Line Of Fire | The Kaiser's Battle

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Line Of Fire | The Kaiser's Battle | Full Documentary

Рет қаралды 233,654

Күн бұрын

The German spring offensive of 1918 nearly brought the greatest of rewards in a war that had become a static blood-soaked nightmare - a decisive breakthrough against a weakened allied enemy. The ending of the war on the Eastern front had allowed the Germans to transfer thousands of troops to the west to aid the great offensive - total success was prevented only by sheer bad luck, the fighting defence of the Allied armies and the complete exhaustion of the German soldiers.
Once the offensive had been halted, however, there was no doubt that the Allies would win the war. Six months of hard fighting still lay ahead, but the Germans were forced inexorably back towards their own borders.
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@binzauk Ай бұрын

My wife's Great Grandfather fought in this battle and was killed on 24th March 1918 at Marierres Wood, fighting with the 4th South African Infantry. Marierres Wood was the last stand for 500 South African troops who held up the German advance long enough for reinforcements to arrive and thus help prevent the Germans capturing Amiens, a vital road and rail link. In 2018 we did a battlefield tour were we went to Villers-Guslain and Gauche Wood, which were the the German and Allies front lines respectively on 21st March 1918 and where my wifes Great Grandfather had to fight and retreat from constantly over 3 days and nights. Very moving but very interesting.

@thomaskolley Ай бұрын

What kind of would be historians your are. Why not get the map right first. You really clueless that Germany had other borders in 1918?

@123evanda Ай бұрын

@@EAdrien92trolling for attention

@123evanda Ай бұрын

@@thomaskolley🙄

@thelastaustralian7583 Ай бұрын

Lest ye Forget

@welshpete12 Ай бұрын

@@thelastaustralian7583 Amen to that !

@mcsmash4905 Ай бұрын

cant get enough when it comes to 90s to early 2000's documentaries

@BlackWhite-tx2kb Ай бұрын

the soap opera lighting

@nyccoyax3831 Ай бұрын

my father used to watch WW2 documentaries every weekend morning, around 1997 and so on, and my little ass was just sitting there on the floor watching with him in awe.. and thats why I have developed this immense need to consume WW2 and later on even WW1 stuff all the time.

@jameson32 24 күн бұрын

This is contemporary. I know AI narration when I hear it.

@mcsmash4905 24 күн бұрын

@@jameson32 these documentaries are roughly 20 years old , you can find the same ones posted years and years ago

@Robbielazar 2 күн бұрын

@@jameson32not AI

@Simon-jj2pu Ай бұрын

My grandad got a MM for this battle, he was a TF (similar to the National Guard in the US, apparently the young ladies liked the uniforms and you got paid for summer camps, 1914 summer camp got abruptly cancelled) joined just before the outbreak of the war, arrived in France in 1915 as the BEF was almost decimated and the TF took over until the new Kitchener armies could be trained, demobbed in Dec 1918 and then went back to working in the mines. Rejoined the TF in 1919 for a few years, tried to rejoin for WW2 but was told he had done enough. He had a German bullet in his shoulder (in 1915, too close to organs to remove) and it stayed there for the rest of his life . Tough men

@EAdrien92 Ай бұрын

No he didn’t.

@Simon-jj2pu Ай бұрын

@@EAdrien92 luckily I have the medal and the rest of them, and a personal citation. Why be so nasty

@stevenfitzsimmons3840 Ай бұрын

Could be my grandfathers tale. Too a tee. 👍🏻

@MrRobster1234 20 күн бұрын

I had a great uncle with similar story. He was born in St. Marys, Ontario in 1898 and lived until 1987. He went over in 1915 as a bugle boy and returned in 1919 as a regimental sergeant-major. He volunteered for WW II and trained Canadian troops in England. He was a very funny, old chap and I remember him well.

@MrRobster1234 20 күн бұрын

@@EAdrien92 How did you type that in a strait jacket ?

@jennforster8772 Ай бұрын

My great uncle, Ernest Sawyer of the Beds Yeomanry, was killed holding the line at Marcelcave near VB on 31st March. One of many dismounted cavalrymen involved in the defence.

@Marguerite-tv4tq Ай бұрын

My Great Grandfather was mobilized to the Eastern front of WW1. He was a young conscript of the infantry division and fought in the Battle of Galicia in 1914 on the side of Russian Empire.

@redcossack245 Ай бұрын

Very good show. You pay honor to all the soldiers who fought on both sides. One of my ancestors was part of the AEF that showed up some months later and helped change the war. If these men had not stopped the Germans, he may not have made a difference.

@FenellaBeach Ай бұрын

0:15 “a signal for ten thousand German guns and mortars to thunder into action” - proceeds to show British 8” howitzers and British 60 pounder field guns firing - why ? - I’m sure there must be plenty of archive footage of German artillery.

@facejack2646 29 күн бұрын

Yes but in germany the footage will be decleared Rechtsextremen, eventuell so no footage

@waynesutherland-rs6ct Ай бұрын

my grandfather was with the Canadian 44 oversea battalion, third division, he told me the war was to reduce the surplus population and I guess nothing has changed

@MrRobster1234 20 күн бұрын

Ludendorf's son who I believe was a foster son was a German airman. He had been dead and buried for two weeks when he was dug up and taken to Ludendorf's HQ. He said it gave him great comfort to have him there.

@manonthemoon2912 29 күн бұрын

Lost two Great Uncles at Arras 1918 within two weeks, one has no known grave, their father not long after died, he was so heartbroken.

@grandcrowdadforde6127 Ай бұрын

Kaiser Willy escaped, and lived out his life in Holland..

@joebudi5136 Ай бұрын

3000 south africans vs 18,000 Germans. Only 100 survived to become pows. Who knows if any of them survived past the war.

@peterrobbins2862 19 күн бұрын

Well if there was one hundred pows then I'd say most of them would have

@mohammedsaysrashid3587 Ай бұрын

It was an informative and wonderful historical coverage documentary about (Kieser assault)at 1918 ..during WW1.

@0ldb1ll Ай бұрын

'This is not a peace treaty. It is an armistice for twenty years.' It was exceptionally unfortunate that the American President did not agree with Marshal Foche or their own General Pershing. The League of Nations was a complete waste of space and having forced it through, the Americans abandoned it.

@matthewsmith6929 11 күн бұрын

from what I understand, the fact that Congress voted to keep the US out of the league, and the treaty forced Germany to not be a part of it, it essentially became a paper tiger, with no force to achieve what it claimed. This was proven by the Japanese, who tested the limits in China and only faced sanctions by the US.

@peterrobbins2862 19 күн бұрын

America transporting munitions on passenger ships was also a nono as it made ships like the Lusitania a legitimate target of war

@giovannidepetris6335 Ай бұрын

Defeated at Caporetto Italians did not contribute any longer???? This is offensive and preposterous. Italy defeated the last effort of the Austrians in June 1918 in the battle of the Piave. Tens of thousands of Italians were fighting also in France in the Balkans. The Italian navy was preventing access to the ports if the Adriatic etc etc How dare the speaker say Italians did not contribute any more? Of course the big games were in the western front but to diminish Always in every documentary Italians death is shameful.

@sreckobrzin8534 28 күн бұрын

Touchy,aren't you? But of course a Giovanni would jump to defend the back- stabbing, which side gives me more politics of the Italian state of that era. All in the service of colonial expansion....As was so,so welldemonstrated in the following decades.... You can't hide from history.

@Doo_Doo_Patrol 21 күн бұрын

My Grandfather was a German American doctor in the U.S., and treated people.

@Digmen1 25 күн бұрын

The lack of prepared defences on the British 5th Army front was a major factor.

@stevekuxhausen7981 Ай бұрын

The map of Germany is incorrect because it reflects current borders rather than the border during WW1 which included Prussia, Silesia, Posen, Alsace and Lorraine.

@ericdoberstein8872 Ай бұрын

The infiltration tactics that the Germans developed in WWI was the basis for the Blitzkrieg tactics of the German army in WWII that won many spectacular victories for them early in that war. The two most critical additions were mechanization, (including the British invented tanks), and portable hand held radios for improved communications and cooperation between the troops and the artillery.

@geoffreymarshall639 Ай бұрын

Haige's command post was so far from the front that any situation report that reached him was out of date. The British Generals at the front had to work together and without orders from the high command, make their own responses to the German attack.

@brentinnes5151 Ай бұрын

Lions led by Donkeys

@elizabethtamp1537 Ай бұрын

@@brentinnes5151Sounds like the poor, long-suffering Ukrainians.

@markgrehan3726 Ай бұрын

He's commanding the Army he shouldn't be that close to the front lines.

@brentinnes5151 Ай бұрын

@@markgrehan3726 yeah but not bloody miles away

@lorpot Ай бұрын

@@elizabethtamp1537 Russian troll or are you so out of touch of actual "special operation" in Ukraine?

@thorkildsparre Ай бұрын

my great Grandfather fought in this battle and was killed on 22th March 1918 Marierres Wood, fighting with the 84th Regiment,he wass dane died for a country that was not his

@bradmoberly6164 Ай бұрын

Fitting last words from the soldier who participated in the battle at the end of the video. Very fitting. In ww1 and preceeding wars the suicidal frontal attacks seems utterly pointless. What he must have saw or experienced is in beyond human comprehension. Rip sirs. You fought for ppl to be overweight and drink starbucks and post their shitty dinners on fb.

@Xii.legionary 29 күн бұрын

What's the thumbnail from? If these are actual miniatures I absolutely need to know where they're from

@Dav1Gv Ай бұрын

A very interesting analysis. However there was no mention of the fact that Lloyd George held hundreds of thousands of British troops in the UK which certainly made the Germans job easier at the start, While they were sent as reinforcements if Fifth Army had not been so weak the Germans losses would probably have been heavier and ours less. On the other hand the huge salient the Germans were in left us with a very nice target for the Battle of Amiens. Also perhaps a bit over overemphasis of the tactice of infilteration. The mist in March helped a lot, but the attack on Arras made in clear weather against long prepared defences was a very costly failure.

@kodor1146 Ай бұрын

Wouldn´t matter. The Brits had no fighting spirit any way. They surrendered by the tens of thousands to the Germans.

@gthorp52 Ай бұрын

o⁹ppl

@pablotorres6997 Ай бұрын

Excellent! Yes, not as well known but definitely important battle. Great information and presentation.

@danielpeet9811 Ай бұрын

Wait. Wtf?!?! You’re using a 2024 map of Europe to show the strategic situation? Why not use a 1914 map? Are you afraid of showing Germans how much they’ve lost?

@michaelrumfelt3106 25 күн бұрын

They don’t care. Germany is gone. I have German friend who moved to us and said all the refugees they have allowed in has destroyed Germany….he also says they are all crazy lefties now.

@Robbielazar 2 күн бұрын

😂

@paulroman3402 Ай бұрын

This was so interesting.

@DeaconBlu Ай бұрын

Incredible…

@NoManClatuer-pd8ck 29 күн бұрын

LOF was a great series. The Sandhurst professors were top notch. I especially enjoyed they're dry wit.

@daguard411 Ай бұрын

Thank You.

@charliemanson4808 Ай бұрын

48:12 That'll be the regimental sniper with his rifle wrapped in hessian to protect and keep the optics free from mud.

@samuelelsby1800 Ай бұрын

Good spot, but I take issue with ‘Regimental’ implying one sniper per regiment.

@charliemanson4808 Ай бұрын

@samuelelsby1800 true, would have been more accurate to put A regimental not The regimental sniper. But as they are all wearing cloth caps it must be very early in the conflict and sharpshooters/snipers were rare, often supplied with civilian hunting rifles and optics. Often purchased privately by an officer and used by his best shot.

@Mikey_Moonshine Ай бұрын

Amazing amazing documentary 👏🏽😍✌🏽😎💯

@kryts27 Ай бұрын

Ringing bells before actual victory is definitely a sign of hubris.

@stewarta5993 Ай бұрын

my Scot grandfather was a piper.

@elvenkind6072 15 күн бұрын

5:10 I think Kaiserschlacht not only means "Kaiser attack" in German, but "Kaisers Butchery" the same time.

@michaeldowson6988 Ай бұрын

The Germans decided attacking the Front held by the Canadian Corp would be futile, and left them sitting in a long narrow salient.

@flashgordon6670 Ай бұрын

Bc they wanted Canada to switch sides and fight against Britain for independence.

@michaeldowson6988 Ай бұрын

@@flashgordon6670 We are independent. We didn't need to fight to achieve it.

@baabaabaa-yp2jh Ай бұрын

Sept 1918? Think about it fellas, the Bosch were buggad, properly... anything after Aug 8 was futile.

@garylancaster8612 Ай бұрын

@@flashgordon6670As if Canada would ever dream of doing that!

@jasongibson8870 Ай бұрын

There's the obnoxious Canadian inferiority complex masked as a superiority complex. Canadians being nice is on display in them allowing other countries to participate while they single handedly won both world wars.

@Air-bear Ай бұрын

Gadfly here 💥. America’s reasoning for entering WW1 still debated. When they chose to enter is not spoken of much. It wasn’t until after the 1916 election that this commitment was announced. The decision to enter WW1 must have been decided on prior publication. Big decisions take time to develop. When to announce this is also significant.

@bftdr Ай бұрын

i always wondered if that zimmerman telegram was authentic. the british seemed a bit too pleased with themselves after america joined the war.

@stevenhill4122 Ай бұрын

JP Morgan is the reason.

@fredengels8188 Ай бұрын

@@stevenhill4122 exactly

@MikeHunt-fo3ow Ай бұрын

to make money of course.......war is a racket i think it called by smedley is worth looking in to

@flashgordon6670 Ай бұрын

Yes it was authentic. Germany was trying to intimidate the USA, to stay out the war, but it had the opposite result. That and the sinking of the Lusitania and other dastardly incidents.

@gabirican4813 Ай бұрын

Thanks!

@TheWarChannel Ай бұрын

Thank you very much 😊

@gabirican4813 Ай бұрын

@@TheWarChannel You are Welcome! 👍

@dwightburns6699 Ай бұрын

always nice being the first one to comment on y'all's great videos, thank you!

@AndrewC.McPherson-xf5zw Ай бұрын

No biggie, lowlands and a lot of France destroyed. Germany not. We just go home and suffer a bit, and unleash holy terror on a scale unimaginable at this time..

@willhovell9019 15 күн бұрын

The last roll of the dice by the German Imperial military junta , starving and reinforced by more troops following the end of the Russian front. The forthcoming threat of arrival of green American troops was an existential threat into 1919

@ronaldwhite1730 Ай бұрын

Thank you . ( 2024 / July / 12 )

@Colin-Fenix Күн бұрын

What exactly is the significance of the belt of blank machinegun ammo at 19:00? Makes me think the producers have no clue what they are looking at when selecting video footage. The expert is telling us the German infantry is heavily armed but I would never go into combat with blank ammunitions!

@acmelka 12 күн бұрын

33:20. Over running the British Supply dumps is referenced in Ernst Jungers Storm of Steel. I always wondered what would happen to North Korean troops invading the South at the first shopping mall or grocery store.

@glennwall552 Ай бұрын

Remember an old soldier who told me of them taking pubs and drinking them dry fully armed and as mad as hates he told of pitch battles with police they didn't care they'd been to hell and back it haunted them

@luckent47 28 күн бұрын

Great grandpa was there driving a Ford ambulance. Not for this battle as it was pre Pershing. He took care of a lot of friends back here in detroit who go the gas. He caught wind of it and drove over it but never got hit. After the war he became a dpd cop until the late 60s then retired. I grew up in bases in Germany as a brat my parents handled vehicles from Detroit getting deployed into 7th army. I got to talk to my gr grandpa a lot. As medical he didn't have a lot of animosity towards any of the combatants but despised the euro leaders for running the war so stupidly.

@Digmen1 25 күн бұрын

At 21 minutes the Germans used Shot and Shell? This guy belongs back at Waterloo

@kryts27 Ай бұрын

World War 1 is a watershed conflict, it was the last global conflict that was fought on imperialist lines. The next major war (World War 2) was fought on totalitarian lines (where it was not fighting democracies). Before WW1 ended, Russia fell to a totalitarian revolution (Bolshevism), which were to have long-term effects, lasting to this day.The aim of the Central Powers (Austria and Germany) was to humiliate and/or neutralize the military power of France and Russia. Britain joined in because of treaty obligations (neutral Belgium was invaded), and because her sea power was coming into direct threat from Germany's increasing powerful and modern fleet.

@IgnacioMata-f5g Ай бұрын

Is there a what if video on Mexico joining Germany during WW1

@thejeff2469 Ай бұрын

Sauerkraut tacos!

@Wolfen443 Ай бұрын

It could have happened in 1916 around that time, the U.S> had not fully deployed and could have been forced to defend the Southern Border. Unless Mexico cot more nations to join them in the continent, the U.S. had better troops and equipment than them.

@michaelrumfelt3106 25 күн бұрын

They are invading us today lol. Nobody stops them thanks to democrats.

@paulgagnon9830 Ай бұрын

I find it ironic that according to the map at 10:30, the brtish army holds more than half the front line. Lets have some humility TWC.

@thewarwickbear Ай бұрын

It's a very general map, not meant to be completely accurate. It shows the general situation of the ligne rouge down to the Aisne. At least that's how I see it. I know, the whole world knows that apart from a few British positions, the French held the line from the Aisne down to the Swiss border. Please, don't let your own pride in France affect your judgements on this film.

@kryts27 Ай бұрын

The consequences of Ludendorff of ultimately failing in the Kaiserschlacht (August 8th, "black day for the German army"), was it's near collapse in October 1918. By then, the German army had been fighting continually for 7 months and seeing all it's Spring offensive gains lost. It was a huge and catastrophic fruitless gamble by the Kaiser's High Command generalissamos, Hindenberg and Ludendorff.

@Digmen1 25 күн бұрын

As a keen amatuer photographer, I'd love to know something about the cameras and film that they use. Eg that footage at 34:10 was amazing.

@AndrewC.McPherson-xf5zw Ай бұрын

1916 was the time

@brentinnes5151 Ай бұрын

Verdun and Somme

@pliashmuldba 24 күн бұрын

Map @ 1:50 depict the Germany / Denmark border after the shameful vote in 1920 where Denmark got a little bit back of what was taken from us in 1864. Northern Germany = Denmark, just Danes already back then was pushover ( name for cat beginning with P )

@MatteoRomanelli-kl9fb Ай бұрын

The first sentence was enough to see this for what it was: Anglo Saxon arrogance at its finest.

@stevegibb6421 22 күн бұрын

Similar thinking to the battle of the bulge 1944

@churabhok2869 Ай бұрын

These are such nice cultural first world countries

@johncraig7823 Ай бұрын

Why are You using a false using a Post WW1 & WW2 Border for Germany?

@HuwiteNFI Ай бұрын

Good vid but why oh why use post 1945 maps when discussing 1918?

@sammitkhandeparkara Ай бұрын

28:38 what is it that the soldier is rotating?

@Simon-jj2pu Ай бұрын

A rattle used for gas attack warnings. Used after the war for fans to make a noise during football matches

@brentinnes5151 Ай бұрын

@@Simon-jj2pu yeah thats what i reckon

@matthewwoods6972 Ай бұрын

In the imperium all units are sacrificial units.

@grandcrowdadforde6127 Ай бұрын

guess if you have connexions--- Willy was in with Brit Royalty-- you re allowed to start a world war; sans penalty !

@paulrummery6905 Ай бұрын

Yeah, "Bruchmullers orchestra".. Wasn't like "pop, pop, pop bang" 😉

@jatzbethstappen9814 Ай бұрын

Aisling Bea ruined that "8 out of 10 Cats" show I reckon

@georgekovacs3664 Ай бұрын

What?

@jatzbethstappen9814 Ай бұрын

@@georgekovacs3664 i said Aisling Bea ruined that "8 out of 10 Cats" show I reckon

@Immortal.. 27 күн бұрын

Absolutely wild how many errors and important omissions there are in just the first 5 minutes

@Midgard458 Ай бұрын

Ok, I must be a critic! Your maps are anacharonistic! You are showing post cold war borders, showing Poland in modern boundaries! Poland was not revived until 1920 and with far different borders than what we have now! Why neglect such a thing as this in an otherwise excellent documentary?

@CezarAgapi 21 күн бұрын

Would be nice to see what AI did to humanity in 5 years time.

@HenriHattar Күн бұрын

The British generals were dreadful.

@MS-in3sl Ай бұрын

Map showing post-1945 borders?

@flashgordon6670 Ай бұрын

I heard that a bloke called Archi duke, shot an Ostrich bc he was hungry.

@jamesirbensonmum3514 Ай бұрын

there was definitely an ostrich involved!

@roysimmons3549 13 күн бұрын

As usual too much credit given given to Yankee entry. The British Army won the war in 1918 between March and November.

@AndrewC.McPherson-xf5zw Ай бұрын

Meine gott

@brentinnes5151 Ай бұрын

Jerries were much better on the D in this war

@HepatitisBChannelHepatitisB Ай бұрын

Map is wrong

@EverythingsFine82 Ай бұрын

Yeah, it's current with when this doc was made. Yugoslavia is broken up, but Kosovo isn't independent. So, late 90s early 00s.

@scottwrasse9596 Ай бұрын

The map shown is post-WWII, and inaccurate in WWI.

@AndrewC.McPherson-xf5zw Ай бұрын

A little later on.

@richardkeilig4062 29 күн бұрын

Terrible war. All wars are terrible.

@ALA-uv7jq Ай бұрын

So the Canadians held and the British ran. Nothing unusual.

@flashgordon6670 Ай бұрын

Well seeing as Canada is half french, you should’ve sent more men to France than Britain.

@antonrudenham3259 Ай бұрын

Eh?

@brentinnes5151 Ай бұрын

yeah the wannabe yanks won the war singlehandedly with their division

@JBils41 Ай бұрын

A significant proportion of the Canadian Army WAS British… The migration from the UK to Canada prior to 1914 meant that many Canadian soldiers had been born in the UK… My Great Uncle Fred Perry was one… a lad from Woolwich in South London, he emigrated to Canada but signed up in 1914 and served in the 28th North West Battalion right through the war. I’ve seen the records… about a third of the men that Fred signed up with in 1914 were born in the UK… Fred was killed in July 1918 in an air raid.

@pvdneste 15 күн бұрын

Amateurs study tactics, experts study logistics.

@kryts27 Ай бұрын

The Australians taught the Americans how to fight in World War 1

@jamesleonard7439 27 күн бұрын

Nob they didn't, it was the french and british mainly.

@malcolmscrivener8750 Ай бұрын

Aussie Aussie Aussie. Oi Oi Oi

@fredengels8188 Ай бұрын

1:34 dovrak!

@fredengels8188 Ай бұрын

............

@nikkip46 Ай бұрын

1:48 map is wrong. Not watching this a second further.

@leeedsonetwo Ай бұрын

Sadly the Germans did not realise that once they dug in in 1914 they had lost. the rest of the war was just playing out the inevitable.

@SATXbassplayer 18 күн бұрын

Wait… the map at 3:30 is a modern European map… Germany was much larger and Poland and Czech Republic didn’t exist…. no need for me to watch any further

@javiergilvidal1558 16 күн бұрын

Indeed. Sloppiness at its worst. And, weren't these "experts" shown the end result of their contributions? Didn´t they have anything at all to say about the blatant geographical howlers? Then you read the credits: "Producer, Lara Lowe". Entrust a woman the description of a war, and failure will inevitably come about!

@SATXbassplayer 16 күн бұрын

@@javiergilvidal1558 ooof. Not sure I agree with the sexist comment, but the rest is spot on…

@Sugarmountaincondo 25 күн бұрын

Why did you use a Post WW2 map of Europe in your graphics to detail a WW1 battle? You cannot teach history properly if you make simple mistakes like this, it was just Dumb. 👎👎 @14:18 The dancing soldier was great catch on vintage film. @19:18 German Lancers on horseback is another great catch on film. @34:42 Rare French Observation Planes.

@kevinvilmont6061 Ай бұрын

KeiserSLACK!

@AndrewC.McPherson-xf5zw Ай бұрын

Too many narcissists😢

@Skipper.17 Ай бұрын

So in the end it was the Australians that won the battle and the war.

@AndrewC.McPherson-xf5zw Ай бұрын

Was ist los?

@davidknox5929 Ай бұрын

@AndrewC.McPherson-xf5zw Ай бұрын

Too bad both sides were narrow minded. Both sides could have defeated the other a couple of times if pressed.

@olafbachmann 21 күн бұрын

what a stupid map to discuss WW1

@lluisboschpascual4869 20 күн бұрын

This documentary is total bs. Just seeing the maps in the first minutes, in which the European countries have the present-day borders, not the borders they had in 1914 or in 1918

@grandcrowdadforde6127 Ай бұрын

but; Nappy }} Poleon .. got a free life time vacation on St Helena; && as for the Mad Hatler, A H ))) he had to shoot himself to avoid the horrors of captivity..