So Bede and Gildas deserve a big apology 😁

I got chills when the saxon chieftain said "It's saxin' time!".

Jive, your excitement is palpable. Well presented! May the gods preserve you and your ancestors.

My family and I are as English as they come. Both of my parents are Anglo. Their surnames are Germanic and Celtic. Our phenotype is heavily Anglo-Celtic as we live deep in the North-west Midlanders, of Mercia, close to Wales. We have it all. Also, most place-names are Anglo-Saxon!!! Our language, culture, laws, literature, all have Anglo-Saxon ROOTS. Why do they deny we exist? I don't care if I am more Anglo-Saxon or Celtic genetically.. the Anglo-Saxons assimilated the Britons to create the English ethnicity. So as Englishmen, we are Anglo-Saxon-Celtic. Also, I thought French people are Celtic (Gallo-roman) anyway, so we share their dna which is natural. Given the bell beaker folk and proximity (doggerland). Awesome video 👍

It is amazing that we need science and DNA to prove things we already know. Like the langobards were Scandanavian. The Anglo-Saxons came from Denmark, northern Germany, etc...

Your work is much appreciated, Jive! You've done a great service breaking studies like this down and educating all of us

It is awful that we even have to have this talk. My father was born in 1950s America and he called himself/his countrymen Anglo-Saxon. Don't let spiteful mutants, nor your enemies, take your identity.

Why do all of these academics misrepresent the Germanic migrations to Britain? What’s their motivation? How is any of this racist?

This paper totally slays the premise of Susan Oosthuizen's The Emergence of the English (Past imperfect) book. Which denies an Anglo/Saxon invasion, based on grave goods.

🤔I am a native Saxon from Westphalia northwest Germany.... during my several trips to England I met a lot of blond native people especially in the southeast and southwest parts..... so I have no doubts the english have still very much Anglo-Saxon DNA.... As well the presenter of this documentation he is 100%Anglosaxon.....🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🌹🇩🇪

I’m from the northeast UK and done a dna recently 50% English, 25% Celtic, & 25% Scandinavian… and I have RH negative blood which is found mainly in European peoples. Super interesting video of the history of the British isles

Fascinating! I’ve been searching for this paper every few months since I saw you mention it a couple of years ago. Glad it’s finally here! Very good summary

I am half English and I am blessed to have no french dna. I am pure blonde. by the way, "Frankish" is not french. Fränkisch is German (Rhine)

Damn it! I always miss these live. Still my favorite channel!

Just found your channels. Glad to have found a channel that speaks on, and is educated in these topics. keep it up mate!

also don't forget a lot of Anglo-Saxon men settled in normandie 1001 when a norman married the king of England

Brilliant and enjoyable as usual. Thanks Tom 🤠

I am a native saxon from Westfalia northwest germany.....people from here founded the kingdom of wessex= westsachsen....

Well done Tom, great summary

This isn't anything we haven't already known before, with Bede and Gildas writing about exactly this. But it's still interesting to know the genetic side of things.

Bravo Tom. Great overview.

Amazing video. Thank you so much for your insight. I am a fellow I-m253 (subclade - i-l22) and I have been trying to find out from which migration my paternal lineage came into britain. Now I know, if you don't know how your paternal lineage got here, that I have little to no chance of finding out whether mine came from anglosaxon, viking or norman etc. As frustrating and disheartening as that is, it is also a relief. I've really been enjoying your videos and this information was personal to me so I just wanted to say thank you.

A very informative video as usual, Tom. Concerning the Frisian question: I gather this study has but one data site for each of the two northern Dutch provinces. In the eastern one, only the coastal, clay grounds were historically Frisian. That province is named after the long dominant town, Groningen, which has never been Frisian and is located on the tip of the inland sand grounds. So I wonder where exactly they sampled in that province. Had they included more sites from Frisia proper, not just Midlum, it would have been riddled with red dots, I’m sure.

Thank you for this down to earth analysis. I found the last part as a West-Frisian myself very interesting. Dutch history learnt me that there was a migration of peoples to coastal Holland in the late Roman period, and my father always pointed me that some words in West-Frisian and English are the same, like twilight and tweilichtig.

I really enjoyed this, many thanks. Now I will have to watch your video on the Celts and hope that it reveals something new about the origins of the mysterious Magonsaetan of Erging.

Hello! Thanks for your summary. As a Frisian I was very curious about the results, because of the strong connection between English and Frisian. I'm not surprised though! The new Frisians (from the 5th century) were a mix between Angles and Saxons. Maybe there's still a small amount of old Frisian DNA (from the Frisii) in me, but the scholars will never agree on that haha! Besides, the Frisii were a North Sea Germanic tribe too, so I think they already were the same (genetically) as the Angles and the Saxons. I'm looking forward to your next video. In groetnis út Fryslân! 😁

As for the Vendel thing: I think your second answer is more probable. The “package” was more widespread but the sampling is simply skewed. For instance, check out the brooch from Wijnaldum (Frisia). Fits right in with the Sutton Hoo hoard. Nearby in Hallum they found pieces of helmets identical to those in Vendel, Sweden. And not too long ago they dug up a great example of a double ravened fibula in a field at Swichum. Its style classed as “Scandinavian.”

Facts 🤜 feelings. Englishmen are Anglo-Saxon. Yes u have native Briton and Norse blood, but the Anglo-Saxons created England. Protect England's heritage!

Thank you for your work.

Great stream, you really boxed that paper up nicely. Interesting, for me as my YDNA is L21 but always wondered why my pca showed I was close to Dutch people. I am abit surprised no guess was made as to why there was this sudden migration and why they came to Britain.

Brother!!!So glad to watch your vids again. I took a lil time off but am glad you have posted some new stuff! Always bad ass stuff. Keep kicking ass my man! More Celtic stuff please lol Im selfish lol

Excellent video as always bro

Once again, excellent video. The facts are the facts.

cheers for the great work

what a nice and concise explanation of english genetics, a question I as a half anglo-celtic (mostly english but also Scottish and Irish) person have been trying to answer for a while now

fantastic talk Tom, your knowledge is brilliant because you take the time to put the work in properly and do the research, there’s such value in your content, thanks Tom.

As a proud-Welsh Borderer with no Anglo or French genetic markers it's still all very interesting to hear about. Certainly I like the story of the Iron Age Celtic man being buried within the barrow and the Seax. Clearly very high status and well respected amongst the Anglo-Saxons as I'm sure many more fierce Celtic warriors who came across to them were. I think this split hints at the late AS kingdom separations too. If inter-mixing was higher in Mercia than Wessex (or Kent for that matter) it may have drove some narrative to separate them.

Lovely stuff. Francis Pryor locking himself in his shed with a bottle of scotch and a service revolver.

Great video Tom. Very interesting.

Interested in whether the South-Western Swedish link could be Geats- a possible link to the Wuffingas and the Beowulf story?

Important to note that the northern and eastern halves of France (even some southern areas) are undistinguishable from (or very similar to) the Rhineland / south-west Germany, Wallonia, Luxembourg and Switzerland genetically speaking.

Great point about being 75% anglo in the migration period because as the country became unified and peaceful the Celtic fringe would seep back in to England making us 50/50. Also huge population shifts in Industrial revolution, i am English haplotype I1 but have 3 separate lots of Scottish ancestors. Great video Tom. Cheers

This makes sense. Roughly half my ancestry is English and the other Danish. Whenever I upload my 23 and Me data to genome sites, I get linked as similar with a lot of ancient Scandinavian samples, very little Celtic.

Many thanks I must send your way STJ. Whenever you open your word-hoard we are all enriched by its wealth

Thank you for this. The revision really surprised and confused me. Now I see what they're trying to do. There is nothing to be embarrassed about. Conquests and migrations have been par for the course from day one. The difference is how much ground gets covered and for how long. Protracted migrations will likely yield more genetic contributions.

Great video! I have a question: could some of this Frankish/French signal also be a result of the Belgae in southern England? The Belgae would have Frankish admixture and would be generally Gallo-Germanic. Do you think that could make sense?

Francis Pryor , Tom Holland , Janina Ramirez , Alice Roberts , etc ... you would think would be enthralled with this paper as it falls within their field of expertise . And yet , not a peep . Maybe Prior is rewriting his masterpiece Britain AD telling us how wrong he was.

Great analysis!

My French girlfriend did a dna test. She also has 37% English/Anglo-Saxon dna. She's Breton.

Genetic analysis must be one of the greatest tools for tracing human ancestry and migration

One of your best videos of all time, homie

Re: Frisians: I remember reading a book about king Arthur in which the author claimed evidence that the first Anglo Saxon invaders first went to Frisia, explaining the Frisian archaeology of the migration period, further claiming that Tolkein was an expert in this area and had come to the same conclusion. He also talked about evidence of Saxon settlement in Brittany, speculating that an early British ruler (Reothamus) led a kind of fedorati force of Saxons into Brittany and that many of them remained afterwards. The book was rather speculative and if I can find out the name I'll post it here, but do you think those scenarios make sense in light of this generic evidence?

I require a more detailed DNA test, but the one I have taken fits rather well with this paper. After western Europe (modern northern France and the Low Countries), my next largest DNA source is related to the modern nations of Denmark and Norway. And I also have some Celt/British stock. One half of my ancestors came from all the parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland; the other - from Germanic background. The accounts are correct despite what some what to re-purpose our histories.

Angles, Saxons, Jutes. The perfect people!

I am English. My dna test had no french or belgian dna. I'm a Midlander, family been here since the beginning.. my ancestry is mostly North-Sea jüdtland (Dane and German), Baltic and native Brython.

I heard there are new papers or at least proposals out that, because the workmanship of the Sutton Hoo helmet is so superior, the similar Swedish Vendel helmets are copies of the Sutton Hoo one. I remember a history video several years ago about the jewelry worn by Britons at the time of Roman invasion. Based on archeological finds and existing museum pieces, the British jewelry was said to show the highest level of skill anywhere in the world then. Sorry I don't remember the details, but I imagine the curator at the Sutton Hoo site or at The British Museum would know more about any new thought to do with the direction of exchange.

On the Y DNA part you did not mention that some of those saxons on the research were tested positive for J2b-L283(5 of them).This clarifies that this haplo was brought to britain with them, not with the romans, as it was previously thought.

I wonder if the Franks came over as mercenaries? The Roman’s used them as mercenaries in Gaul before the empire fell. Regular Roman legions did not wish to be stationed in Britain so I wonder if the “Roman’s” stationed there were really just Saxons, Franks, and Nordic mercenaries… and when Rome fell they decided to take over as warlords?

Great history and really enjoyed it.

I send u srength and power mr jive

Interesting as always but in your round up didn't catch much about the nth east

Love this!

the end helped put it together - colour visuals, even as dots, with dates and the waves of migration would help form a better picture. I also feel like we're missing the origin of the Normans before they parked their bots on Normandy. - also more on the Fris. I'd also like to go back to the Hallstatt - play with that a bit and the Orkney

🇨🇦some how i got unsubscribed from this you tuber an excellent topic.Subscribed again.Anglo Saxons Rule!

Out of interest my son's (very left wing) history teacher told him he was upset by these findings...

I’m like 30% English according to ancestrydna and 40% Irish. My haplogroup is from Scandinavia and my surname is Powers (Norman surname). I don’t get a typical haplogroup though for some with Irish ancestry… so at some point my male line came from the Vikings.

learning about ancient peoples like this i often think of the idea of what it would be like to be the first person in an area thats never been touched by man. Just untouched wilderness and resource to explore and use to your benefit. would be quite the adventure

Thank your for your efforts. One remark concerning the frisians: frisians (except of the north frisians which migrated there later) are located in todays netherlands amd germany (there they are called east-frisians)

A lot of evidence emerging for Germanic settlement during the Roman period especially in East Anglia and theories the Saxon shore could even be not a defence term but the settlement shore of the Saxons. Cheers

So my Green's History of England written in 1888 is vindicated, and Francis Prior may have to rethink in light of new information.

There's still many people in England and the rest of the UK today with mainly Ancient Brit DNA (Welsh, Irish, Scottish) mixed with some of the Germanic tribes that came over starting 1,600 years ago with the Anglo Saxons.

How complete were the DNA profiles used in this study? How much of the genomes involved were actually used?

we are all r1 b haplogroup. England is north west european.. we are German and Celtic

It is interesting how there is a slight Germanic signal in highland scots and Irish, but not a French signal, despite these places being settled and heavily influenced by Norman aristocrats but not Anglo-Saxons. Must be from England having a larger population and so just gradually giving slight admixture to these places

never been able to get a solid answer but after the last ancestry update the excluded Welsch from England and northwestern Europe of witch i am 50 percent according to them then 20 German and only 2 Danish and Swedish. does this mean enwe is anglo saxon now? not a mix of briton and anglo?

Also is French dna in England more germanic or celtic

Hey, Tom. I like what you said about how the Goths claimed to be from modern Sweden, historians questioned this, but the genetics proved them to be right. The English claim to be descended from Anglo-Saxons, many intellectuals questioned this, but the genetic studies prove that it's true. My question is, what do you think about another group, the Hungarians, who claim to be descended from Scythians, every single Hungarian chronicle starts with the Scythians, and until 150 years ago, the Scythian origins of Hungarians was regarded as a fact, only recently the intellectuals began to claim that this is nonsensical. Do you think genetic studies will once again prove a 1000 year old claim to be right?

I'm Canadian of English heritage and it's nice to learn all this.

You tell my story very well.

My surname pre-dates the 7th century and is classed as old English/Germanic. Closest translation is Wulfnoth meaning wolf brave or wolf bold. Very pre-dominant in East Anglia scince before the 7th century.

Thanks for the talk. About 30:18. So far the Nordic Bronze Age individuals have all been I1 and R-U106. Most of the Anglo-Saxon samples from this paper are I1 and R-U106 too and the Scandi R1a was more of a minority element. This paper has around 40 individuals of I1 and 40 of R-U106 from Anglo-Saxon England while the R1a in Anglo-Saxon England are fewer than 4. What could be the explanation for why the Scandi R1a hasn't been found in the Nordic Bronze Age? They were there in numbers before but then they seem to just disappear for a while until the iron age. I'm sure you noticed the graph with Y-chromosomes in the supplementary.

Seems all these studies are always focussed on Viking/ AS dna- would be interesting to hear some balance French research discussing the c40% dna the English have from there.

6:13 were these the ones under haplogrouo R1b-S497?

Wait... you are telling me I'm part French? And I really was starting to like this channel...

Fascinating new evidence and entirely supported by the ancient sources. The Franks may have had a significant presence in Britain as early as AD 296. Lain accounts describe how Constantius crushed a mutiny in Roman Britain: "Hardly a single true Roman was killed in your victory. I am told that the plains and hills were littered with the fallen bodies of our loathsome enemies. But these were the bodies of barbarians, or those that had adopted their clothing and style of long blond hair. […] Invincible Caesar, the eternal gods had indeed granted you the destruction of all your enemies especially the Franks. For some of the ships carrying your soldiers had become detached from the fleet as they sailed through the sea fog. Losing their way, the soldiers headed to London where they intercepted the remnants of the barbarous horde that had survived the battle". The Panegyric on Constantius Caesar (passages 16-17)

Interesting. I've definitely got a slight French shift in my DNA and it makes sense considering my father has a Norman last name.

I heard leaders shipped in whole villages because their homelands were flooding, and they struggled to farm. Is that true?

@jive do you believe that Roman Auxiliary soldiers had an impact on English DNA ? I read that thousands of Batavian’s (Germanic) manned Hadrian’s wall along with Gallic and Belgae (Celtic Germanic) warriors? It could explain the pre 500AD Germanic genes in York. 🤔

Truth will always be vindicated

Its said the population of Scandinavia in the 536AD cooling event was halved by 50% so im guessing even the DNA of Scandinavia changed over this period as it did in Denmark as people come down from the far north...

I do have a question about the people in Cumbria (Northwest England), sure they might not have been impacted as much by the Anglo-Saxons or Franco-Normans on arrival, but were they not impacted by the Danish Vikings in the 800s? There are a lot of place names that's are of Old English and Old Norse around there. My Father is from Cumbria and he speaks an old dialect of Cumbrian-English that is Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse, or is that almost purely a language shift?

Hi Jive would you ever do a video about the genetic of Czechs Ive heard that Czechs have genetic admixture of Celtic, Germanic and Slavic ancestry and that the founding royal dynasty Přemyslids were of Germanic Celtic origin. Btw this is from the article about the Final Solution of the Czech Question during occupation in WW2 Czechia "Racial surveys, conducted under the pretext of tuberculosis prevention, found the Czechs to be more Nordic than the Sudeten Germans, East Prussians, and many Austrians and Bavarians."

One thing I will add is that we have some gaps in the data. We can’t presume a post Anglo-Saxon entry of French IA-like ancestry, due to the following: 1. We lack samples from Roman Era Britain 2. We lack samples from large parts of late Iron Age Britain (East Anglia & the Midlands in particular) where French IA-like ancestry has the highest concentrations. And if we use R1b-U152 as a proxy for French IA-like ancestry (per the Patterson study), then we see that U152 shows up in Britain post-400 BC; U152 is only in 3.9% of all post-400 BC samples. Additionally, the Patterson study didn’t have samples from the Midlands and East Anglia, where the modern percentages of R1b-U152 are above average. This paper’s results may also imply the following: 1. The Hallstatt, La Tene, and Belgae arrivals in Britain are indiscernible from WBI or 2. The aforementioned three groups left no detectable genetic impact on Britain. I’ve also read that if they only used Eastern and North Central French samples, they would have replicated where Hallstatt and La Tene came from (plus ou moins). I have a feeling some of this French IA-like ancestry, came before the Anglo Saxon period.

I got a myheritage DNA test I have been told all companies give different results ? It came up Scandinavian and British Isles

Very interesting topic

Great video - thanks. This confirms what I have always suspected - the 'Saxon Advent' was either more violent or more complete than some modern scholars suggest. It is very hard to learn a new language competently, and merely replacing the elite does not achieve that, otherwise the Romano-Britons would have spoken Latin, and after the Norman Conquest, we would have been speaking Norman-French. Large scale (although not total) replacement DOES explain the language that we now speak, and the genetics that we have.

Very interesting. I have to say I always thought the 50 year campaign to discredit the traditional account failed to explain language even before the DNA evidence. We have the two examples of the influence by the Danes and Normans. The Danes brought a significant population change, and a partial change in leadership, while the Normans exherted a total change in leadership and high status culture. Also from this evidence a steady flow of French settlement carried on through that period. And yet while both had major influences on English, it was not replaced either by Danish or French. The idea that a warrior elite, ruling many shifting kingdoms could somehow influence the Britons to entirely give up their own language for an entirely different one, in the space of 5 or 6 generations is patently absurb. Look at how Welsh survived under English rule for hundreds of years. I think it's to do with the dominance of archeology in the study of our history since the sixties. Because the iron and wood artifacts of the Anglo Saxons survive so little, their importance diminished. Where are the battlefields and the mass graves the Archeologists ask? Of course there were probably many small battles, rather than a single conquest with big battles, and only a tiny proportion of graves survive from the period anyway. I think however this influence of "If we can't find proof of it in the ground then it didn't happen" idea is very powerful.

22:10 I wonder, did Hilaire Belloc contradict Bede? Anyway, he, from a pretty non-left pov also rejected massive migration and preferred élite promotion of Anglo-Saxon, so that's where I had it from. Do you think that: a) he was not distinguishing Iron Age Celtic from French influence? b) thought of the original Anglo-Saxons as more Nordic than they were?

Wonderful video! Is U106 haplogroup associated with the Franks (Merovingians)? I thought I’d read that somewhere. I am Z326 (beneath U106) and my terminal SNP is closely related to a very few men in England though my father’s side is continental German (Swabian specifically) which has always lead me to believe we may have been of Frankish origin. Z326 is not exactly rare in England, so I’m wondering was the continental source more likely Anglo-Saxon or Frankish or both?

what can you say to people who want to dismiss genetic data saying that archaeogenetics is a discipline in "its infancy" and therefore it would be highly inaccurate and unreliable to take as evidence?