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In late 1524 the imperial army retreats from Provence in the face of superior French forces. Lannoy retreats to Lodi and leaves a detachment commanded by D'Avalos to hold Pavia. Francis I decides to besiege Pavia instead of pursuing the main army. After two failed assaults, he decides to starve out the defenders. While the siege of Pavia is going on, he intervenes in Genoa and decides to send a small force against Naples. After the imperialists receive reinforcements, they go on the attack. The Marquis of Pescara assaults Visconti Park and with the assistance of Georg von Frundsberg and Charles Bourbon, wins a decisive battle.
Francis is captured and is forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Madrid. While he was in captivity, his mother Louise of Savoy negotiated the Franco-Ottoman alliance. Suleiman I destroys Hungary, an ally of the emperor at the Battle of Mohacs.
After the Battle of Pavia, Charles V tries to force the Italians to pay for their own occupation. Pope Clement VII is not happy and forms an anti-imperialist league. The riotous imperial army responds with the Sack of Rome. The French launch another invasion but fail at the siege of Naples, after Andrea D'Oria goes over to the imperial side. Francis is forced to sue for peace, and signs the Treaty of Cambrai in 1529.
The Italian Wars was a series of conflicts that raged between 1494 and 1559 between the two major European powers, the Habsburgs who ruled the Holy Roman Empire and later Spain, and the Valois kings of France. At the height of the conflict the war involved Tudor England, the Ottoman Empire, Hungary, and all of Italy either as passive or active participants.
In terms of military tactics and strategy the Italian Wars saw the greatest innovations since the Roman Empire. Artillery finally came of age during the war prompting radical changes in terms of fortifications and battlefield tactics. Swiss pikemen, Landsknechts, and Spanish musketeers were amalgamated into a new type of standardized European infantry, the pike and shot formation. Cavalry although diminished in numbers, retained its place on the battlefield, being differentiated into heavy cavalry (men at arms), light cavalry and dragoons. In terms of strategy frontal medieval charges were replaced by careful maneuvering, the use of natural or man-made obstacles, and a keen attention to logistics. Commanders no longer fought in the front lines, but rather became managers of their armies. Politically the war shaped and reshaped the destinies of European countries for centuries to come.
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0:00 The Siege Begins
3:09 Lead up to the Battle
5:25 The Battle
11:03 League of Cognac
14:19 Sack of Rome
16:15 Invasion of Naples
17:53 Peace of Cambrai
#ItalianWars #BattleOfPavia #SackOfRome