See also facebook: facebook.com/people/Costas-Melas-Page/100090025323926/ twitter: twitter.com/Costas_Melas

Indo-European languages: “We’ll be back.”

I am from Ethiopia and I speak one of the Semitic languages. It's really interesting to see how the Semitic languages ​​supplanted other languages. Thanks for this video, very cool!

You had a lot to fit in. I had to keep in mind that many of these like Niger-Congo were entire large/complex language families. Also I briefly thought you both misspelled and misplaced "Caspian" (instead, Capsian... I had never heard of it before). I really need to look up the history of Madagascar. I had no idea it was unsettled before the Austronesians moved in. I thought there would've been native Sub-Saharan Africans and the Austronesians would've assimilated them or something. It's a shame we lost the Pigmy languages 2000 years ago. I would've loved to have heard what they would've sounded like. Again, well done on a hard job. Only the Americas and New Guinea to go.

Proudly bantu. The way our languages are structured is beautiful and amazing.

I really liked this video, I hope you will soon make the videos of the Omitic, Chadic and Afroasiatic languages Greetings from Mexico 🇲🇽

Did anyone else get an ad in Greek? It sounds like a really nice language.

I like how, thanks to the Brahui language, Dravidian just never left the map, lol.

If you're interested why the Egyptian language family never left the video, it's because of the coptic language; a minority language spoken by the Eastern Christians living there.

keep up the work like this I see you in the video of new languages ​​nice video 👍

The three main powers in past Niger Congo Nilo Saharan Cushitic ..... The 4th power that sweeping all North Africa Semetic

Imagine if he posted Languages of Antarctica on April 1st

Wow great work this is extremely detailed. Pls do different forms of government in Asia that would be really good

Personally I loved the cushites the most in this video 👌👌👍👍 Absolutely astonishing how much history comes from such an ancient people yet so little is talked about them. From The land of Punt to Macrobia to trading city states to vast Maritime Thallocracies. I love how diverse and far reaching the cushite history in Africa is. Very underrated and they're probably the MVP in this video.

Interesting how the Koi San survived in the area where its speakers last settled.

Incredible video. Your channel truly needs to grow more

fantastic! I can't wait to see the historical changes of South Asian languages

Great video👍

*In some near future* Costas Melas: History of the Languages of the World.

always love your video's there so interesting don't stop please

Thanks to you I’m getting ads in Greek now. 🇬🇷

Great video

Looking forward to a video on the americas

Amazing video

10/10 map as always. One question, is the Mesopotamian Substrate meant to be Elamite and Sumerian?

Niger-Congo really be hitting the gym spreading their muscles like that.

I'm looking at how much of Africa used to be Koi-San, as well as Pygmy.

Nice video.

Great work, as always! I wonder if you'll do one like this for both of the Americas, since you never even mapped any south american language family and only one north american one. It's gonna be hard and with less certainty but feasable

Google says currently between 1000 and 2000 languages are spoken in Africa. I wonder how low this number will go. In modern times more and more languages are facing extinction.

Interesting. However, this is the boldest of your continental language map videos, since much of this is speculation; heck, you can't prove that one substrate was spanning all of Arabia and Mesopotamia before the Semitic overtake. Btw, where is the Atlantic substrate? And Nilo-Saharan languages are still debated to this day. Arabia was probably very empty everywhere but in the coasts (Dilmun, Magan, pre-Sabaean). That is why Semitic pastoralists from the Levant were able to retain most of the Old Levantine-Anatolian ancestry (but remember genetics ≠ linguistics). Who told Pygmies inhabited the heart of Africa? Why it is with hashed lines, not full color? Their relationship with the West Africans is closer than with the Khoisans, and thus they had to migrate from east to west in all directions to fill the lands. Also, what is the evidence of Chadic being spoken by people in such a large area? (I know at that time, Sahara was drying) Did Berber exist back in the days of building the glorious Pyramids or did Para-Berber? Did Cushites really inhabit such a large part of South Arabia? Was Southern East Africa really empty (it is white or hashed-white), when humans had continuously inhabited it? Who told Iran's south-central part wasn’t inhabited? And who told Afghanistan was absolutely related to Bacto-Margianan culture in terms of language back in the day? Who knows if Jiroft culture spoke that Zagros tongue. No people shared the North Atlantic coast of Africa between the Capsian substrate and Niger-Congo speakers? Was the Indus language really the Proto-Dravidian language or a relative to it? As far I remember, the Proto-Dravidian word for goat is commonly agreed to be *yaṭu (retroflex T, which is everywhere in English) while the Indo-Aryan (I-A) pastoralists had a tribe called Yadu. Now, normally *yadu yields *yaṭu, not the other way round. It suggests that the language was a bit different to the Proto-Dravidian in South (and South-Central) India, but probably related. Also, Dravidian influence is what is said to have differentiated the South I-A languages (Marathi, Sinhalese) from their cousins, and obviously the lands they are now being spoken in were most likely under Dravidian tongue. Eastern I-A is also said to have differentiated due to Munda influence. And of course, it is sad that the very first civilizations, Sumer and Elam, do not have their languages shown separately. Being the most continuosly inhabited continent and subcontinent in human history, Africa and the Middle East (which you didn’t label, btw) must have had the most number of languages at the start of civilization. This video undermines all of those substrates for the currently dominant language families.

The first people in Madagascar was not austronesian but probably related to the Khoisan speaker group just like the same people from zanzibar at this time. It was more than 5000 BC. Very long time also the bantu speaker (swahili) occupied the northern part of Madagascar for century

it would be interesting to see some native American languages evolution, like arawak or maybe even eskimo aleutin languages

Great video. Only thing I have a problem with is that you didn't show the different Khoisan families, and I wish you used similar colors for the Afroasiatic branches because they're related, but other than that I commend you for your research into these videos. They are genuenly incredile.

I think the Khoisan were only indigenous to South Africa Namibia Bostwana and Zambia and the other areas of Southern Africa were inhabited by a people similar to the Khoisan but distantly or closely related

Please do a video about Mesopotamian Substrate/languages.

there was no language in north africa before Berber, officially called Amazigh. I never heard of that capsian substrate thing

Can you make one for Afroasiatic languages

South cushitic expansion extended so far into Namibia and South Africa. Even today, some Khoisan group such as nama care cushitic admixture around 20% in average.

I totally didn't know that there was a Cushitic presence in East Africa before the bantu showed up. I always thought the transition was straight from Khoi-San to Bantu. How much, if anything, is known about this East African Cushitic?

So the 3 major language groups that took over was the Semitic Arab, the Niger-Congo Bantu, and the Iranian languages. Which becomes the Black, Arab and Persian races today.

Would you ever in the future make any changes to this map? Just curious great work!

It is interesting that after the decolonization of Africa, only Arabic-speaking countries renounced the languages of the occupiers. All others kept them as state ones.

I didn't know that the Cushitic languages historically reached as south as Monzambique and Zambia. Where did you read that?

The update from this video to today is that Mali stopped using French as an official language

is coptic really still spoken outside Liturgy services? i thought they had all switched to arabic some time ago

the capsian substrate speaks a language that originates from an Afro-Asiatic language

Somehow i've missed this video when it came out. Very satsifying video. What is that Nilo-Saharan language in Morocco from 4:13 to 5:44?

make about languages in the Caucasus

I want to watch “History of French Sign Language family”

Can you do morea revolt and krokodelios kladas revolt???

What languages are meant to be included in Pygmy, Capsian, Caucasus-Zagros and Bactria-Margiana substrates? Is there any evidence of them?

👍👍

How do you know how different language families were spread in sub Saharan Africa before 15th century AD?

Austronesian family be like: Hey can I join?

5:26 What happened here? all of a sudden arabic is getting partially spoken troughout the sahelo-sudanese psrt of west africa, then it gradually disappears from the former mali empire's land and gets replaced by "nilo saharan", but at the same it stays still between the southern part of sudan/grassland and forests, i dont get what happened

Bantus took the land of Pymgyes and Khoi San and replaced them.

What software do you use to make your videos?

Good job man, but Elam language probably belongs to Dravidian instead of Mesopotamian. We need more archeological materials to examine it.

How did you get Chadic Substrate that far north?.

Why did the Afroasiatic languages family not continue to expand like the west and the south after conquering the Ethiopian Highlands?

Caspian substrate in northwestern Africa? Not should be Atlantic?

Do we know anything about the substrate languages you show?

What is the apparently Cushitic language all the way over in Western Sahara?

Only European language which made many 1st language speakers in Africa is Afrikaans (Dutch) in South Africa and Namibia.

In 4000 BC Khoi and San substrate would have been as far reaching as upper Egypt (anthropologically supported). It is to my understanding that many indegenous African ethnic groups, (now associated with Sub-Saharan Africa geographically), would have been situated further north; permeating the entire Green Sahara..or rather Savannah of northern Africa.

You better make languages of the world after all of these are done

Next one, North America languages

Which Gutian and Kassite belong to, Mesopotamian or Caucasus-Zagros?

I can't seem to locate the "Atlantic Substrate" on the map, am I missing it?

i dont get how you can call sumerian a substrate and then place dravidian in the entire indus region

2:50 the irony of the Mesopotamian languages not being spoken in Mesopotamia anymore but still being spoken in Persia

Innacuracy scares me.

South of Egypt, you have Nilo-Saharan languages at the beginning. However, we don’t really know which languages were spoken there at that time. It could have been Cushitic, Nilo-Saharan, or even something more closely related to Egyptian. We actually just have insufficient data for now. I personally think it was an Afro-Asiatic language that would have provided a smoother transition between Egyptian and Cushitic, but I am just speculating without evidence as well.

When did they start speaking Bonix.

What's Morroco and Algeria labelled as in the beginning?

Bantu language is the Best

It's interesting that Cushitic like the Bantus expanded south to the Khoi-San and Pygmy lands but they eventually lost to the Bantus.

Personally I speak CHADIC

North Africa's strategic location has made it a crossing point for all civilizations unfortunately

人類の故郷。

Actually It is not proven that Indus Valley people spoke Dravidian language

permi-uturian qalii languaj! of qaaaaqala qaqala and qiixtis

capsian substrate , why in africa ?

The Ruling dynasties of Tulunids, Ikhshidids, Ayyubids(during Saladin) Bahri and Burji Mamluks, Ottomans, Beyliks/Deyliks of Northern Africa and Khedivate spoke Turkic languages

So the bantu expansion what cause the khoisan and pygmy language speakers become minority huh?

capsian substrate ???

KHOISAN?

Chadic language?Oh, it's so Chad.

Bantu expansion didn't come to horn of Africa they tried but failed miserably 😂😂)💪🏽

0:42 why is there a whole in Africa

Where are all the black people now claiming that they were first in South Africa and the country belongs to them??? It belongs to the Khoisan, not you.

Alot of places white on the map like the Sahara definately had people. Anyway, why did you place Chadic where you did? Are you going with the theory that it is the origin of AfroAsiatic languages in general?.

Alexander the Great after spreading the indoeuropean language only and only for the arabs to get rid of it:😑

Chadic language

arabic?

Bantu carrying

Chad barely even Chadic

Maybe it would be better to do Sub-Saharan Africa and Northern Africa separately?

يحيى الاتحاد المغرب العربي ⚫⚪🔴