Michelson Morley Experiment - History of Special Relativity (Part 2)

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6 жыл бұрын

History of Special Relativity II - MICHELSON MORLEY EXPERIMENT
0:59 Ether/Light
4:25 Principle
6:32 Michelson Morley Set up & Calculations
26:25 Results / Conclusions
What is the michelson morley experiment?
In this Part 2 video on History of Special Theory of Relativity, I discuss the concept of Ether and The Michelson Morley Experiment.
Link to Part 1: • History of Special Rel...
Michelson Morley Experiment tried to establish the existence of ether by measuring the fringe shifts in two light beams moving in perpendicular directions as Earth moves with a certain velocity through space. Unfortunately this experiment failed to establish the existence of ether. Ether was a hypothetical medium in which it was assumed that electromagnetic waves propagated through.
I discuss in detail, the principle, construction, calculations involved and conclusion of this experiment. This experiment has a special importance in the history of Special relativity and the development of a new Physics as it rejected the existence of an absolute frame of reference.
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PLAYLIST ON Special Theory of Relativity
• Special Theory of Rela...
-----------------------------------------------------
1. History of Special Relativity ► • History of Special Rel...
2. Michelson Morley Experiment ► • Michelson Morley Exper...
3. Special Theory of Relativity ► • Special Theory of Rela...
4. Time Dilation (Thought Exp) ► • What is Time Dilation?...
5. Length Contraction (Thought Exp) ► • What is Length Contrac...
6. Lorentz Transormations ► • Derive Lorentz Transfo...
7. Relativity of Simultaneity ► • Relativity of Simultan...
8. Can you prove E=MC² ► • Can you PROVE the most...
-----------------------------------------------------
9. Special Theory of Relativity ► • Special Theory of Rela...
10. Length Contraction ► • Length Contraction (Sp...
11. Length Contraction of Inclined Rod ► • Length Contraction (& ...
12. Time Dilation ► • The Mind Bending Predi...
13. Muon Decay Experiment ► • The Mind-Blowing Proof...
14. Relativistic Velocity Transformations ► • Derivation of Relativi...
15. Speed of light in moving medium ► • Speed of Light in a mo...
16. Relativistic Doppler Effect ► • What is Relativistic D...
17. Relativistic Mass? ► • What is Relativistic m...
18. Relativistic Kinetic Energy ► • Relativistic Kinetic E...
19. Relativistic Force ► • Relativistic Force
20. Relativistic Energy & Momentum ► • Relativistic Energy an...
21. Magnetism arises from Relativity ► • The Hidden Connection ...
22. GATE Physics question ► • GATE Physics: Problem ...
23. TIFR Physics question ► • TIFR Physics: Problem ...
24. Question on Volume contraction ► • Volume Contraction in ...
25. JEST Physics question ► • JEST Physics: Solving ...
26. NET Physics question ► • CSIR-NET Physics Probl...
27. Spacetime Invariant Interval ► • SPACETIME Interval & i...
28. Minkowski Spacetime ► • Minkowski SPACETIME, H...
29. Eucledian Space & Minkowski Spacetime ► • 5 Main Differences b/w...
30. Spacetime Diagrams ► • Time Dilation, Length ...
31. Four Vectors in Relativity ► • What are FOUR VECTORS ...
32. Doppler Effect using 4-vectors ► • How to use 4 VECTORS t...
33. Compton Effect using 4-vectors ► • How to prove Compton e...
34. Particle Decay using 4-vectors ► • Particle Decay in Rela...
35. (SHORTS) Does Light experience time ► • Does light photon expe...
36. (SHORTS) Light for moving observer ► • What is the speed of L...
37. (SHORTS) Nothing can travel faster than light ► • Why nothing can travel...
38. (SHORTS) What is farther away ► • What is farther away, ...

Пікірлер: 158

@FortheLoveofPhysics 2 жыл бұрын

Special Theory of Relativity ► kzfaq.info/get/bejne/iL95jJdytci6ZYU.html

@FortheLoveofPhysics 6 жыл бұрын

0:59 Ether/Light 4:25 Principle 6:32 Michelson Morley Set up & Calculations 26:25 Results / Conclusions

@tookurjaerbs 4 жыл бұрын

I really enjoy that you add in the history and stories behind the experiments; it provides a better context. You're a fantastic teacher and I think you were born to do this. :-)

@caltechharvard 3 жыл бұрын

Wonderful. This is the first time that I followed the Michelson-Morley experiment in great detail. Thank you. So elegant and so simple and yet so profound.

@mrhasan7867 3 жыл бұрын

kzfaq.info/get/bejne/eKmfaqeqytPIonk.html

@harshrana192 6 жыл бұрын

Thanks Sir it is very likely that the history is needed for every concepts but it's not taught in normal courses

@FortheLoveofPhysics 6 жыл бұрын

+Harsh Rana Yes thats true. A look at the history of STR gives a much better appreciation for the posthulates (which sounds so simple, it underscores the importance of it)

@zagor2791 2 жыл бұрын

Perfect explanation of the experiment. Thank you.There is a lot of weak and leak knowledged videos about Michelson-Morley exp but this one very good.

@ugursoydan8187 3 жыл бұрын

oh thank you very much. GREAT work. thank you for your labor. thanks for this amazing video!!! 👏👏👏👏

@manaoharsam4211 Жыл бұрын

Great experiments brought great discovery. So much respect for their brilliant thinking. I really think if you want to make progress in physics do more experiments. I wish we increase funding for these brilliant people so they can move us to a much better newer generation. The explanation was outstanding. Detailed but very complete .

@nihilisticboi3520 3 жыл бұрын

Perfect! This video cleared a lot of my doubts.

@fauziarahman3071 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you.. I started taking interest in understanding STR just because of your explanation.

@catherinegrimes2308 2 жыл бұрын

This is the best explanation that I have seen and it is a lot better than the explanation in books. Many thanks. शाबाश।

@helifynoe9930 Жыл бұрын

The theory of Special Relativity(SR), and the Michelson Morley Experiment, when combined, are a blast. The special Relativity theory proves that the idea of movement through an ether can not be excluded. Meanwhile, many people think that SR proves that there is no ether. It is absolutely hilarious. Light is in motion relative to the spatial ether of the absolute 4D structure of Space-Time, and it does so at the speed of light. But this particular magnitude of motion is of no uniqueness. Everything within this space-time 4D ether is also in motion exactly us much as are photons of light in motion. Thus in turn, the direction you travel within space-time is what it is that determines how fast you are moving across space, and how fast you are moving across time. Of course your choice of direction also determines for instance, how much of your spaceship extends across space, and how much of it extends across time, all due to rotation taking place as you have changed your direction of travel. Hence as you pass by others, they will see that your spaceship has shrunk in spatial length, and its once synchronized clocks located at the front and rear of the spaceship, are no longer synchronized, all due to the ship now extending a certain measure across the time dimension. Plus, thanks to your choice of increased spatial motion, and thus decreased motion across the time dimension, observers now also notice that your two clocks are now ticking slower than theirs.

@thinkbetterltd5454 5 жыл бұрын

Very well done! Really enjoyed it

@anon795 5 жыл бұрын

SImple and detailed. Helped me very much...thank you so much sir

@Ummesalma-he5xc 3 ай бұрын

Extremely wonderful 😊 Bundle of thanks sir😊

@madhumitabhowmik4928 6 жыл бұрын

Amazing explanation sir....keep uploading these videos ♡

@sirajali2475 6 ай бұрын

Fantastic , thanks for this master piece

@thrisha212 Жыл бұрын

Thursday is my seminar on this topic......thanks for this wonderful session 🤝.

@philoso377 4 ай бұрын

Nice video and presentation. Remember that Michelson Morley experiment MMX assumes that Aether can drift past matter, atom and molecule freely without interaction or drag, like a ghost wind. And by “no interaction”, light wave propagating in Aether cannot be received or transmitted by or from matter. As a result of the ghost wind, the MMX apparatus can’t emit light at all. Conclusion? Aether is a fluid and moves in equal velocity with matter it attaches and not drift through or around matters. The conclusion also explain why MMX velocity detection is net zero.

@aiswarya4361 3 жыл бұрын

Salute Sir..such a great Explanation 🙏

@michaelcweir 3 жыл бұрын

The M/M experiment neglected to test the case for an entrained ether. In other words, the ether interacts with physical objects and the ether is dragged by the presence of the objects. It’s like a stick floating in a river. The velocity of the stick matches the flow of the water, so from that frame of reference, the water appears to be still. So then M/M will only show no relative movement of the ether. There is a modification of M/M that would show the ether is actually moving.

@ernestschoenmakers8181 2 жыл бұрын

Relative to what?

@renedekker9806 11 ай бұрын

_"The M/M experiment neglected to test the case for an entrained ether."_ - other known effects, such as stellar aberration, already ruled out an aether that is dragged by the Earth. The M-M experiment was set up to confirm those other observations.

@Heaven351 6 ай бұрын

@@ernestschoenmakers8181 relative to Ether is neighbouring places of the space being an medium itself as stated by Einstein himself in 1920 lecture " Ether and theory of relativity " in Leiden University . You can read that lecture online

@ebrahimkhansamrat7982 5 жыл бұрын

Just awesome. Thanks a lot sir

@conceptclassroom.4970 4 ай бұрын

brilliant and amazing lecture

@user-so3sb6cr1p 8 ай бұрын

Epic explanation

@akshatpandey9141 3 жыл бұрын

I have subscribed to ur channel it's very good and I understand everything very well thank u so much.

@sidd4190 2 жыл бұрын

Gazab padhate he yaar. Mind blowing sir🙏🙏 Khatarnak style teaching. OP Sir

@swapanmanjhi Жыл бұрын

शानदार जबरदस्त 👏

@ozmoses2011 3 жыл бұрын

The story of this experience is awesome

@lukesequeiravaz5453 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much

@newlife1351 Жыл бұрын

Acceot my gratitude ❤thanks for such a lecture ❤

@ch1ckennuggets481 5 жыл бұрын

underrated channel

@user-pb4jg2dh4w 2 жыл бұрын

بارك الله فيك

@CAL-1442 9 ай бұрын

Great! Thanks.

@kaizokuou8538 Жыл бұрын

Thank you sir for such a nice explanation 😃👍

@user-ew9qh1yo1g 5 ай бұрын

Thank you

@jagdishannepu7179 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you Sir!

@SupratimBhowmick 2 жыл бұрын

Excellent!!

@tusharkumarroy71 2 жыл бұрын

Amazing

@venkatreddy6800 4 жыл бұрын

I can't go from here without liking ur video and commenting .u really deserved in teaching physics I really enjoyed the way u teach and never felt boredom ....for the first time myself showed interest in learning physics😊..keep doing more videos 👍👍

@yassinbimgdi6124 4 жыл бұрын

thank you so much you really helped me

@thisarabandarakuruppuachch262 8 ай бұрын

Good explain ❤

@mecanicaltechnicalworld Жыл бұрын

Thank you sir🥰

@nickallbritton3796 10 ай бұрын

We've discussed this in my degree several times, but this video is great! You're a great lecturer. I do have one theoretical question. How would the time difference calculations be different considering Michelson and Morley did not know that the Earth was moving in the direction of the ether or perpendicular to it. So really, there should be a component of velocity in the direction of the ether in both arms of the interferometer, no? I understand that this full calculation would take too long and get in the way of the conceptual points brought up in the video, but does anyone have any resources to help me understand this aspect a little better?

@TarekAbdelmoniem-- 3 жыл бұрын

you are great, man

@sovensahoo3103 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you sir

@tripathiadarsh1482 4 жыл бұрын

Awesome!!!

@pkoukios Жыл бұрын

Thank you. Excellent presentation. The rotation is to the left though.

@aizazkhan3921 2 жыл бұрын

Love you sir

@estherbharathibaskar3964 2 жыл бұрын

Tq so much sir

@akkupapola 3 жыл бұрын

Thank u sir this video helped me

@wondimagegnehuergano8296 Жыл бұрын

thanks

@blakeashneet8189 Ай бұрын

Hi thanks for your analysis of the Michael Morley experiment. If you assume the earth is not moving around the sun then v is zero . The second conclusion of the experiment ignored by modern scientists, is the earth is not moving around the sun and is still, just as we observe day after day. Narendra New Zealand

@danielblanco2556 2 ай бұрын

thank you

@Alkis05 3 жыл бұрын

I can only imagine how confusing or exhilarated they felt when the experiment failed. It must have been very exciting, to see the laws of physics "Breaking down" so noticeably. Specially because the precision of the experiment was way beyond than what was needed. The difference should have being very noticeable.

@mrhasan7867 3 жыл бұрын

kzfaq.info/get/bejne/eKmfaqeqytPIonk.html

@user-pb4jg2dh4w 2 жыл бұрын

يعطيك الصحة ، تحيا نتوما

@thesoul3461 4 жыл бұрын

Awesome

@mohdriyaz9197 2 жыл бұрын

you are great

@WhyShubham967 2 жыл бұрын

thynx a lot sir😃

@chhotatrader7619 4 жыл бұрын

Thanku sir..... ☺

@leishangthemhero827 5 жыл бұрын

now i understnd clearly wht michelson morley expt is....thnk u sirr....

@FortheLoveofPhysics 5 жыл бұрын

@leishangthemhero827 5 жыл бұрын

sir can i have ur whtapp no.. so tht i might have a chnce to ask question when i have doubt....will u give sir.....i m from manipur india

@FortheLoveofPhysics 5 жыл бұрын

Since this is a public forum, its better not to leave my phone no lying around. U can mail me at dj09das@gmail.com and i vl share my details :)

@brotherstech3901 Жыл бұрын

I came here after watching lecture from H.C.Verma sir on this experiment . I enjoyed both the lectures 😀 Just a slight difference in mathematics 😁

@technengineeringhub9088 4 жыл бұрын

bravo SIR

@RenuSharma-os2mc 9 ай бұрын

I did many 12 th class topics from u... Now, got admission in HRC Delhi and gotta know that u used to teach here!!! I wish we could have been ur students

@navirisantosh3421 5 жыл бұрын

Tkq sir nd fantastic

@user-amanfeildconvecture Жыл бұрын

Wunderbar

@officialsonybhatia 5 жыл бұрын

Vry NYC sir

@akshathnagla4844 3 жыл бұрын

I am Ur one of subscriber

@riyad0elb 2 жыл бұрын

L3z khay 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🤛

@pawanjoshi2563 3 жыл бұрын

Sir ,you are brlliant

@SUBHAM_BOSE 4 жыл бұрын

Sir please will you explain the fringe shift formula. How did you obtain that?

@mahesh_gupta1 4 жыл бұрын

Great bro and thanks. But can i ask one things?

@pierattiliodigregorio3064 10 ай бұрын

I finally understood the historical context and motivations. In many books this part is badly explained....

@physicsismyfiancee...1353 Жыл бұрын

To be very honest , 1 St time I got most of my doubts cleared

@adityaadhikari597 3 жыл бұрын

sir for virtical motion .....when obsever at earth then he saw a light travel in street line not like triangular thus why we calculate as a triangular ....

@universky5681 4 жыл бұрын

Sample question :Lorenz factor: K²=1/a²=[1/(1-b)][1/(1+b)] with b=v/c,a=V(1-v²/c²) [V:square] k²=1/2[1/(1-b)+1/(1+b)] 2k=a[1/(1-b)+1/(1+b)] necessarily the multiplication of the mathematical equation by a constancy for example L / c must be respected, that is to say: 2k=2kL/c=a.L/c.[1/(1-b)+1/(1+b)] there is no need of any physical hypothesis to explain this mathematical equation.

@universky5681 4 жыл бұрын

erratum :2kL/c=a.L/c.[1/(1-b)+1/(1+b)]

@Drestanto 5 жыл бұрын

At 14:14 Lac' = c*tac Why? Light moves c relative to the ether. So, c+v to the right, c-v to the left. I think it should be c to the bottom Hence, Lac = c*tac (where t2 = tac)

@Drestanto 5 жыл бұрын

Oh, I just figured it out. I think I wrongly grasped the concept. I got the other way around. So the light need to catch up the earth movement, so it must go at an angle. I get it now

@pavanajsridhar939 5 жыл бұрын

Sir when I calculate the velocity of the light in the direction of the ether, it's c+v and c-v wrt to the earth. Sir do you think like the second case (in which light is perpendicular), in the first case also the exp set up is moving? If that happens length of light Beam will be more before reflection than after reflection?

@renedekker9806 11 ай бұрын

_"If that happens length of light Beam will be more before reflection than after reflection?"_ - that would indeed be an alternative way to calculate the travel time in the direction that is aligned with the aether. The end equation is the same.

@satviksingh2940 3 жыл бұрын

I wish u were my professor!

@spacetime639 2 жыл бұрын

sir please make videos on quantum mechanics

@sumonlaly9546 4 жыл бұрын

Sir ,, if we take L1 and L2 both are equal then, will the pattern form...??? How eather is related with shifting of interference pattern...???

@joshfranklin9941 11 ай бұрын

Why do you use the frame of the aether when calculating the time taken by the light to travel the perpendicular path? Why not just stick with the earth's frame?

@bipinbhattarai7968 Жыл бұрын

14:24 how are cc' and ac' are equal when you used pythagoras theorem ?

@bellousmanibrahim6278 Жыл бұрын

Do you have a Book writing by you on the videos here 1/40 or a combine PDF..i want to download and read?

@user-amanfeildconvecture Жыл бұрын

Sir can we get notes( happy to getting after pay)?

@tariqraja2450 7 ай бұрын

I have a confision. The observer in first case seems to be earth. And in the second case the observer seems to be in ether. This is puzzling. We should calculate wrt to the observer on earth. Plz reply!

@glennnakamura4831 2 ай бұрын

I have problems with the explanation of the experiment because you don't take into account that the pond is moving at the same velocity as the car and you don't measure everything relative to the earth which is at rest relative to the pond, car, and wave. This is important because when you do the calculations for the MM experiment, you have everything (device and light wave) moving relative to the ether. When this is done, you find that the speed of the wave when it's moving in the direction of the car is v + u relative to the earth. Also, when the wave is moving in the opposite direction of the car, its speed is v-u relative to the earth. The reason your calculations came out is because in one direction the speed of the wave is v + u and in the other direction the speed is v - u.

@StefaniaStella-zy1cc Жыл бұрын

at 12:55 you explain the trajectory of the light as seen in the ether frame,,,but the composition of velocity is not correctely applied to he vector in the direction AC because this is not the direction of the light in the interferometr frame,,,in this frame flows the ether wind! the composition of this two: velocity in the downward direction and the ether velocity is what you need to add to the speed of the interferometer in order to get the real perspective of what direction is seen in the ether frame according to the galileain laws of velocity composition

@renedekker9806 11 ай бұрын

_"because this is not the direction of the light in the interferometr frame"_ - the picture at 12:55 is shown as viewed from the aether frame. The light is supposed to have a constant speed wrt. that frame. That is the speed along the shown diagonal.

@mahadityasinhsarvaiya3511 5 жыл бұрын

Almost everything explained nicely. Somehow though, couldn't make anything of this velocity figure spoken as three into टेंटीटीपोर eight m/s. Listened to it for about fifteen twenty times. Every time it sounds three into "टेंटीटीपोर" eight m/s. What is that टेंटीटीपोर sir?

@FortheLoveofPhysics 5 жыл бұрын

Hahaha, 3 x 10^8 m/s ..its the velocity of light

@nikhilsomvanshi9960 3 жыл бұрын

😂😂😂😂😂

@patinthechat6452 Жыл бұрын

Why are L1 and L2 different lengths specifically? What would happen if they were the same?

@FortheLoveofPhysics Жыл бұрын

Because light wavelength is of the order of few nanometres, it was not possible to make arms L1 and L2 equal to the order of nanometres. Even slightest difference will create a path difference

@abcdef2069 7 ай бұрын

he almost fooled me as if there would be a shift due to path difference, as he used PAST tenses near to the end.

@fereshtehteachestolearn Жыл бұрын

I dont get the reason they rotated it 90 degrees ....please some one explain it to me a bit moreeeee

@mrslave41 Жыл бұрын

question: given a boat. it travels from a to b to a. from a to b it travels with the current. from b to a it travels against the current. so you are telling me that the current has an effect on the total travel time a to b to a? how could this be? this defies basic common sense.

@renedekker9806 11 ай бұрын

_"how could this be?"_ - see the video for how this could be. But from common sense: the boat spends more time travelling against the current than with the current, and so spends more than half of its travel going slow. Therefore, it's journey will be slower than if there was no current.

@ramesh_rm 2 жыл бұрын

🧠🤯😎

@psmoyer63 2 жыл бұрын

The premise is incorrect: .Maxwell’s Encyclopedia Britannica article on the aether, in which it was regarded as ‘composed of corpuscles, moving in all directions with the velocity of light, never colliding with each other, and possessing some vector quality such as rotation.’” Sir Edmund Whittaker, AETHER & ELECTRICITY Vol II, p 247-248. as such, aether is relativistic.

@renedekker9806 11 ай бұрын

_"Encyclopedia Britannica article on the aether, in which it was regarded as ‘composed of corpuscles,"_ - Encyclopedia Brittanica state no such thing about aether. You likely confused it with the corpuscular theory of light itself, which was popular in the 16th and 17th century.

@psmoyer63 11 ай бұрын

@@renedekker9806 the original Britannica article was written by Maxwell and quoted by Whittaker in vol 2 of AETHER & ELECTRICITY. This is a historical notation.

@renedekker9806 11 ай бұрын

@@psmoyer63It would be good for you if you read the whole book by Whittaker. It is after all called "A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity", and describes the changing ideas of scientists about the aether spanning a long period of time. Just cherry-picking one interpretation and then boldly claiming "the premise is incorrect" is pretty dishonest.

@psmoyer63 11 ай бұрын

@@renedekker9806 of course I was cherry picking. I love the concept, as did a couple others at the time before it was summarily rejected. But even Einstein couldn't escape a mechanism of empty space (of some type) shortly after publishing his relativity theories.

@renedekker9806 11 ай бұрын

_"moving in all directions with the velocity of light"_ - the velocity of light wrt. what? _"as such, aether is relativistic"_ - your conclusion is also incorrect. A corpuscular theory of light should have a constant speed wrt. the source of the light, and therefore differing speeds wrt. the observer.

@MS_PrithwirajMaity 2 жыл бұрын

is not gravity bend the light ray? GRAVITY EFFECT IS NOT CONSIDER IN MICHELSON MORLY CALCULATION..

@akshatchauhan5708 Жыл бұрын

Sir experiment was wrong this means calculation were wrong and hence this mean there is still no proove that we can say that ether doesn't exist. So now the question is why we can't add ether as dark matter or dark energy can anybody explain it ☹️

@renedekker9806 11 ай бұрын

_"experiment was wrong this means calculation were wrong"_ - what's wrong about it?

@jessediaz9259 Жыл бұрын

Special theory was needed to try to explain why there was no spin. They said that the metal structure stretched. Non sense, even Einstein agreed.

@thounaojamanilsinghluwang1464 4 жыл бұрын

Sir; Why did Michelson Morley experiment failed?

@FortheLoveofPhysics 4 жыл бұрын

It set out to find the relative velocity of light, but failed

@thounaojamanilsinghluwang1464 4 жыл бұрын

For the Love of Physics That means the speed of light must be constant

@FortheLoveofPhysics 4 жыл бұрын

It was not known at that time. But the failure of the exp was because of that

@bngr_bngr 5 жыл бұрын

Isnt dark matter the ether?

@FortheLoveofPhysics 5 жыл бұрын

Nope

@bngr_bngr 5 жыл бұрын

For the Love of Physics dark matter is energy you cant see or touch. The ether would be similar, it explains the missing mass of the universe. When light travels from the Sun to Earth isnt that light moving thru dark matter?

@FortheLoveofPhysics 5 жыл бұрын

No. Light is moving through vacuum, atleast acc to STR. There is no such thing as ether. It was supposedly a hypothetical medium through which light was supposed to move, but that theory has been long discarded. Dark matter however, is altogether different concept. It exists somewhere out in the universe, we cannot see, but we detect its gravitational effects. Noone knows what its made up of. It was posthulated to explain certain strange gravitational effects

@jessediaz9259 Жыл бұрын

You don’t need the math, it’s a machine that measures the speed of light. These are time tested and they should have seen the beams changing paths depending upon if they going with the spin or against the spin of the Earth. It failed to show any change. No spin.