Thanks everyone for making this the #1 all time video on my channel in less than a week! I see so much enthusiasm for the Z80 and this series, and I'm super stoked to start rolling out the episodes. Stay tuned!

Thank You! Thank You! Thank You! I am 65. I use Z80 since beginning. All kind of apps. Right now I created an emulated version in a FPGA. It runs at 100MHz. Quick enough to do almost everything. I work in slot machines industry. Once I knew by heart all instruction codes. I built PCBs, maybe dozens of. I create my own assembler, on extended page mode memory mapping. I will never let it down. An amazing architecture!

Z80 was the first assembler I ever learned. You never forget your first ;-)

My first experience of Z80 machine code was converting a BASIC routine that took about a minute to run. After many attempts resulting in crashes it finally ran but I thought it had crashed because it ran so fast (maybe a quarter of a second). I fail to see how anyone can claim to understand how a computer works unless you've sweated over some machine code!

I still have my copy of "Programming the Z80" by Rodnay Zaks, purchased in the early 80s. What a doorstop that is.

Thank you for saying “Zed X 80” etc. Much appreciated by a Brit who started out on a ZX81 back in 1982. 😉

Started on the Spectrum in about 1985. I taught myself assembly language and wrote a program that I was selling. It wasn't a game, but a program that allowed you to draw and print electronic circuit diagrams of unlimited length (as long as the roll of silver paper lasted). There was about 40K of fixed code and the remainder (about 8K) was available for the user to add more electronic symbols, ones that I hadn't supplied. Because of the specialised use, I only sold a few. I got some good write-ups in the hobby electronics press of the time, though. I'd include links to those, but they have my full name, address and 'phone number in them (they were written in 1989, a different time!).

Oh, those 8-bit days

My first ever assembler code was on a Spectrum - yah !

I still have my Z80 microcomputer I built in college in the mid 80's. JPNZ - "Jump if NOT ZERO" was my favorite assembly command.

Back in 1980/81 in the UK a company called NASCOM had a kit computer - Z80 processor, 1K RAM, UHF modulator for B/W TV - optional Basic module on EPROM but I didn''t buy - wanted to program in machine code (store owner said "ah your one of those machine code masochists eh?" lol). That kit put me into computing - at the time I was a Tool and Die Maker - finally led me to become a robotics engineer here the USA. Thanks for video, I've subscribed ready for more - brought back GREAT memories of the CPU that 'educated' me!!

As an Australian, the Microbee series of computers were my first introduction to Z80 programming. I loved having a professor in university who had written a text on Z80 assembler insisting that no-one can just write in assembler and run successfully first time. Lots of pride when his first assignment for me was done in one sitting and ran perfectly first time. I wish all the rest of my programming was that successful...

I built my first homebrew from a 8080A chip I found in a bargain bin at Radio Shack back in '79 (or thereabouts). Had to struggle through creating a dual-phase clock circuit because I couldn't find a 8224. Then discovered the Z80 with its built-in single-phase clock and DRAM refresh, and the world was my oyster! Bought a TRS-80 which got me through college, while working at an insurance company which had a fancy 5-card Z80 MP/M system (1 master, 4 slaves), writing assembly and BASIC and DBASE II programs. After 40 years, the Z80 is still my favorite chip!

Love it !!!! z80 sparked my career in programming. I remember as teenager writting a small program in assembly that stored 4 seconds of music taken from the ZX81 cassete port, and another program to reproduce it.

Z80 - the CPU of my youth.

I just finished Federico Faggin's book Silicone. A truly awesome read. I learned so much about the history of Silicone Valley and computes. Being born in 1950, I had the opportunity to own and use a lot of the machines referred to in your video.

I was using an Amstrad PCW into the 90s it was a brilliant piece of value engineering really.

Excellent stuff Matt, really looking forward to this series. The ZX Spectrum was what i cut my teeth on programming as a youngster, it provided hours of enjoyment and learning. And nearly 4 decades on - im still learning. Take care Dan

Nice video and I really liked your history of the Z80, very neatly done!

Thanks a lot for supporting the ZX Spectrum next! I joined the Issue 2 kickstarter campain and looking forward to receive the hardware in August. My plan is to write Z80 assembler programs on this machine, so your tutorial comes right in time.

Thank you for this series, brings back memories. We used a Z180 at the first computer company I worked at in 1994. It was obsolete at that time, but we could still buy them. When supplies started dwindling, we worked with the 386EX, then created the Rabbit 2000. It was a great learning experience, that Z80 architecture was simple and yet powerful. Moved to another company and worked with Motorola's flat memory model, then Coldfire, PIC, ARM, ... All embedded systems. These days very few programmers even work with the processors.

The Spectrum +2 was my first computer and it got me into assembly language. Which I guess set my future career direction. Lots of fun to be had.

Wow, how did KZfaq know I wanted to see this?! 35 years since I learnt Z80 machine code programming and I can still remember load A was 3E

I'm going to enjoy this series. Thank you :)

This was such a wonderful walk through the very beginning’s of my technology career. I had a professor in college that was building the Imsai 8080 and I helped him with that.

I had aTimex Sinclair back in the early eighties. Had a lot of fun with it. Fun to see it mentioned here

I am so looking forward to this series! I would have loved to have seen you pick the TRS-80 as your platform for the series. It has a very active community (watch the trs trash talk series here on youtube), Fantastic emulator with debug capability (TRSgp), and the hardware is still pretty easily available if someone chose. On a side note, the TRS-80 model 4 you had in your video was actually a portable model 4P and no model 4 variant had 8" floppy drives. They were all 5 1/4". The Model II, 12, 16, and 6000 were 8" drive machines. Thank you for producing this series, I so look forward to viewing it.

Oh man the suspense when you were talking about what system you were going to develop for/produce a series on -- the SMS is the system I adopted as a kid and I was really hoping that was the direction you were going, but I totally get the Speccy. Great video as always. I have a Timex North American version of the ZX81 (along with a Russian clone), so I'm sure there is a lot to be learned that which is transferable.

Lots of great computers used the Z-80. Lots of products also used as an embedded CPU or controller using the later integrated versions. Looking forward to this series!

I grew up with an MSX, so this sounds interesting! Compliments on the clear explanation and pleasant narration.

Interesting stuff. Thanks for doing this series.

I started my IT career on a Sinclair Spectrum. I got partway through a version of asteroids for the Spectrum before I got distracted by other things. One thing that strikes me is that I learned everything that I needed to know about assembler on the Spectrum from a couple of small paperback books, both about 1/2" thick. Nowadays, any new technology requires a bookshelf and tens or hundreds of hours of tutorial videos.

looking forward to your new series. I can't wait for the next batch of ZX Spectrum Next's to ship I'm in the preorder.

One thing about ZX Spectrum which is well-hated (and loved!) is non-linear video memory layout. It is just exchange of two groups of 3 bits (lowest in high byte and upper in low byte of address), but it makes possible for video system to quickly extract two bytes of bitmap data and color data (so called DRAM burst mode). Also sublayout was choosen to simplify character transfer to the screen - incrementing high byte of address consequently iterates through bitmap stripes of single character. So... they not only implemented Z80 in FPGA, but uprgades it with new instructions two of which simply implements putPixel algo. :D (one translates x,y to address in videoram and other creates bit pattern to point to specific pixel in stipe. Hell, yeah! :D However many oldschool bisons see this as heresy and unworthy cheating. :D

This takes me back. Thanks.

Use the Australian Microbee as your development platform! It evolved from an S100 bus computer made mainly from readily available penny logic. It can emulate many machines from TRS-80, ZX Spectrum, MSX computers, Exidy Sorcerer and some commercial arcade machines. Note that the Z80 actually uses a 4 bit accumulator which unfortunately lead to variable length execution times that complicates interfacing with shared video RAM.

Thank you for the trip down memory lane. I remember learning BASIC and assembly language on a Z-80 kit computer (the Dick Smith Super-80 if there's anyone out there who knows of it). Looking forward to more videos in the series 👍

Great idea for a series! Some of the last assembly programming I did on my ZX Spectrum back in 1986-1987 was a real-time clock with hour, minute and second hands. I had fun optimizing the accuracy of the clock by tweaking the code to get the timing right, and I learned a lot during this experience. Sadly, neither my ZX Spectrum or the programs I wrote for it has survived until today.

This brings back fun memories. My exposure to the Z80 was through a Northstar S-100 computer kit I assembled in the early '80's. That machine was used in my product development activities for well over 10 years.

TI 84 plus seems like a good platform. 15Mhz Z80, low cost, very common since it’s used in schools, assembler, Basic etc already handy. Built in screen and lots of user support already. Tons of games and it has a built in calculator.

worked in assembler on both 6502 and z80. Video like those make me extremely nostalgic and sad. Ah, those good old days.

Thank you for the history information on Z80 ptocessor. I learned my initial assembler language on the Z80 processor and utilized a z80 computer to master my first programming language, Pascal. The computer's operating system was UGC Passcal, and the entire operating system, along with our Pascal programming codes, was stored on a 400kB floppy disk. I am proud to have utilized the z80 8-bit processor to learn computer programming.

Great intro to the z80. Brings back memories of long nights building my own z80 design on veroboard. Graphics card, eeprom programmer, tape modem. Must break it out of the attic to see if it still boots. Will be watching your Chanel with great interest. Oh I still have a Roland Jupiter 8 synthesiser. This also used a Z80 and powered the 80s electronic music revolution.

Just found by far the best video on the z80 n my reccomended :D . A couple years ago I quit my z80 project as the heart of the portable device was the rc2014 which died a slow death in the terminal. I could not afford a new one and found that I had lost interest in the 3 year journey so I scrapped it. It was going to be hard getting all the vintage parts needed as I wanted to fit it in a portable case similar to the osborne1. So now im left with a bunch of old chips, (some rare ones) and lots of knowlege. I have subscribed and am looking forward to the new series!

I remember the first computer within my young budget that I actually tested on a show room floor was a Bally. You entered code using a Pong controller to select characters or keywords by turning the knob and hitting the fire button. Files were saved to a cassette tape. No keyboard. I had a Sinclair, and a Commodore 64, but my first "real" computer was an S-100 bus based CP/M machine with two dual sided quadruple density hard sectored 8" floppy disk drives. While the original CPU was a Z-80, it had a Motorola 68000 daughter board using the pin outs of the Z-80 to make the Z-80's mother board a disk and I/O controller for the 68K daughter board which did the real work. I used to be able to hand code machine language for 8080, Z-80, 6502, and 6800, and wrote my own assemblers for all these. I am not convinced that modern computing power is necessarily a good thing. Most of what computers do is far removed from the purposes of the users, and machines are easily corrupted. I sometimes think we'd be better served by slower, more reliable, special purpose computers which did a specific suite of tasks well, and would be harder to spoof without being detected. I sometimes suspect that ubiquitous massive general purpose computing is a dangerous dead end.

Thank you Matt. First class presentation. My first m/c was the Sinclair ZX81 with a CAI interface that fit in the memory expansion slot. Besides attaching a 48K Memtek expansion card, it would also run a 40 column dot matrix ceramic head thermal printer, plus 1 more port for a 56K baud stringy floppy magnetic tape cartridge storage device for large datasets that programs such as VuCalxc produced ( the DIM command saved the whole area on tape, even if only 1 spot was used of that Dimension Area, so large arrays would take forevcer to load from cassette at 250 baud, but loaded quite quickly with the stringy floppy ). Looking forward to your future endeavours.

The Sequential Prophet 5, Prophet 2000, and EMU's Emulator sampler and synth keyboards all used the Z80 too.

Great video. Subbed. Looking forward to this. Just started repairing ZX Spectrums so will be useful.

Looking forward with what you come up with! Got familiar with the Z80 thanks to TRS-80s and ZX-81s that my friends/schools had. I was initially a 6502 hacker thanks to the Apple ][ but really fell in love with the 6809 when I saw its beautiful ISA. Hopefully one day you'll get around to the 6809 after Ziglog gets its fair share of attention. 😎

This seems interesting. My first assembly language was Z80 for the TI-84 Plus. Pretty much every student has one, and there are a lot of resources online. The TI-84 also uses interrupts, DMA, and ports so it's great for learning the different ways the CPU interacts with other hardware.

Fantastic content. Thank you!

Wow the most accurate explanation of the GameBoy CPU I've heard so far. I suspect it was people in the hacking/cracking/demo/homebrew scene who started calling the GameBoy CPU a Z80 since there wasn't much comparable scene with young bedroom coders around the 8-bit Intel machines.

The first computer I ever got to program on was a Cromemco Z2D S-100 bus based system with the Z80 and 64KB of RAM. It ran a CP/M derived operating system called CDOS. It had a 32K Structured Basic interpreter. Naturally there was an assembler too. The computer also ran WordStar, an early word processing program. My dad also wrote a C compiler for it based on the 1978 K&R specification. One of the fun things I did (ha!) was manually type in the code for a terminal program for a Hayes S-100 modem in 8080 assembler. That was then translated by a program into Z80 assembler before assembling and linking. That all took about a week to do.

Good choice. The Spectrum is a perfect platform for Z80 learning/experimentation. Simple I/O and memory layout (with a few simple tricks for video addressing).

Can't wait for this, I've been thoroughly enjoying the 65C02 series. I've actually just bought a second hand ZX Spectrum +2A to try and recapture some of my childhood. I started writing games in basic at the age of 10 back when the Spectrum launched but Assembly always seemed so complex and in the days without KZfaq I didn't stand a chance. The most baffling thing about the Spectrum was always the crazy way the screen memory was laid out with it divide into 3 horizonal sections of 64 lines but even these were addressed every 8th line at a time. This meant changing byte values to put a sprite on the screen was a nightmare, or at least it seemed so back then.

This was great. You've got a new subscriber!

As someone who grew up in the UK in th 80s with a Spectrum - CAN'T WAIT FOR THIS SERIES!!!!!!

Awesome. Looking forward to this. Be happy to help with Speccy programming, too.

So pleased you mentioned my first computer, the Amstrad! Over here in the UK it rarely gets a mention because it came out after the Spectrum and Commodores got a death grip on the market, despite being better than both. *ducks and runs for cover* 😂

I bought the Sinclair ZX 80 when I was a teen in Canada when it came out. Ordered it direct. It was kind of useless but I used it all the time. Also worth mentioning is the CPM 80 add in card for Apple II computers that used a Z80 and let you run CPM An OS very much like DOS. I had one and used it to run Wordstar!

Stumbled on this video. Reminds me of the seventies when I started designing embedded systems. Reason I used Z80 instead of 8080 was that it needed only one voltage supply. 8080 had three. Wire wrapped a system with 4k SRAM and 2k EPROM. For half of the EPROM I wrote a rudimentary assembler translating mnemonics to machine code. Used to learn students how to control a couple of pneumatic cylinders.

Really love the the 6502 series so far. The Spectrum will be interesting to try tinkering with as well.

My first computer was handmade by me and some relatives and friends of my parents, it was a Leningrad 48k. A ZX Spectrum clone made from a Z80 and small-scale integrated circuits, without the Ferranti ULA. The Gameboy CPU contains a number of oddities. I think the reset vector is nothing like either of the CPUs it's derived from.

Ahhhh, the Speccy; made me the software engineer I am today. I look forward to your series 😉

I will always love you, Spectrum

at 11:24 I hoped you to say "TI-83+"... That thing taught me programming, first in Basic and then in Z80 assembler. I still remember writing my subroutines on paper, hand-assembling them using the book by Rodnay Zaks and typing the hex code into the calculator. Shortly afterwards, the Axe Compiler was released, making game programming a pure joy on the device. Good times :)

I first encountered Z-80 Assembler on a Sharp MZ80K back in 1980, it was my first computer.

I used Spectrum Sinclair since 1984 while I was in University. Did a lot of programs that some were running for more than half an hour to get the results. Yet was much better than running to the IBM mainframe and punching cards in Fortran. Later on learned assembler and that opened a new world in that little box. Three years ago I bought and fixed an old one for fun. I still believe it was a great affordable machine. So let's Peek and Poke.

I'm excited for this series, I'm kinda putting off learning the Commander X16 until it looks like there's a good chance I will get one. You're tempting me to buy a speccy now.

Excellent. I look forward to the series. I'm originally of ZX81, then Speccy origins myself :) [ I still have an _Amstrad_ "Sinclair" Spectrum+2 in a drawer next to me - and in the back room gathering dust, I've got a Yamaha CX5M II MSX Z80 Machine with FM synthesis a la Yamaha DX21 keyboard, but with on screen controls :) ] I took apart a Sequential Circuits TOM Drum machine I own the other year, just to take it apart and clean the contacts on the pads, and was pleased to find a Z80A CPU sitting proud inside :) aside: LDIR is still my favourite assembly opcode, but I really should get out more :)

I loved the Z80 and CP/M. I developed Z80 based industrial products on the Zilog Development System serial#4 from 1977-1985.

I thought I knew a lot about the Z80, but learnt so much more. Thank you. And thank you for pronouncing it Zed-X Spectrum! Also, please watch the "Micro Men" film here on KZfaq about the rivalry between Acorn and Clive Sinclair

I entered the telecoms industry here in the UK back in 1982 and had three years of college day release doing a HNC qualification in telecoms-appropriate topics including assembly programming - the first computer system I was ever exposed to was the Sinclair ZX Spectrum at home and a Z80 machine code programming platform in college. My cousin and I both worked in the same building, both had Spectrums (as did many people at the time) and we formed a Spectrum computer club while there. He and I spent more time cracking game protections so that we could copy the games amongst the club members rather than actually playing the games! Almost 40 years later, I am still a "techie" working for a telecoms company, but have spent decades with UNIX and Linux and now work in cybersecurity on Linux-based call centre servers of many types. I also spent a couple of years in the late 80's being the sysadmin on a DEC PDP-11 server running RSX-11 that generated call centre reports for one of our customers. I still thoroughly enjoy what I do, and it was all thanks to the humble ZX Spectrum and Z80 CPU - those these days it's more BASH and Python rather than assembly programming.

subscribed in hopes of more Z80. I was a professional Z80 developer for the Ti83+ series made a few games and apps, but that was almost 20 years ago

Hello from Brazil of a former user and owner of a TK90X that was our national copy of the ZX Spectrum.

I wrote out a very similar script for a breadboard Z80 video series, but decided to cut it and skip straight to building and coding. Really interesting history, especially the parallels between Intel/Zilog and Motorola/MOS with disgruntled engineers leaving to build successful competitors, but ultimately with the big corps winning out in 16-bit and beyond. I loved Faggin's book as well, even the bits at the end about quantum physics and consciousness.

We programmed 6800s at DeVry in Phoenix in 1980 using a hex key pad. didn't realize how brutal that was until getting my first job that required coding micro-Ps. got to use an IBM XT assembler with a Z80 emulator. Heaven on earth!

Ah, sweet memories. A buddy had a Video Genie, a TRS-80 clone and I had a ZX81. Regards from Germany

Two more British home computers that featured a Z80 CPU were the Memotech MTX 500 & 512 machines and the Jupiter Ace which used Forth instead of BASIC as its programming environment. I started out with a Sinclair ZX81 (with a 16k add-on RAM expansion by Memotech) and then a ZX Spectrum. I've recently returned to my Z80 roots (after messing about a lot with PIC, AVR and ARM microcontrollers) with the recent purchase of a Z80-MBC2. The Z80 has always been a great processor for me and I'm looking forward to coding in Z80 assembler again.

I remember seeing Altair 8800 in an astronomy club in the early 90's. I don't think anyone knew how to operate it. It was more of a museum piece, but functional.

Thx for making this ! :)

I loved that soft-rubber keyboard.

In Europe the Spectrum coexisted in the 80s with Commodore and Amstrad (and some other minor platforms). I had a C64 and my best friend had a ZX Spectrum 48K (later a plus, plus2). Some weekends we swapped machines to try them out and do small projects. I used to love Spectrum's graph primitives right in the BASIC, but it was so slow. I studied 6502 machine code, never studied the z80 enough to do anything practical. Good memories.

A very useful 8-bit cpu, going way back. RCA's 1802 is also one of those nifty 8 bits, but this one was one of the earliest CMOS chips. It had onboard a number of features that many microcontrolers later sported. In many was RCA's chip was one of the most groundbreaking chips ever.

Got a sub because you chose the Spectrum. Nice!

Just finished a Z80 computer on a bread board. 32K ROM and 32K of RAM. My childhood dream has finally come true! It's running a Prime Sieve I coded in straight assembler at 1Mhz and I just love it!

I am looking forward to working your tutorials

From the back in the day when you had to do REALLY efficient programming. My mate wrote a Space Invaders program for the ZX81. In 1 kilobyte of memory he managed to get 40 enemy ships, three forts, all the missiles, a scorer and a high score. I did a word based D&D program on a 1980s Pocket Computer. It had 100 rooms, a boss level, seven types of monsters, treasure and two combat options. I managed to squeeze all of that into 1kB.

Robert Greyell was my professor and I was his Teachers Assistant. We started with the 6502 (AIM-65 with many of the peripherals), then the 8080, 8086 and Z80 and finishing off with the 8048. We learned everything from internal architecture's, system integration, instruction sets, machine coding (with dip switches), assembly, etc. Our final 'project' was to design and prototype (wire wrap) a Z80 micro computer with four 7 seg displays lol I had this weird idea that the M1 and a couple of other signals could be gated to 'exclusively' access program data/ROM (Op code fetch), but knew an in depth analysis of the instruction set as well as 'guided coding' could/should be able to accomplish this... But was never able to test it. That should also be able to accomplish with an 8255... But then you would need to make a sub for memory management which can be virtually impossible on a non dedicated system.

I still have a ZX80 that most likely still works. Chances are in some box, I also have the 16KByte expansion RAM I built for it. You could do quite a lot with a ZX80. Some people made maze solving "mice" based on them. The thing about the ZX80 that allowed a lot of this was the fact that the whole bus came out on the expansion connector.

7:38 these brings back some memories....

The Timex Sinclair 1000 was the first computer produced by Timex Sinclair. My first computer. It made use of peeking and poking to access hardware. Basic instructions I have missed ever since as no other basic interpreters I used across the years ever included them in their programming language.

Looks like an interesting new project, looking forward to it. An interesting point for the Z-80 is that it is still available to purchase in its original 40-pin package, though speeds up to 20 MHz make it a bit speedier. A part not mentioned in this intro is the other vertical market of (non-gaming) embedded devices. I was using an embedded z-80 microcontroller, made by Z-World, back in the mid- 90's for a project. The additional of a DRAM refresher cannot be underestimated, this was a critical factor in it's acceptance as a core component of a low cost home computer. As an example, the C-64 had to offload the DRAM refresh to the VIC-II chip, making it even more of a headache to get right at MOS (ask Bil Herd about that :) ). The simple MMU also expanded the memory space beyond the 64K limit... the embedded version I used allowed 4K paging of RAM that was handled by the C Compiler. Have you also heard about the kit project using the Z-80? Grant Searle's RC2014 project has been out for a while but it's massively modular and there are quite a few boards out for it on Tindie and other sites. Cheers,

Tandy/Radio Shack made several computers (TRS-80s) that used the Z80 and they included the Model I, II, and III. I learned to program the Z80 with my computer and using the Rodney Zaks book, "Programming the Z80". I learned much about computers because of Radio Shack and their desire to people how create programs using micro-computers.

z80 deserves so much love

The tec1 was a kit computer based around the Z80, the kit was produced by Talking electronics, very simple with lots of add on boards programmable directly via a hexadecimal key pad, spent many hours programming as a teenager.

Really interesting! I've got a z80 knocking around somewhere. I had it hooked up to a Pi breadboard and managed to get it to run some basic instructions. Might have to dig that out again.

I had a z80 in my TI-86...actually studied the programming language...it was fun...

Hi Matt I found this an interesting video that brought back a lot of good memories for me. From 1969 to 1974 I worked at Motorola Semiconductor, out of the London Sales office. In 1973 we had an industrial group workshop in Geneva Switzerland where we were told about the Motorola 6800 processor. The other memorable event at that meeting was having steaks that were cooked in a skillet that had been used to cook the previous fish course. I was one of the 4 person management team that set up the London office for Cramer Electronics in the UK in 1975 with the sixth Motorola franchise in the UK. Our boss had been instrumental in giving out the other 5 franchises whilst running the UK for Motorola. My job was sales & marketing and in the first 6 months, we did £75,000 of sales from ground zero. Then in about May 1975, Motorola announced that the M6800 was going to be sold via the distribution channel and all six franchises were asked how many microprocessor evaluation kits they were going to order. Cramer UK lead the way, we ordered 100 whilst the others ordered between 0 and 6 each. When I queried our large commitment with Dave the boss he said he was confident that I would sell them. To which I replied, what happens if we don’t sell them. His reply was along the lines that he who commits gets all the support and if they don’t sell then they get returned when we did our 6 monthly stock return. Well, they did sell because in the second half of the year our sales were £750,000.00 which included kits, development systems and TI 733 Terminals plus plenty of referrals and support from Motorola. As we were part of Cramer Electronics, out of Boston Mass, and at that time they were the second-largest electronics distribution company in the USA so we had access to Intel products. But that suddenly changed when Cramer Italia starts to compete against Intel in the Italian market with imported Intel products from the USA. At Cramer UK we were negotiating with Intel to be a franchised distributor in the UK, that negotiation suddenly died thanks to the Italians. Back in the 1970s, we did not have the internet to find new products but various electronic publications which I used to read avidly and I came across Zilog in 1976 I went out to Cupertino for a training course and Cramer UK became the Zilog distributor. We had a press launch at a London Airport where I had the pleasure of introducing Federico Faggin, Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass to the UK press and Cramer’s customers. I cannot remember what Charlie Bass’s job was but I know he was very senior and important. A time that I look back on with pleasure and pride.

That's where it all started for me! Z80 (and 8080) assembler and CP/M. Man, those were the days. Rewriting the BIOS, developing custom commands, video driver mods. Loved it. Why did things have to get so damned complicated?