I BUILT my own TELECOMMUNICATIONS Network!

No video

I BUILT my own TELECOMMUNICATIONS Network!

Рет қаралды 160,596

Ай бұрын

How did we get the internet and phones today? In this video I explore and recreate the very first technology that paved the way: the telegraph network.
Go to www.meetfabric... and start investing in your child’s future today.
Thank you the Pavek museum, check out their museum in St Louis Park, MN - www.pavekmuseu...
Help us make more videos ► / htme
Instagram ► / htmeverything
Discord ► / discord
Merch ► shop.spreadshi...
▾ Our Camera Gear: ▾
► GH5s: amzn.to/3BzY9Id
► GH5: amzn.to/3Eu0juJ
► Lens: amzn.to/2XXkVvM
► GoPro Hero 5: amzn.to/3EFkxSr
► Dracast Light Panels: amzn.to/3vUY2W4
▼ Special Thanks to our Patrons at $10+ per month ▼
Craftsta64, Bryce Suchy, Jeffrey Luck, Estoky Designs, Larry Ullman, tater anus, Jason Kaczmarsky, Susan M. George, Daniel Laux, Bethany James, Taylor Korthals, Dominik S., Brendan Andersen, RogueInkGlitch, Ethan , Tim Elsen, llearch n'n'daCorna, Austin Steiner, Erin Mourning, Angelo Raviola, Clara Raubertas and Family, Potato, Steven Stowe, Jonathan Krailler, Tiffany, Ted L, James Daniels, Dave Jones, Kyle Lauritzen, Stray_Sparks , Victoria Eads, Arishaig , Kevin Shuttic, Erik Språng, Lee Schnee, Iain Bailey, alex latzko, Stephen DeCubellis, Adrian Noland, David George, Vi Fillers, Benjamin Maitland, Dylan Rich, and Jason Lewis
▼ Credits ▼
Created and Hosted by @AndyGeorge
Primary Editing by Emerson Rice
HTME Assistance by Elliot Krueger and Theo Melchoir
Music by Taylor Lewin: taylorlewin.com...

Пікірлер: 430

@MuadDib2347 Ай бұрын

As an electrical engineer I’m overjoyed that you’ve gotten to this stage. On the same vein of early communication, with the amount of copper wire you have available it’s well within the realm of you making your first crystal radio receiver and /or crude spark gap transmitter. The future is exciting and I can’t wait to see how this branch of HTME progresses!

@A_youtube_channel_ Ай бұрын

for crystal radio they need a diode though which requires chemicals they likely don't have. Also with such crude technology it would be hard to sync the frequencys.

@jrhusney Ай бұрын

Among the first semiconductors circuits were galena “cat’s whisker” diodes that just used a very thin piece of wire to find and use a crystalline rectification junction to demodulate an AM radio signal. This was first done in the late 19th century. I agree, an AM radio receiver would be rad. Although… if we are talking about building a wireless telegraph as a next step you don’t need a semiconductor. Marconi just used a “spark gap” and an antenna as the transmitter and early receivers (like magnetic detectors) weren’t that much more sophisticated

@MuadDib2347 Ай бұрын

@@A_youtube_channel_ just like the reply above,a detector diode can be made very easily with crystals found in nature already from Galena to Iron/Copper pyrites. The hardest part is getting enough wire for a coil and potentially making an earpiece from scratch- that would be the hardest given to crystal radios you’d need a high impedance load sensitive enough for the weak signal.

@user-fb6jk1uy9r Ай бұрын

Should we remind them that Spark gap radio cannot be operated legally now.

@MuadDib2347 Ай бұрын

@@user-fb6jk1uy9r I’m sure that for educational purposes and limited power this won’t be an issue as much as people making their own transmitters for science fairs etc… we’re not talking kilowatts of power or extended periods of transmission. For the purposes of a video it should be fine. I’m no legal expert but for all intents and purposes a primitive transmitter one can assume would be built would surely put out less interference than some switch mode power supplies or whatnot.

@ericapelz260 Ай бұрын

As a Ham radio operator, I can say that Morse Code (CW for Carrier Wave) is alive and well. It's a great deal of fun, and when you become proficient, you can "hear" words. At speed, it's musical, and you can definitely hear the rhythm of another operator and recognize their fist.

@Jesse-ri5ud 20 күн бұрын

that's so fascinating and entertaining!! i love music so much and I've always thought it would be fun to learn morse code. i also think those HAM radios are cool, so maybe i could try those as a good medium to learn morse code on/for!

@evansentnote 19 күн бұрын

That is super cool.

@danquigg8311 19 күн бұрын

CW =[ Continuous Wave not carrier wave.

@ericapelz260 19 күн бұрын

@@danquigg8311 It's both, but I hope correcting me made you feel better about something.

@Jewelofthewire 16 күн бұрын

Continuous wave !!!

@seanbucklar7527 Ай бұрын

I’ve been reading about WWII Morse code operators, and how they could recognise the “fist” of a Morse code operator using the radio by the way they pressed the key. Like recognising someone’s handwriting, but they called it an operator’s fist. They even allegedly used concert pianists for “funkenspiel” or radio games, where things would happen like using specially trained concert pianists to replicate an enemy radio operator’s fist to insert counterfeit messages using broken cryptography for intelligence and counter intelligence purposes. Radio Morse code is obviously a different t beast - but people would tap communications lines to introduce a sounder and relay so they could listen to messages, or insert their own. It was an unbelievably wild time to be alive and the real dawn of the nerd.

@kensmith5694 Ай бұрын

As I understand it, the US rail lines had the batteries at the receiver end. This way, just a key to ground could send a message. The trains carried a key with them. If something went wrong between stations, with just a key, you could climb a pole and send a message. I believe they used a fairly high voltage. I also think that the system was likely a "positive ground" system. The had some method of heat treating wire to keep it soft as they went smaller and smaller. Wire was often wrapped with thread. Unlike the goo insulation you were using, cotton would hold up under pressure. On the sounder, the clearances were very small to take advantage of the fact that the force created by an electromagnet are greatest just before the armature hits the pole piece.

@f.k.burnham8491 Ай бұрын

Historical note: There are TWO Morse codes. One is American Morse ( Which my father learned as a young child , before radio, used by railroads and land telegraphs that used the sounders like they have made here; where the spacing of the "dots & dashes" was critical.), and the one in use today, International Morse which uses tones generated by the transmitters through the air. I have an very old Instructograph Machine with tapes for American Morse.

@krisdjames Ай бұрын

If this channel teaches me anything, it's that there is good reason why so many trades have long held traditions. Nothing came easy and each skill took generations to master,

@XenXenOfficial Ай бұрын

Been watching since the sandwich trailer. I'd like to say, after the unfortunate situations that occurred during your time on KZfaq, you have drastically refined your skill. It's almost like not having access to the tools you used to have has increased your skills for the greater good. You have progressed immensely!!

@stamasd8500 Ай бұрын

Further refinement of the receiver/sounder: attach a pencil lead to it and pass a strip of paper moving at constant speed under it, this way you get a printout of the message without someone having to manually write down the dots and lines

@backonlazer791 Ай бұрын

The thumbnail I got in my notifications was so small that it looked like a mouse trap. I'm going to assume it's not a mouse trap.

@raphaelturcotte9638 Ай бұрын

I thought it was Gustav the railway cannon 🤣

@oasntet Ай бұрын

That you made 20awg is pretty impressive; early telegraph lines were multiple (sometimes up to a dozen) strands of 16ga, to reduce voltage drop, so you may have had more luck with a thicker wire. That's especially important with an earth return system, since half of the path is going to be even worse than the wire. A quarter mile of #20, passing 20V to power, say, a quarter amp coil, loses almost half the power to the wire alone; make half the circuit just a little bit worse and you're running out of voltage pretty quick. Keep in mind that you are running against extreme novice telegraph operators who are writing down dots and dits and decoding them after. Expert morse operators today can get up past 50wpm without writing down anything, though 25wpm is a pretty good cutoff for skilled or not as at that point you can't decode individual letters on-the-fly and instead are recognizing whole words. You'd have to be a pretty fast runner to outrun your five-word (Paris standard word) phrase...

@ElliotKrueger Ай бұрын

I think these are really good points. When we calculated the resistance of our wire, we figured, in ideal conditions, it had around 14 ohms of resistance for the quarter mile, each direction. It didn't really sound like much, but ohms law is our enemy here.

@AdamsWorlds Ай бұрын

I remember learning with cups and string in school between doors lol. Always amazed me.

@ChrisLennex-cm8vr Ай бұрын

I've seen a few of your episodes and was very impressed. Building a sawmill, making a tee shirt, forging out tools, making a battery, making corn flakes and now making a telegraph. I hope for an up coming, you make the first light bulb. That would be a nice one. Keep up the good work 👍👍👍

@GeorgiaRidgerunner Ай бұрын

man oh man a telegraph that can send a message to a cell phone then be converted to text now thats the most unique and creative way ive ever heard of to show off old tech in such way that young people will be interested in for more than a few seconds andy you deserve to recognized for what your doing your a hero young man

@MisterChappy Ай бұрын

please continue with this video style. it was very engaging and easy to follow with the structure that you applied to it!!

@BDJones055 Ай бұрын

I build antennas for a living and I can't wait to see your creations!

@explosify5035 Ай бұрын

I am impressed with how much patience you guys have. With that many turns on the electromagnet I would have already wanted to take a drill out

@ivanhorban340 Ай бұрын

Lard on the wire as lubricant before pulling. Heat wire red hot occasionally to reduce copper hardness. Makes for less breaking and easier pulling.

@durfkludge Ай бұрын

Man I love it when you bust out the treadwheel for some good old fashioned pullin'

@patchvonbraun Ай бұрын

Your key and sounder are works of art in brass. Love it!

@ElliotKrueger Ай бұрын

Thank you so much!

@Konischiwa Ай бұрын

One of the coolest Channel Concepts of all Time. Love everything about this Project and Thank you for keeping on going for such a long time.

@arkanglegeibriel Ай бұрын

I passed by this video in my feed SO MANY TIMES because....honestly idgaf about a history of the telegraph. it took me a while to remember that this is "How To Make Everything" and then was like "holy jesus that's right this is about the FUN parts of things LET'S GOOOO pass the popcorn"

@I2ed3ye Ай бұрын

"Ahoy! I have discovered electricity!" - "Dear heavens, what shall we do with it?" - "Iunno wanna zap some turkeys?" You can take the modernity out of man, but you can't take the man out of modernity.

@suddenwall Ай бұрын

This is amazing! I'm floored by how far you've come, and impressed how you've kept high standards consistently all these years. Here's wishing everyone at HTME many more!

@johgranger1304 Ай бұрын

Impressive! You guys hare really getting good at this! Seems like every video is a notch above the last lately. Good job!

@ptah956 Ай бұрын

Do you need to anneal the wire between pulls? In case I ever need to make my own wire.

@ElliotKrueger Ай бұрын

Indeed! I believe it varies on the material you're working with, but we found with copper wire that annealing after every two to three passes was ideal to keep the copper from getting too brittle.

@graeme.davidson Ай бұрын

I think so because they seem to be getting breaks it looks to me like the copper is work hardening after a few pulls. I would at least have it warmed through a fire before being drawn. Also the angle. They pulling the wire up at an angle instead of straight through. 9:42. HTME has always been a great, but Andy has always been messy. It has improved since the early days.

@jakeeasterday1663 Ай бұрын

For copper, every 3 pulls is a good rule, as most available plates are meant to be used with the hands or a draw-bench. You can get away with 4 on silver and sterling, and for iron, it really depends on the alloy!

@dmf81 Ай бұрын

would it not also have less chance of breakage if you wind it onto a spool close to the draw plate instead of pulling an ever longer piece of wire.

@isaacm1929 Ай бұрын

Is there any way to anneal while pulling? Like, continuosly, instead of doing one step after another? And is there a way to pull continuosly? Like, whitout the need to take the entire wire out, to start squishing the rest?

@marthflores3515 Ай бұрын

LOVE how good it looks

@abcstardust Ай бұрын

The Telegraph is an amazing step for mankind. I love learning anything and everything about it. Thank you!

@Zach010ROBLOX Ай бұрын

Andy's incoherent talking while he ran was very relatable

@RealAndySkibba Ай бұрын

The telegraph episode!!

@soxy1200 Ай бұрын

Still one of the best channels out there ;3 Great work!

@ofirmalka6528 8 күн бұрын

Firstly it is amazing what you do here and the way you keep learning new things. I saw that you didn’t re heat the copper wire between passages in the die. If you will reheat the wire to his recrystallization temperature it will brake less. Also there is graph that can Help you to plan your passages and when exactly you need to re crystallized the copper. If you will write in google “cold work copper” you will find the graph you need. Good luck with your work hope to see more soon 👍

@nathanpfirman625 Ай бұрын

You should get the book called “How to rebuild Civilization” also known as “The Book”. It has a ton of information on things very similarly to what you’re doing. It’s got things like ancient battle tactics, herbalism, useful inventions, farming, etc. I think has around 400 pages of information.

@deltatoy1552 Ай бұрын

I have a little experience working with grounding grids. The electrical testing done on grounding grids is called the Fall of Potential. For the grounding to be effective over long distances, multiple (4+) metal rods should be driven in 6-8 ft depth around the sending and receiving areas.

@zeldaevolve Ай бұрын

I remember that paper which contained how to make cellular networks... it wasn't easy to make it but it did make that village have their own sim cards and network

@danielemur Ай бұрын

Super cool project! The race at the end was a fun way of demonstrating the technology!

@PC49_lives 2 күн бұрын

Jules Verne described the sending signatures via the telegraph in the novel Propeller Island, also known as Floating Island. In the book, the rich inhabitants of the island ordered goods from the islands stores using the telegraph and also signed for them via the telegraph. The idea was based on a real invention for sending handwriting via the telegraph, but it wasn't compatible with morse code. So it was never adopted.

@Gunbudder Ай бұрын

props for drawing your own wire!!! i was sarcastically thinking to myself, "what, is he gonna draw his own fire too???" before i got to 7:16 lol

@JerryAGreene 27 күн бұрын

As a ham that does CW (Morse code) regularly, I appreciate the effort put into this! Need two hams to man both sides. :)

@captain34ca 17 күн бұрын

the ground return system works better if the ground rods are deeper and further apart, because ground currents are analogous to many parallel conductors. I have done earth conductivity tests for transmission systems and large scale industrial projects that require cathodic protection for underground steel structures, and would suggest 15 foot rods placed a quarter mile apart as a minimum for a 24V ground return with a resistance less than 3 Ohms in sand/loam/clay soils. I have had results of less than 50 milliohms in 100 m of depleted tarsand based soil, which makes sense because bitumen is pretty much a semi conductor and the other ingredients are mafic sands

@therndme1504 Ай бұрын

Make an oscillator from your relay and place it at the senders site. I think to do that you need to add a contact when the relay is open. Connect the normally open contact to the coil. Connect the other end of the contact and coil to the battery with the morse key/switch in between. This way you can create a audible sound. At the receiver you just need to add a simple speaker. I think AC travels far longer with being audible. But you can't amplify the signal with relays. Therefore to repeat the signal you can use a relay, but when the wire resistance is to high it won't work. Or you need to make your relay more sensitive. Make the moving part of the relay smaller and lighter so that the electromagnet has to move less mass. I just wanted to make suggestions how to improve this setup. Nice work.

@donivanpotter2762 Ай бұрын

We made a telegraph for a school project when I was a kid. Miss my dad.

@mhoover Ай бұрын

If you make your key break instead of make the circuit you can put a key and sounder on both ends and send messages both ways on one wire.

@beshkodiak Ай бұрын

I am surprised that a hand cranked rolling mill was not used to form the wire. Graduated grooves in the iron rollers would compress the copper down to 18gauge then to a drawplate for finer wire. The rolling mill was common in the early 19th century at least.

@GodsBadAssBlade Ай бұрын

Amazing work lads, now we just need to figure out wirelees, and intra/internet

@jzjzjzj Ай бұрын

This is such a good video, reminds me of the ambition of the old ones.

@tentative_flora2690 19 күн бұрын

I think ground return should work a lot better using AC current. Using batteries provides DC wich has to complete a full round before the signal is usable. But the "hot" line of an AC signal works as long as there is a ground path. That being said either way actual dirt has a pretty high resistance.

@ThomasSchannel Ай бұрын

It was nice having the museum guy talk, I got lost a bit later on when it was just your narration, some graphics would nice and help the production quality. I might be miss remembering but did you ever do some basic stop motion in previous videos for an explanation?

@jakepassolt9640 Ай бұрын

As an electrical engineer, earth return probably wouldn't ever work with your setup, you would likely need a much longer earth rod and a higher battery voltage for it to work. Even with that you would probably need a better optimized sounder to be able to receive the signal. Either way this is an awesome accomplishment.

@kingjameshrmh5347 Ай бұрын

I know you will find references of SWER referred to as telegraph it literally only works at high voltage with a stup down transformer for the receiver. It is not in common une in Electrical installations but some do exist where previously it was the best technical.solution for some installations. In Australia if you have a look around in the outback (or ask) you might be able to look at parts of some they are most often on private property. Good work.

@TimMyersR Ай бұрын

I appreciate you and your team making such an informative and fun video! This was so cool!

@jercos 28 күн бұрын

A type of "sounder" with another set of key contacts built-in is the simplest way to re-amplify and relay a telegraph signal... thus the modern device, the electromechanical relay.

@sojiro288 Ай бұрын

Thanks for letting me play with this at open sauce! Getting to meet all of you there was great! It's impressive what you've been able to accomplish and i can't wait to see what you do next!

@ElliotKrueger Ай бұрын

That's awesome! Glad you were able to stop by the table.

@twooey8232 8 күн бұрын

That's insane! You should have called the local ham radio club, and had some elmers come out and do the morse code though, It would have been under 5 seconds for them.

@rzeka Ай бұрын

I wonder if that electromagnet you made would work as a guitar pickup

@CircusBison Ай бұрын

At Pipe Springs National Monument in AZ, there is a telegraph station setup, and some stretches of wire are still there. From what i saw, they used like 6 gauge solid steel wire. Low impedance is your friend.

@dallebull Ай бұрын

It might be easier to draw the copper with between spools, and you probably need to anneal it after a few pulls to make it softer so it won't break.

@dhawthorne1634 Ай бұрын

Ground Loop circuits operates in the 10-50 kilovolt range and requires AC current. In order to get DC to work, I suspect the grounding rod would have to extend down to the water table, but that's just my guess.

@NirvanaFan5000 6 күн бұрын

amazing work and content, as always

@davidblanck4131 Ай бұрын

Hope I can go to open sauce next year. I love this channel.

@_B_K_ Ай бұрын

I'm not an expert, but I have extensive experience with installing electrical fences on my properties... you needed more ground rods probably (and longer ones).

@johnspence2466 Ай бұрын

FYI copper work hardens so you need to heat it up to soften it in between pulling

@withered_dragon_head Ай бұрын

Thanks for dropping BH!

@anthonyvincent9990 Ай бұрын

can't wait to see what you do for a telex machine.

@nasonguy Ай бұрын

Eerie moment on the channel. I work in telecommunications. I cut my teeth on telephones, POTS phones. Which work with a twisted pair of wires and battery voltage. If that doesn’t sound much different than a telegraph, it’s because it isn’t much different at all. This channel has worked its way through the history of human technology and landed squarely at the here and now (at least for me).

@demetriuswright9982 7 күн бұрын

this is the coolest channel ive ever seen

@harrisontasoff8724 Ай бұрын

I loved seeing the build in this video

@JustaMuteCat Ай бұрын

I think an interesting collab idea that could branch from this for opensauce if you guys had more time was to seek someone to do an interpreter for it using current tech. A device that could “listen and record” the message received from the wire and note it down much how telegraph houses used to do. But instead of taking the direct output from the receiver (because probably the battery you guys had wouldn’t be able to handle it), having something that could listen and interpret the signals to 1s and 0s and display it on a screen on the other end would make a nice show piece of 1900s meets 2024.

@Glaedien Ай бұрын

I really like the look of that 6 wire setup.

@rkirke1 Ай бұрын

Ground return wouldn't have worked in that scenario because the earth resistance is usually in the order of 10s-100s of ohms (depends on geology of the area), so at that voltage, not enough current would get through to actuate the solenoid in the sounder. In older telegraph systems, I think they would probably have used a lot higher voltage, and probably more elaborate grounding systems.

@feralviper Ай бұрын

seeing imacs in their museum makes me feel some typa way :S those were my middle school days

@jarrodcomins2399 Ай бұрын

I'm an electrician by trade, I'm pretty sure you need an alternating current power source to get the earth return to work. The direct current batteries produce doesn't really "go to ground" the way AC power does.

@ahmedshaharyarejaz9886 26 күн бұрын

After this you must make a Telephone then a Crystal Radio. And after that, you must make pedal powered radio i.e. Bush Radio. Bush Radios used to be the major telecommunication method in Rural Australia.

@jorgelotr3752 Ай бұрын

Now you only need to finish that camera to complete the side goals (or at least those that I'm aware of).

@Rusty_Raine Ай бұрын

I was wondering if you are quenching your copper wire while you are pulling it? Copper work hardens and unlike steel when you quench it, it gets softer. If you are not heating it up and quickly cooling it down, that may be the reason it keeps breaking. I know that it will add another dynamic/complexity in making the wire and you risk burning the wire.

@caydenwootton7293 18 күн бұрын

Did you try tempering the copper after a few gauge steps? You just heat it up with a coal furnace and then dunk it in water. That should help it not break at higher guages.

@MisterTalkingMachine Ай бұрын

Shame the ground return didn't work in the end, still amazing to see it working and your key + sounder look gorgeous

@jordanezell5132 Ай бұрын

Well done, Andy and crew!

@seancullen7907 Ай бұрын

To get the wire thinner you can heat it as you pass it through the eye

@EMCProton Ай бұрын

Consider using wheels with grooves that squeeze the copper to size. The wire seems to not break as easily.

@trabi601enjoyer Ай бұрын

This is so close to relay switches that you could actually get to some basic computing soon!

@TheOriginalEviltech Ай бұрын

Your problem was too low of a voltage and too high of a current, the ground has quite high resistance. Modern wire pulling uses geared rollers that very precisely exert force on a small part of the pulled wire and right after they anneal it so it doesn't become brittle on the next pull. That's how we can end up with such thin copper strands. Also adding some resistors in parallel with the both ends of the cable would terminate some of the undesired self induction of the transmission wire and sounder coil which will increase signal quality and speed up coil reaction time due to decreased electrical ringing in the system. By the way what this system did could probably be detected by radio receivers miles away because of all the sparking and inductive load with a big antenna you had. You should bring in a ham radio operator with a frequency analyser to check out what kind of a signal that contraption generated.

@ahmedshaharyarejaz9886 26 күн бұрын

I wonder if you will also make a Solar Telegraph system. That was once the best long range communication system. It is still the system used to signal for SOS.

@PatrickMatheson-tq3yf Ай бұрын

Awesome episode! Also, finished products looked dope. 🙌🏽

@Mrjrich37055 Ай бұрын

Next you sound try a phone system. Like the phone over fence wire that they used to use in rural areas

@exalandrop Ай бұрын

OMG You took the word "scratch" very seriously LMAO

@nekomakhea9440 Ай бұрын

the copper wire might have broken so much when drawing into wire if you forget to anneal it, it work hardens and gets brittle

@madzen112 Ай бұрын

This somehow reminds me of a Disney story where Mickey and Goofy travels back in time and makes the world's first hamburger to the Roman emperor

@TheRealWulfderay Ай бұрын

What a milestone! 🎉🥳🎈

@billdomb 18 күн бұрын

Trying to figure out if it's possible to find equipment to set up a LOCAL cell network so that those in just a relatively short range like, say, five miles can communicate independently.

@benjaminsolsvig5584 Ай бұрын

I’ve been to the pavek museum. So much fun!

@jimadiah Ай бұрын

Can you make a video of receiving the message a short. I want to hear it and see y'all go through the process of decoding the message.

@kyleeames8229 Ай бұрын

Telegraph beat the runner even over a mere 400 meters despite the employment of amateur telegraphers. That’s a real testament to what an innovation this was for its time.

@M0rtunodos Ай бұрын

That was cool seeing it done! Best of luck with that olive oil finish, gotta let us know if it gets rancid on you.

@joelsoncdma Ай бұрын

Hi, at 6:07 your pile volta is wrong; need a zinc and copper together and felt in next, zinc and copper together and felt next. A lot works...thank´s for share! like!!!

@andrewharper7518 Ай бұрын

i would imagine that the locations you hammered in the grounding rods have slightly different potentials

@mikeyjohnson5888 24 күн бұрын

Did yall ever anneal the wire? As you draw the wire through it becomes work hardened, making it more rigid and brittle. A small blowtorch would make it significantly easier to draw.

@oml81mm Ай бұрын

By co-incidence, today, 20th June, is the anniversary of the first granting of a US patent for the telegraph.

@jdkeyes2000 29 күн бұрын

you are using international/continental morse,,, Samuel Morse created American Morse. American Morse was easier to hear on a mechanical click clack sounder. Also the original sounder was a primitive printer with a spool of paper which would get marked by the arm holding a pen/marker type doodad on the sounder/printer. Later,,, operators learned they could hear the clicks/dits and clacks/dahs and copy the code without the paper being necessary and the printer part was removed leaving on the clicky part. The clicks from the sounder are the dits and the clacks are the dahs. This international/continental code is still used in my favorite hobby, Amateur Radio. It is affectionately called continuous wave or CW

@TheAwesomeCap Ай бұрын

You should build a Light in a bottle (By Illac Diaz) and a washing machine (Like the Advoko Makes waterwheel), then a Zeer Pot Refrigrator, a DIY Sand Heater and then a Pelton Turbine!!