Great video, but I would take issue with the explanation of “borrowing energy” and using the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to explain quantum tunneling. Quantum tunneling is just due to the fact that although the wave function decays in a region where the function for potential energy is higher than the energy of the particle, the wave function does not decay all the way to zero. Therefore there is a non-zero probability of the particle makes it through the barrier. Also, I am concerned that the title of this video may make people think that left-handedness is an intrinsic property of the electron, as opposed to something that arises from the structure of the material it is in.

It's nice to see Professor Eaves again. He's always been one of my favorite presenters, and he hasn't really been around much in these lately. Really interesting stuff, and well-explained.

I want to be an electron in my next life and spook scientists out.

I just love how "it was quite fast. It only took 3 months" is a thing.. Maybe it's just because I'm in school (Probably is), but fast normally means days-weeks for me.

Respectfully, Professor, I must disagree. My golf balls experience tunneling quite often - that's why I can never find the little buggers, I'm sure. :-)

Interesting. It looks like the transistor will be able to work in either direction, depending only on the way the voltage is applied.

I physically moaned in pleasure upon seeing the length and topic of this video

This is truly amazing research and amazing explanations. I'll just pop on over to Nottingham to audit all your classes!

Excellent video. Thank you for sharing your work with us.

I must admit, given I understand quite a lot of the content provided by sixty symbols, this went straight over my head.

THANKS FOR SHARING THIS INTERVIEW!!! GREAT CHANNEL!!!

I just love him & his work. More please.

I think he's the only one of the speakers/professors who doesn't distract me with his presence (my fault maybe). I could completely focus on the content of his message.

Very interesting video as always form you all. Keep them coming.

incredibly easy to follow and understand! Thanks for this video!

One of the first books that made me interested in science was The Left Hand of the Electron by Isaac Asimov, one of his collections of science essays.

Wow, this one was one of the best on the topic. Really liked it.

Thank you, Thank you for making this video.

Whoa, it's awesome that you now publish a video about a scientific work before it's even out there!

I bloody love these videos

Excelent as always thank you.

I really appreciate your video and you clear presentation style. I learned a lot, thank you, Professor Laurence Eaves. May chirality always be with you! Best regards, Al Beeman Hilo, HI

Great Video. Thank you

I love this subject matter - thanks for uploading

As an umpire of local league cricket, I very much appreciate the shout out. Thank you, professor! 🏏🏏🏏🏏🏏🏏🏏🏏🏏🏏🏏🏏

Awesome video! I just took intro to quantum and special relativity at my university and we learned a little about the time-independent Schrodinger's Eq. I must say I got chills when you said the electrons could tunnel between the graphene layers. Tell me how thin must the barrier be for the electrons to tunnel through from top g layer to the bottom g layer? And please tell me if its not unreasonable to think this kind of transistor has potential application to the future of computers maybe quantum computers? Thanks!

As always... Interesting stuff !

I would contend that classical particles do engage in a sort of tunneling. If you pull back one bead on a Newton's cradle and release it, it stops against the "surface" of the resting beads and a bead on the other end "jumps" out of formation. Are we sure that these moving electrons are actually "tunneling" through materials placed between graphene, or do you have an electron on one side that occasionally impacts the substrate with just the right energy and momentum to cause a cascade effect, implanting itself in the substrate and popping an electron off the other side with an energy equivalent to that which was put in originally?

This video just made the video of Andre Geim's 2011 graphene talk from the Institute of Physics a heck of a lot more understandable for me. :) Prof. Eaves gave a very good explanation.

interesting, but dense, hard to wrap my head around what he was trying to make clear.

Great Video. But I was just curious how do "they" know that the electrons coming out the "bottom" of the hBN aren't different electrons? I.E. were they free electrons dragged away from the garphene by negative voltage applied?

Nice explantion of chiralty at the end, about it being an effect of the medium structure. I was wondering how something could have spin up or down and left or right!

He said scotch tape method as if it was super technical but isn't that just peeling away graphine with scotch tape?

I think chirality can be compared to a thread on a screw. It can be left or right handed. For a particle the complex value of a wave function when plotted in 3D space along the direction of particle's movement line can also be left or right-handed.

Kookaburra at 2:20 This should be the thumbnail :D

It’s something the material is new to the scene. Measurement is an exciting thing.

Wonderful. What a fascinating subject, and masterfully explained. This channel is one of the best I've seen. Kudos.

A wall with height and thickness. A ball goves over, thus overcomes that potential (energy barrier). A ball (canon) goes through with requires more energy but this is like the electrovoltaic effect, dislogding bits of wall and replacing with ordnance.

What a great communicator

Is there a relationship of the lattice sheet's alignment and what left or right electron will tunnel? If so then two different data streams could be carried at near light speed. If you can contain the left and right electrons on either side then you have a very fast memory cell. There is also a new digital construct. A left holding cell and a right holding cell and an empty cell. Tri-state logic at near light speed.

I love this channel I love all of you guys thank you so much! But you said a electron can borrow energy to quantum tunnel the Barrier, and then it pays back that energy once it’s on the other side. My question is, where does that energy come from(the environment?) to pay back the energy loan if it’s spent the borrowed energy to pass through the barrier. So it would need to “earn”new energy to pay for the borrowed that the electron spent quantum tunneling the barrier, right? This is why I really prefer the plasma/electric universe model where quantum tunneling can be described as a dipole interaction. Where the initial borrowed energy forces the particles to flip polarity or “spin flip” (“likes like likes”)and then it can be attracted or propelled through the material instead of repelled. Then the energy is spent and the electron settles down to its base polarity and spin state. I mean I’m paraphrasing but that seemed to be the rough idea. It makes sense to me and it does it without using mysterious quantum means.

Professor, can you give us a comparison of switching speed and operating voltages? Is this better than the best silicon transistors?

Chirality. Cool word. Clear as mud. Is there a pattern to chirality within the lattice? In other words, do the spins work like adjacent gears? Looking forward to the additional footage.

Damn, I love this channel!

so your measurements does not effect if the electron in the left-hand/right-hand states? Meaning, allowing the phenomenon to occur that the electron is in both states ? In the left hand and not in the left hand. In the right hand and not in the right hand? or in the left hand and right hand.

If you had a letter A painted on your quantum cricket ball and tunnelling occurred would the cricket ball on the other side necessarily have the same label? In other words has an electron tunnelled or has one vanished and another appeared a certain distance away?

I have a question that if you rotate the whole graphene sheet, wont the perspective change ? I mean left might become right and right might become left ? Does that mean that the left handedness and right handedness depends on the position and our perspective in which we are watching the electron to go ? @sixtysymbols

If you made a square grid lattice instead of a hexagonal one, would that eliminate the chirality behaviour?

Could you please explain the Scharnhorst effect? Thanks!

the chirality of the nodes in the lattice gives rise to (causes) the chirality of the electrons, or exposes the chirality of the electrons?

You're right, we Americans by-and-large have never heard of those terms, although in baseball I think the analogy might be the curveball and the screwball, where the pitched ball undergoes the Magnus effect but curve- and screw- go in opposite horizontal directions (as seen by the batter, catcher, and home plate umpire) because the spin is exactly opposite.

physicists are like video game glitch finders in real life

When there is a magnetic field applied, wouldn't the electrons experience Larmor precession, much like protons in an MRI machine? Is that a factor in chirality?

Kinda off-topic, but the talk of these graphene/boron nitride transistors got me thinking: how far off are these kinds of transistors from being used in electronic circuitry? Are they even useful for electronics?

There is a little mistake but i'm sure that the profesor made it intentionally trying to simplify, I remember a video where prof. Moriarty said "Spin is not spin, is an intrinsic property of the electron". It'd be better if you put an annotation in min 2:55.

I didn't really understand the difference between left- and right-handed electrons from the explanation given. Wouldn't any electron traveling across the hexagonal lattice travel through atoms identified as having horizontal bonds in both directions?

How do the properties of graphene differ under extreme cooling conditions?

The electron must 'sense' the contours of the lattice in terms of a charge-topography determined by uneven distribution of negative and positive charge according to the shape of the bonds relative to the shape of the protonic charge emanating from the nuclei. In a dipolar molecule like water, charge distribution is uneven due to unequal charge and inertia of the oxygen and hydrogen nuclei; but in graphene, the atoms are all carbon and the bond lattice seems to be symmetrical so you would expect charge distribution to be more even. However, because Lorentz' force causes charged particles to deflect perpendicularly to direction of a magnetic field line, there must be free charge present that interacts with magnetic field lines also present. My question is in regards to the ability of the graphene to absorb energy from electrons and/or photons passing through it. Are the bonds so symmetrical and evenly distributed that their ability to absorb and diffuse energy inputs effectively prevents the bonds from ever being broken? I.e. is there any way to decompose graphene and/or somehow get the atoms to recombine with other atoms? Or is graphene like some kind of ultimate carbon ash whose bonds can never be broken until they are crushed together with the protons in an electron-degeneracy event, such as by falling into a neutron star?

I dont get the difference between Chirality and spin, unless by that they mean that spin they mean it is arbitrary which you shoose as up or down. If i understand correctly, Chirality is absolute whilst spin is relative, in other words, whatever direction your instrument is set up in?

Carbon can ordinarily bond with 4 atoms, and taking a look at that model, each carbon has 3 represented bonds. Are each of those unit cells like benzene rings, where there are alternating single and double bonds?

I feel like i would be unstoppable if this man was my professor.

I find the sound of him dragging the cricket ball across the graphene really satisfying for some weird reason :)

Graphene could work like a nerve or a neural network if you could add other elements into and on it's lactic to trigger and direct a piezoelectric effect.

I've read so many times that the "spin" property of an electron doesn't describe a physical rotation (like a ball spinning on it's axis). Can someone elaborate on this? The prof. made it look like "spin" would be a physical rotation... was it just for simplification?

very clearly explained! Had a lot of fun! Congratulations for the video and for the publication!

So chirality is a property of the electron but in the case of a graphene lattice it manifests itself in the form of left-handedness and right-handedness?

Doesn't the chirality come from the fact that the carbon valence electrons actually form a tetrahedron (instead of the mercedes brand shown in the video)?

For a rule of thumb, a left hand is like a right hand rule, where you turn your hand around a 180. I know, it's hard to understand left handedness as a right hander.

What's the difference between graphene and graphite? (I'm guessing the bonding)?

This is so well explained, as with all the videos from the professors at Nottingham! Great video.

I don't understand why the carbon atoms are only bonded to three other atoms. What about the additional valence electron? Is that why the graphene conducts electricity?

very interesting

excellent thanks for sharing 12:00 gloves 15:20 mirror image

It sounds like lef- or right-handedness is an intrinsic property of the electron. But if I understood it right (I probably didn't), the property arises by moving through a structure. Would that mean that this property could have 3 possible values, if the electron would be moving in a 3-dimensional structure?

I get how the electrons are different on the lattice, but I can see 6 different types, or 3 if you rule out the symetric cases. Where 2 comes from (right & left) ?

I would like to propose that, if there is a unit of measurement unique to Landau states, that it should be named the "Martin."

So an Electrons in an atom can’t be on the same exited level that’s occupied by another electron? And what’s the maximum number of electrons an atom can have?

Maybe a stupid question, but the molecular image of the graphene, and the plastic model shown by the prof don't match. Why is that? There are no hexagons in the molecular image...

so this chirality property manifests only in hexagonal crystal structure? so for example in square crystal structure there would not be any chirality of electrons?

I think the animation was a little bit off towards the end. The directions the hands were travelling in were quite different from the picture Laurence was explaining.

Electrons have come a long way since I did 'A' levels. More please.

Can you build a quantum q-bit for a quantum computer from your research?

I´d love a video about atomic clocks (and optical clocks). It´s a very interesting topic :)

The Landau levels: well spaced, higher up you go more closely bunched up - kinda of like musical harmonic series?

That's Sean isn't? I thought I heard heard him at 1:18.

How do they know it is quantum tunneling and not just the fact that there are spaces between the boron and nitrogen atoms that would permit the electrons to go through?

You explained everything perfectly, and the visual helped out a lot. I don't understand most of it, or all of it... I guess I'm just uncertain about the whole thing... Get it... because uncertainty principle... Ok I'm done.

Quantum tunnelling is a collision detection glitch. It's the exact same bug I used to get happening when I was learning programming because I was updating an object's position before I checked for collisions, so if the object was moving quickly enough it could pass straight through another object without a collision being detected. The problem was that I wasn't testing for collisions at a high enough frequency, which raises a big question: Could time have a finite resolution? I have toyed with the idea of there being a minimum distance that time can act over but I'd be interested to know of any real science researching this area.

matter and antimatter annihilate when they meet. a proton is a matter a positron is an antimatter,. what happens if they meet? if they annihilate what happens to the 2 positive charges?

So to keep its formal charge low, doesn't carbon normally want to form 4 bonds, not 3?

I like this guy. His office is a total mess, just like my house. Glad to know success doesn't have to be organized.

Use a magnet reppelent sequence

I really love professor Laurence Eaves. Not that I did not like all the others :D

We should have a video on superconductivity Brady. Plz

qustion: for any massive dirac fermion the particle has both handednesses to it, right? is this effect negligible in any way? I'm pretty sure your energies aren't much larger than the electron mass, and I'm pretty sure you didn't find a way to decouple it from the Higgs field, so what's going on?

is an electron a naked singularity?

I thought the drift velocity was very slow, like 80 cm/h. It's the impulse velocity which is 1000 km/s

Oh dear. Now I have to go to the brain doctor and get my brain stapled back together. Another fine video that leaves me with a burning desire to go through this one a few more times.

What can the left or right handed electrons be used for?

Does left handed change to right handed depending on its observed state?