont7360 Sure buddy.
@rachelwuob7939 Жыл бұрын
The reality is that it doesn't necessarily matter what "gender" or "genderlessness" you want to assign to God. He created sex & a few gender roles for His creation. We're not God, so to think that 'God is this or that, therefore so can I be', is out of your lane. God created us, separately, male & female. That's biological sex & your identity. As far as gender roles, society has placed more limitations than God did. You'll just have to read.
@uxigadur Жыл бұрын
A point More or less clear since Thomas aquinae.
@amyeck3870 Жыл бұрын
You dah man, Dan!
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
Of course someone who wants to smash the patriarchy would root for this pile of sophistry.
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
Not to mention the blaring irony of declaring Dan “The man” 😂
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
@@kevanjoel1671 No irony detected
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
@@stopgont7360 your detector doesn’t work.
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
@@kevanjoel1671 If a detector finds something that's not there it:s a false possitve. Your detector is really good at thoose
@travelmaltaculture Жыл бұрын
Well said
@cjcanton9121 Жыл бұрын
Absolutely nonsense (and I'm an atheist btw). Show me any document which proves that any of the biblical authors even had a concept of "non-binary." Stavrakapoulo's book clearly shows that the biblical authors envisioned him as a man, not a "non-binary" (as such a made-up concept did not exist at the time) and all of the Ugaritic literature we have on 'El clearly portrays him as a man, again not "non-binary" as this imaginary concept was unknown to the Amorites.
@beerexperience360 Жыл бұрын
This has got to be Dan's worse video. Love you Dan. But God is male presenting. This video is "pure and utter nonsense."
@fre2725 Жыл бұрын
Ok. You are totally correct in the context of an ancient Near Eastern worldview! Non-binary is our modern word for a gender presentation/experience. To say that the God of the Bible is that would be (as he says) a "renegotiation." But the point of his rebuttal was to say that if you want the lofty theological view of a God that transcends all human categories, including gender, that coheres with the modern idea of "non-binary." No biblical author or church father had to intend that, but it would be a logical conclusion for our moment in time.
@derekhenrich8099 Жыл бұрын
Did you even watch the video...?
@cjcanton9121 Жыл бұрын
@@derekhenrich8099 yes, did you?
@Matt_The_Hugenot Жыл бұрын
The biblical authors certainly didn't have the relatively new western concept of gender binary. Projecting essentially 19th century attitudes back 1800 years or more is anachronistic.
@porchtime504 Жыл бұрын
Cake and eat it too….Dan was just arguing earlier this week that racism was always originally used with the power plus privilege definition…now today he’s saying gender was always a social construct. Is that the original usage Dan? Dan does always make his point though, the Bible is ultimately something everyone twists to fit their politics, just like he uses it to twist into his 2020s neoliberalism.
@porchtime504 Жыл бұрын
@@CambrianAnomalocaris sure socrates, the penchant to use social justice talking points to deterritorialize and then reterritorialize everything from countries, corporations, tv shows, sports leagues, fuggin sewing circles, bibles, tik tok, Mormonism…everything Dan touches… into whatever the Democratic Party wants it to be for their political purposes…Dan’s party he ran for state senate for twice.
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
@@CambrianAnomalocaris "What I don't like is neoliberalism"
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
@@porchtime504 I don't get how all of that is neoliberal
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
Hey Dan, in spite of all the text, what do you think about Joseph Smiths first vision?
@ronjones1414 Жыл бұрын
I'm sorry Dr.; but no. XYs and XXs act differently biologically. Certainly, those differences are amplified socially, but you don't have an entire planet of populations with centuries of no contact acting almost identically because of social constructs. I really enjoy learning random historical facts from you, but it seems here you have strayed from your specialization.
@robertgillespie6890 Жыл бұрын
well, and so, you can have your cake and eat it too, but so, you can not eat your cake and have it too... just saying😗
@nikoblack1272 Жыл бұрын
my uncle once explained to me that "have" in this expression means "keep", so the idea is that you cannot keep your cake and eat it, which makes a lot more sense ; you can't have a god who transcends gender AND insist that same god is masculine and/or male -
@KnuttyEntertainment Жыл бұрын
Hold on, I thought this guy was supposed to be a Latter-Day Saint, objective immutable gender, and their associated roles, are pretty core parts of that theology. When did he make such a heavy divergence?
@toledoh5170 Жыл бұрын
There's more diversity inside religious traditions than ecclesiastical leaders like to acknowledge or project.
@KnuttyEntertainment Жыл бұрын
@@toledoh5170 Believe you me, we’re well aware of the flexibility of our belief system, we’re really not strict on what people are allowed to believe. But this would constitute direct heresy on Dan’s part. It’s that far removed from our core beliefs.
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
@@KnuttyEntertainment Your core beliefs don't represent anyone beyond yourself
@KnuttyEntertainment Жыл бұрын
@@stopgont7360 What in the world are you even talking about? Are you saying that Mormons don’t believe in traditional sex and gender roles? Maybe read their Family Proclamation, or even just the Bible.
@stopgont7360 Жыл бұрын
@@KnuttyEntertainment I'm saying that thoose are just YOUR principles, no everyone's principles
@JuanPablodelaTorre Жыл бұрын
Gender is not exclusive to humans. Mythical creatures are often gendered. Even objects (like guns, boats, and cars) can have a gender. The thing is, genders don't need to be tied to the male/female binary.
@ritawing1064 Жыл бұрын
Oh, well said! 1.28 gender/sex is a spectrum, not a binary. See Science Based Medicine's excellent blog entry on the subject!.
@JaakuDesu Жыл бұрын
Post-modernism has rotted this man's brain.
@SlightlyOddGuy Жыл бұрын
I love Jeffery, they’re such a sweetheart
@JH324 Жыл бұрын
Well it appears God identities as a male....sit down Dan youre out of you league
@brockandadrian Жыл бұрын
Rather gay argument imo
@solarpenguin1 Жыл бұрын
What if God is both binary and non-binary at the same time...???
@michaelpenco546 Жыл бұрын
Contary to what the world may think or conclude, the God that I serve, the same God of Isaac, Jacob and Abraham, that God is binery and all male. There is not one bit of evidence in the Bible which was inspired by him to suggest different. This utterly false thinking that he is both Male and Female cannot be proven and is a deception straight from hell! God remains the same yesterday, today and forever.
@newreformationapologetics4953 Жыл бұрын
I strongly disagree with your statement that gender roles are "constructs," and we choose them. God has decreed that man is one way and woman is another. The words literally mean different but correlating to one another. Of course, we can not and should not push "non-binary" or modern sexual ethics on God because that's purely anachronistic. Furthermore, I think it's completely fair to say that Jesus is a man and that God transcends sex in general since God is also Spirit. I don't see how this is a problem if we also accept that God is inherently triune. There are many features that God has, but we do not, which include the omi-s as well as immutability, aseity, etc. But to read human sexuality into our creator is a mistake and ignores His revealed Word and ontological categories. And when I mean modern sexuality i mean queer theory. It seems to me that your approach is starting from humans rather than God and what he has intended to reveal about Himself.
@newreformationapologetics4953 Жыл бұрын
@@beemixsy What exactly do you mean by gender?
@tsalVlog Жыл бұрын
Spoken like someone who has never read the Bible fully -- or did, but was too dense to understand the New Testament.
@chuckbecker4983 Жыл бұрын
Everything in society is a social construct. In terms of humans beings, invoking "social construct" is as meaningless as any statement can possibly be. Social constructs are how we function as a society: crime and punishment, production and distribution of food/clothing/shelter, entertainment, oh ... ffs, how we freaking COMMUNICATE with each other. Without "social constructs" I have no idea what you're saying or what you mean. "Social construct" needs to disappear from intelligent, educated discourse.
@Profit_is_Theft11 ай бұрын
if you spent more then ten seconds thinking about your claim you would realize most "social" constructs are guided by natural humanistic tendencies, while others like pyramid hierarchies or male hegemony are social constructs of a violent ruling class. learn the difference buddy boy.
@sksman71 Жыл бұрын
Jesus is still the God man .
@Hegeleze Жыл бұрын
2:40ff - "the way we treat people based on their gender roles is entirely conceptual, it is entirely constructed, it is just something that we have decided to do." (rough quote). (1) This is obviously false. No one just 'decided' to create gender roles, they emerged from our biological basis as everything does. Now, there is an argument that at some point we became self-conscious about our biology and language (which we weren't before) and can now decide how to use it. That is what Dan must mean and his statement is misleading at best. (2) How do I quit having any intellectual integrity and make more money like Dan?
@minaguta4147 Жыл бұрын
You're missing the point entirely. Listen again and try again.
@bradleythornock8627 Жыл бұрын
You deftly moved from the plural “WE have decided” to the singular “no ONE just ‘decided,’” and then shifted your argument toward that singular construct you added. Of course no single person decided on gender roles, but as a society we have. That is why gender roles fluctuate by time and culture. Pink was originally a masculine color, e.g. The way in which individuals related to their assigned gender is biopsychosocial but the assignment and the roles of said assignment are socially constructed
@derekhenrich8099 Жыл бұрын
That was obviously dumb. Have some intellectual integrity and think a little bit before you type... 🙄
@cjcanton9121 Жыл бұрын
@@bradleythornock8627 no "we as a society" did not decide anything. Women have children, men don't. Men are stronger than women. Men are better at hunting, women are better at gathering. These roles arose absolutely naturally, they are a result of natural dimorphism in human males and females, they are the result of no individual OR collective "decision." Our gender roles are every bit as natural as the gender roles that exist in other dimorphic species such a lions and our close relatives chimps and gorillas.
@sonnydanielj7508 Жыл бұрын
Society created gender roles. That's literally a fact.
@5tw3b45tcf Жыл бұрын
God created humans in two sexes. Male and female (=men and women).
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
Dan can you please just admit your gnostic heresy, and finally denounce the faith tradition you originated from.
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
@gekksvide0 and yet I’m not wrong.
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
@gekksvide0 Just because Dan wears a tshirt or hoodie doesn’t make it true. It’s a motte and bailey defense. This channel is most certainly about what Dan believes and knows. A good majority of the vids focusing on ‘the data’ are laced with pedantic contempt (“okay let’s see it”), and many are politically and ideologically subversive to faith, in spite of what you say. So sorry, not sorry.
@kevanjoel1671 Жыл бұрын
@gekksvide0 a compilation video of specific examples would not be hard to make.
@scambammer6102 Жыл бұрын
Are you seriously suggesting that the bible might be non-binary? lol what a load.
@chile_en_nogada2090 Жыл бұрын
Gender roles are based in nature and instinct and biology. Why i have to explain this to someone with a phD is beyond me.