MIT Professor Explains Nuclear Fusion in 5 Levels of Difficulty

MIT Professor Explains Nuclear Fusion in 5 Levels of Difficulty | WIRED

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Күн бұрын

Nuclear fusion underpins some of the most basic processes in our universe and holds the promise of virtually limitless, clean, carbon-free energy. Dr. Anne White, Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been challenged to explain the nature of nuclear fusion to 5 different people; a child, a teen, a college student, a grad student, and an expert.
Director: Wendi Jonassen
Director of Photography: Jim Petit
Editor: Louville Moore
Host: Dr. Anne White
Guest: Level 1 - Amelya Salva; Level 2 - Marianna Noel McCallum; Level 3 - Yash Bhora; Level 4 - Madelyn Leembruggen; Level 5 - Dr. Pablo Rodriguez-Fernandez
Creative Producer: Maya Dangerfield
Line Producer: Joseph Buscemi
Associate Producer: Paul Gulyas
Production Manager: D. Eric Martinez
Production Coordinator: Fernando Davila
Casting Producer: Nicholas Sawyer
Camera Operator: Brian Galford
Sound Mixer: Tim Haggerty
Hair & Make-Up: EIeni Koutloumpasis
Post Production Supervisor: Alexa Deutsch
Post Production Coordinator: Ian Bryant
Supervising Editor: Doug Larsen
Additional Editor: Paul Tael
Assistant Editor: Andy Morell
--
0:00 5 Levels of Nuclear Fusion
0:29 Level 1: Child
5:03 Level 2: Teen
9:27 Level 3: College Student
13:52 Level 4: Grad Student
19:33 Level 5: Expert
24:11 Conclusion
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Пікірлер: 505

@jopo7996 10 ай бұрын

I'm pretty impressed with myself. I easily understood all of this completely, right up to the point where she started level 1.

@RichardFeynmanRules 10 ай бұрын

Cracked me up!

@kmanccr 10 ай бұрын

Haha I was gunna say. Level 1 was complicated, don't know if I could get to level 5.

@peach7210 10 ай бұрын

😂😂😂😂😂

@wowalamoiz9489 10 ай бұрын

Lemme try. Nuclei have positive electric fields. These make two nuclei repel each other. This acts as a barrier that prevents fusion. This is caused by the protons. There is an attractive force called the strong force produced by protons and neutrons. This is stronger than the electrostatic force, but it weakens more with distance. If you give enough force to the nuclei, they can move past the electric field and get bonded with the strong force. Hydrogen has many variations in its nuclei based on how many neutrons are in it. The nuclei with neutrons are preferred because they increase the amount of strong force without increasing the electric force. The problem with fusion is finding how to get through the electric field without it taking more energy to do that than what you get out of fusion. Because if you don't care about that, doing fusion by itself isn't that hard. It just won't produce more energy than it takes.

@kitefan1 10 ай бұрын

That's because it was entertaining but she never gave a simple explanation for what fusion is until the third student. Fossil and Nuclear power plants have an energy source that makes heat that is used to generate electricity. The center of an atom is a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. The radioactive materials are very heavy and have many protons and neutrons Heavy element Uranium has 92 protons and 141 to 146 neutrons. Light element Hydrogen has one proton and 1 to 3 neutrons and is relatively cheap. Our regular nuclear fission power plants enable heavy atomic nuclei with many protons and neutrons to split or impact other heavy nuclei releasing enormous amounts of energy and a relatively large amount of radioactivity and radioactive waste. Containing the fission reaction is complicated but is possible using borated water, lead and normal structural materials such as steel, reinforced concrete and so on. Fusion plants enable a process where lighter nuclei to combine into a heavier nucleus and release enormous amounts of energy and less radioactive waste. To make a fusion reaction the atoms have to be heated to enormous heat under enormous pressure until they reach a state of matter called plasma. Normal materials cannot contain this hot, pressurized plasma. The only way found (so far) is to create a containment out of an enormously powerful and stable magnetic field. A team in Lawrence Livermore had a fusion for 20-billionths of a second. This is a landmark achievement.

@iTiger13 10 ай бұрын

Level 6: Oppenheimer

@simplylethul 10 ай бұрын

Level 7: crime against humanity in which no one was prosecuted.

@koala.justakoala4287 10 ай бұрын

Afaik that’s fission, might be wrong tho🤓🤓🤓

@antoniousai1989 10 ай бұрын

@@koala.justakoala4287 Oppenheimer was supposed to participate in the project of the first Fusion bomb, but he refused and was accused of not being patriotic during the red scare period.

@koala.justakoala4287 10 ай бұрын

@@antoniousai1989 oh, interesting. Good to know, thanks!

@bournechupacabra 10 ай бұрын

His main contribution was to fission, not fusion

@mariannamccallum 10 ай бұрын

That’s me in level 2!! So much fun to film❤️

@robbyddurham1624 10 ай бұрын

At first I thought you meant that level 2 is where you dropped out in understanding, now I think you meant, that was actually you being filmed. Nice to see you.

@MemeB0MB 9 ай бұрын

Cool !

@nicolecunningham5477 5 ай бұрын

☺️❤️❤️❤️

@MANOFTIME 29 күн бұрын

How did you get selected for the video?

@YellowMustard_ 12 күн бұрын

That’s cool

@OrigamiMaster06 10 ай бұрын

The moment she said that ion and electron plasma are modeled as separate fluid flows and that the model needs to account for particle interactions ALONG with magnetic fields my jaw dropped. The amount of head banging you'd have to do to even TRY to model that yet alone simulate it. Geez these people are miracle workers.

@oraziovescovi1922 10 ай бұрын

my thought is (correct me if I am wrong!): don't moving charges create a magnetic field? I can't even begin thinking about a turbolent magnetic field They probably have to take that into account also...

@sankang9425 10 ай бұрын

Some describe Fusion as "sculpting a Michelangelo statue with jelly and metal wire".

@wowalamoiz9489 10 ай бұрын

@@sankang9425It's not that hard... If your goal isn't to produce energy.

@newmeta2668 9 ай бұрын

@@wowalamoiz9489the problem is not making a fusion reaction. The problem is making a self-sustaining fusion reaction.

@wowalamoiz9489 9 ай бұрын

@@newmeta2668 Which is basically what I said...

@letempsargentina 10 ай бұрын

I love these videos of 5 levels of difficulty, the best of the channel by far.

@s3cr3tpassword 10 ай бұрын

I used to be a physicist, condensed matter specifically synthesis and characterization of materials, and now working in tech. When I first transitioned a lot of my peers thought when I said instrumentation they thought I played music.

@robbyddurham1624 10 ай бұрын

How could your peers think music? They probably used test equipment daily. I'm just a tech with a 2 year degree and my first thought was test equipment. I'm struggling with not being intelligent enough to get past calculus and understanding more. I'm 58 years old. I feel like I'm smarter than I was 30 years ago. I think I could get past calculus today, but by the time I moved on, I think my smarts will start to decline. I need to be happy with understanding and learning how "handy man" stuff works.

@KevinMakins 7 ай бұрын

It's a revelation to realize that words describe reality, not just in one domain but in all domains. Provided we name well.

@mayito714 23 күн бұрын

@@robbyddurham1624 Calculus is not difficult if you have a "strong" Algebra and Trigonometry base. Algebra and Trigonometry is much needed in solving Calculus problems or it becomes a problem.

@jeylful 10 ай бұрын

Thank you Wired for bringing these complex but important subjects to everyone in different levels. Fabulous job!

@lexirubber9210 10 ай бұрын

That level one explainer was probably a little complicated for them

@johnchessant3012 10 ай бұрын

So fascinating! I'm more of a math guy, but the description of turbulence and gyrokinetic theory sounds like it might give rise to some really interesting math problems. A great reminder of exactly why I picked physics for my second major back in school.

@willis936 10 ай бұрын

Stellarator optimization is a fun area of applied math research as well. Fun coordinate systems, multiple stages of optimization feeding back and forward, etc.

@frankathl1 10 ай бұрын

@@willis936Fun? Yeah, I happened stopped laughing since lunch!

@yellostallion 10 ай бұрын

The universe speaks math - Niel Degrasse Tyson

@MarlonValcq 10 ай бұрын

I made it through level 4. It is indeed really interesting.

@MeoWHamster 10 ай бұрын

Wait until you hear about Magnetohydrodynamics.

@rohanmanian4250 10 ай бұрын

This series has been highly knowledgeable.looking forward to more of it.

@Campaigner82 10 ай бұрын

Charged particles was tricky but turbulence..? No idea about that. Lost it totally at lvl 4. Star in a jar it is! 😄

@martian14 5 ай бұрын

Have you heard about the different sizes of infinity? 😅

@Campaigner82 5 ай бұрын

@@martian14 Nope

@user-zk1my8fc6x 9 ай бұрын

This series has been highly knowledgeable.looking forward to more of it.. I love this series! She’s a great educator! .

@markiep8477 10 ай бұрын

This is an amazing series. Please keep it up!

@Kevin-3333 3 ай бұрын

Science is so fun and moves so rapidly that even the scientists themselves underestimate our abilities. She ended this wonderful video saying she thinks net electricity in a decade and yet in August of 2023 we achieved net energy gained for the first time. Shows you how brilliant the people working on this stuff truly are!

@bananacrunch 10 ай бұрын

I love these videos, but some are better than others. This one is top tier. It helps that at the end of the video, I have so much hope for the future of energy.

@Sunflowersarepretty 10 ай бұрын

I made it through the first and second level. Such an intelligent, well spoken person. I need more of these.

@kutispwet6441 10 ай бұрын

I love watching learning videos like this that would take me a thousand years to fully comprehend

@SuperLocrian 10 ай бұрын

Great video but there is a rough edit (missing dialogue) at 13:23. I assume she is talking about the helium nucleus... Awesome video, she really explained everything so clearly! Thanks!

@jimmydelacruz 9 ай бұрын

I loved the level 1 girl's question; she asked if they keep the invisible matter in one place to not forget where it is at all times, which is true.

@rizkymumtaza 10 ай бұрын

Would love to have more discussion about magnetic confinement vs inertial confinement in approaching fusion reaction

@jessetrott2549 10 ай бұрын

this is a fantastic series

@Rkcuddles 10 ай бұрын

Oh yay. I have done the lvl1-2 of this explanation before and it’s fascinating to observe what questions kids ask.

@janoycresva276 10 ай бұрын

Truly remarkable how smart she is that she made something simple enough for a child to understand.

@dcfan2222 7 ай бұрын

Found the blood doctor randomly on here, and i have been completely addicted. These are so educational, and informational, broken down to a level of universal understanding. So so awesome!

@AdanTrujillo1 9 ай бұрын

I love these series! I would love to see an episode with someone that has a PHd in Philosophy!

@lilytea3 9 ай бұрын

0:57: 🌟 Nuclear fusion is a clean and limitless form of energy that involves bringing particles together to release energy. 4:03: 🔬 Plasma is the fourth state of matter, and it can be controlled using magnetic fields. 7:17: ⚛ The tokamak is a device used to confine and control a super hot plasma in order to harness fusion energy. 10:51: 🔥 Fusion requires high temperatures and densities to make particles collide and fuse, producing energy that can be converted into electricity. 15:01: 🔬 Fusion energy sources, which are predominantly fully ionized plasmas, have a lot of mystery around them due to the complexity of turbulence and magnetic fields. 18:06: 🌪 Turbulence in plasma physics is a complex and visually beautiful phenomenon that affects the performance of fusion reactors. 22:09: ⚛ Fusion energy research is accelerating with the involvement of private companies and advancements in other fields, bringing us closer to achieving fusion electricity on the grids. Recap by Tammy AI

@naeuch0489 10 ай бұрын

I love these type of videos

@Spartacus-4297 10 ай бұрын

Ok... Well I didn't expect to understand and have knowledge of every level I knew I had a good grasp but I didn't think my understanding was quite as strong as it is. It really helped me put my understanding of the field in perspective, I still have some things to learn about but not as much as I expected.

@Twiggls555 10 ай бұрын

Awesome format!🎉

@CartoonKidOLLY 10 ай бұрын

I love this series! She’s a great educator! 😊

@TheeHamiltons 10 ай бұрын

Would love a follow on to cover recent net positive runs, records broken along with the impact of machine learning / neural nets on model optimizations and corresponding impact (performance gains, learnings)

@Sahabatdum 10 ай бұрын

You definitely have my sub. This content is next level. For me cannafarm ltd was the turning point. Please keep doing what you do and keep being you, love it.

@adammolnar2520 10 ай бұрын

That expert is a boss! So cool.

@Untefelehrr 10 ай бұрын

Could you invite a language scientist next ? That would be awesome

@gwylui 10 ай бұрын

I usually watch videos at 1.5x speed but for this one, I slowed it down 😅 Thank you Dr. White!

@RIRIani 4 ай бұрын

wow! you know she's an expert when they can explain it pretty smooth for non-STEM graduated like me. it's really interesting! i hope i have the priviledge that i never had and could introduce the beauty of science to my future children.

@robertwalkley4665 10 ай бұрын

I love this 5 Levels of Difficulty series so much, it's truly excellent, gj WIRED. A tip for people with any other topic, is that I've found ChatGPT be pretty good at explaining things to be in different levels of difficulty too. No where near as good, but can help.

@yousufnazir8141 3 ай бұрын

Excellent explanation for the solutions of the energy

@peach7210 10 ай бұрын

Absolutely fascinating

@shunyaku7759 3 ай бұрын

Huh. I coulda sworn Tokamak was the name of a particulars particle accelerator. Gonna have to rewatch some old videos sometime with a better understanding.

@aureliusfeynman485 9 ай бұрын

That little girl is so sweet and bright, she has intelligent eyes and an inquisitive mind 🥰 I hope she keeps her love for Science all her life and become whichever kind of scientist she wants!

@LuquiLuck 10 ай бұрын

At first I was just hearing the video, but when the expert appeared, my instinct said, this man sounds like Spanish, so I watched the video and saw his name x) We have a very characterstic accent. By the way, I loved the way how you explained this, I understood everything you said. A pitty I didn't have this kind of teachers back in highschool, otherwise my study path would have been so different.

@elvishiekios8826 4 ай бұрын

Well rejoice! You have your dream teachers NOW! We age and continue to learn! SOLON.

@ctrlz9372 9 ай бұрын

5 minutes through the video and i was incredibly impressed with the child engagement with the professor. how she can come up with question and also explaining about her understanding towards science is plausible. and the professor is such a brilliant educator i wish she taught me in university

@robertorizzo3159 9 ай бұрын

She is awesome!! Very “easy” to understand

@chrisCNX7522 9 ай бұрын

is there any way we can see the unedited conversations and interactions? I know that its edited for video size and expediency sake, however I am far more interested in the actually full dialogue back and forth. or if nothing else the transcript?

@TehDash 10 ай бұрын

Let’s goooooo! I love these!!

@IGNOBLEVOIDPEEKER 10 ай бұрын

DO PHILOSOPHY! I am a Ph.D. student in Philosophy (at a top 25, for what it's worth) and I would love to see my colleagues, peers, and aspiring philosophers talk about topics in ethics (obligation, promises, good/evil, action), metaphysics (causation, self, space-time, possible worlds), social-political philosophy (law, society, justice, prisons). It would, indeed, be a treat to see people's intuitions on such complex topics!

@troth. 10 ай бұрын

RIP for your career choice lmao

@Latte23749 10 ай бұрын

@troth. Pretty wrong. My uni teacher had a degree in philosophy. There are jobs that do hire them and they can go into academics, teacher training, education etc. All u need is to Google search and alot of opition will come up.

@troth. 10 ай бұрын

@@Latte23749 supply chain is GOAT'd

@MemeB0MB 9 ай бұрын

@@troth. Philosophy is an amazing career choice, not everyone is chasing money, the love of knowledge is much more rewarding

@troth. 9 ай бұрын

@NobodyCares100 both acheived w Supply Chain + real world practically. All you need is Charlie Mungers 'Poor Charlie's Almonack' for philosophy 😉

@Jrfusion08 10 ай бұрын

I don't think a child would understand level 1. The kid was lost and just nodding... then again I may be projecting what I was doing during the discussion :D

@fabiocaetanofigueiredo1353 10 ай бұрын

Agree, she could have made it even simpler. Awesome video though!

@mr.rodzhers8663 6 ай бұрын

I have already watched 2 episodes and it is becoming more interesting for me

@jpa_fasty3997 10 ай бұрын

Question for anyone that knows, since the plasma inside the tokomak is confined magnetically, what boundary condition do you use at the edge of the plasma field? Is it no slip or free surface or something else?

@jessearodriguez 9 ай бұрын

This is a killer question. When we model plasmas with what are called ‘particle-in-cell’ or ‘kinetic’ numerical models (this is what we use for tokamaks), one of the most difficult things to get right is the boundary conditions. Most often, the boundary is located at the reactor wall, and the conditions we impose are things like disallowing particles to penetrate this wall (called a no-flux condition) and making sure that the EM fields and /or electron density drops to zero at the wall (called sheath boundary conditions). Choosing the shape and thickness of the sheath fields can have a huge effect on your results, so it’s important to get it right!

@Imran-Desk 10 ай бұрын

I like how they are all preparing you before you go to watch Oppenheimer😅

@andreasarmiento6818 10 ай бұрын

Assuming of course that normal people level of intelligence can understand these difficult concepts

@chatterjeesangma8919 10 ай бұрын

Good job 👍

@trooper1972 10 ай бұрын

I understood level 1 perfectly 😁

@theflightguy777 10 ай бұрын

🎉me too

@abajarcyrilphilippg.2014 10 ай бұрын

I adore genius people. Great video!

@kwasisb5390 10 ай бұрын

Wait so basically fusion produces huge or enormous amounts of energy enough to make electricity production wayyy better and more efficient, eventually cheaper, and to get that you'll need the plasma state and you'll have to be able to keep those energetic particles under control, so what in summary is the exact issue they're facing . Is it about getting the particles under control or finding ways to get more energy plasma state or?? I didn't quite get that.

@taylorsalva2417 10 ай бұрын

I think it's the confinement of the plasma, as in holding it in the device. As it stands they haven't been able to hold the crazy hot plasma for more than a fraction of a second

@oraziovescovi1922 10 ай бұрын

they have been able to hold it for quite long, up to 10 minutes (!) I believe, but we still lack the instrumentation able to withstand the heat produced: most of the existing thomawaks are lab instruments and not made to actually harvest the heat as they would in a real powerplant. They actually have to manually shut the reaction down not to melt the instruments. Beyond that, the issue is harvesting the energy - it requires tremendous amount of energy to kickstart the reaction. there is a relatively small margin of net energy that we can harvest, but the net balance is currently negative

@canobenitez 2 ай бұрын

I wonder if AI would help us to tackle these kind of feats, image harvesting the power of the sun! amazing stuff @@oraziovescovi1922

@Paradox-om6lm 10 ай бұрын

For level 1 I would just say I am trying to on a small scale replicate the process that causes our sun to give out light and heat in a laboratory on earth.

@dtriplett03 6 ай бұрын

6:00 it's amazing to learn..(become aware) of new "things"❤

@paulsullivan649 10 ай бұрын

These discussions were all amazing. Holy crap are there some smart people working on this stuff.

@berkayalan4830 10 ай бұрын

Amazing

@GINGI9519 10 ай бұрын

I love this seriee

@neoness1268 4 ай бұрын

I've learned more of fusion through the his video, than in other cases in my entire life 😬👍

@MacheteYeti17 10 ай бұрын

Phenomenal video

@1eingram 3 ай бұрын

I don't need an explanation of how fusion works. I just need you guys perfect the practical application of it for the sake of making the planet more livable for a few more years.

@sadchild70 10 ай бұрын

I love that the 9 year old is totally rocking the popped collar.

@Amelyasalva 10 ай бұрын

Thanks! I like my style 😊

@coleozaeta6344 9 ай бұрын

I’ve been waiting on ITER for 5 years. Hopefully just 2 to go like planned.

@user-xb7xp3hf7c 4 ай бұрын

THANKS

@mandeepsingh6010 10 ай бұрын

Relative to other videos this was actually more leveled with the grades of students and explanations as others were exponential, by college student I use to feel bad man I cannot understand these

@mitzacookie 9 ай бұрын

I love how the level 5 involves talking about budgets and $ limitations and how we want to commercialize fussion lol

@SubbrajoytiSaha 10 ай бұрын

Amazing.

@utkarshsharma9547 10 ай бұрын

I am in love with the grad student 😍 Miss Madelyn❤❤

@user-ll3eb7cc6s 9 ай бұрын

you should add super easy explanation and I would lovely to be interviewed

@asafzilberberg6648 9 ай бұрын

Wonderful

@IngVivas 9 ай бұрын

Can we get one explaining quantum mechanics and/or quantum electrodynamics? 👐

@dphng.77 9 ай бұрын

I have a question, ma'am. What if I had a nuclear factory, which fuses deuterium and tritium to make energy, and then I used these energy to feed the factory alone, wouldn't it be, an infinitive engine?

@DerPlasma 9 ай бұрын

Ahhh, I was so hoping for her to turn on that mini tokamak^^

@bepisbepi 10 ай бұрын

Level 1: We want to make stars on Earth! Level 2: We want to smash plasma with magnets! Level 3: We want to smash VERY hot deuterons and tritions! Level 4: We want to minimize heat fluctuations to increase yield! Level 5: We want money!

@rickyc664 3 ай бұрын

Yes, I concur completely.

@claudiaprivitelli3306 8 ай бұрын

its reassuring that the more advanced the explanation the more it makes sense to me lol, i was listening to the kids one like ????

@robbyddurham1624 10 ай бұрын

I started dropping out at Grad level, even before. But the last level, expert, did they really do any explaining on the topic?

@oldpain7625 10 ай бұрын

That was actually effective. Much better sense of where we are.

@GasparinPR 10 ай бұрын

Nice, Wired!

@TechTipsUSA 10 ай бұрын

The power of the sun… in the palm of my hand

@dtriplett03 6 ай бұрын

1:00 Star-in-a-Jar™ , ! I❤it!😅

@MechidPodcast 10 ай бұрын

Amelya was lucky to sit with Professor Anne. She will make a good scientist in the future.

@Amelyasalva 10 ай бұрын

Thank you! I felt very lucky to be a part of this!

@bluearth5074 10 ай бұрын

Don't know why but somehow understood everything in the video

@aryangod2003 10 ай бұрын

Between LEvel 3 and Level 4. I know the Lawson Criteria, coulomb repulsion etc, quantum tunneling etc.

@weightlossexpert371 7 ай бұрын

Best video

@evensaj 10 ай бұрын

she is a great teacher

@liu-vs1zr 8 ай бұрын

how cool!

@roldanduarteholguin7102 5 ай бұрын

Export the Q*, Chat GPT, Revit, Plant 3D, Civil 3D, Inventor, ENGI file of the Building or Refinery to Excel, prepare Budget 1 and export it to COBRA. Prepare Budget 2 and export it to Microsoft Project. Solve the problems of Overallocated Resources, Planning Problems, prepare the Budget 3 with which the construction of the Tokamak, Building or the Refinery is going to be quoted.

@josher887 10 ай бұрын

Hey 👋 No one can give me an answer for this because it’s niche but, Is a dual stage fusion possible 1}Helium=Hydrogen + Hydrogen 2}Helium=Hydrogen + Hydrogen 3}Helium+Helium= Beryllium Is the energy released when doing 3} exponentially greater than just doing 1} (I know it’s not this simple they don’t make helium when doing fusion) My simplest question is would doing 3} (doubling the process of hydrogen fusion) be worth it?

@Matt-xn7nt 10 ай бұрын

I think basically the amount of energy which you would need to perform Helium fusion is so insanely huge that it's just not really possible on Earth, or at least will take so much energy to create the conditions we will never be able to reach breakeven where we get more energy out than we put in

@niconijenhuis4242 10 ай бұрын

Hi, particle physicist here. So, hydrogen fusion is exothermic (i.e. it releases energy). Helium fusion into Beryllium is endothermic (i.e. it needs energy). Also, Beryllium is very unstable and would decay pretty soon. Or, and this requires insane amounts of energy to happen, another Helium nucleus crashes into the Beryllium and stable Carbon is formed. So no, this wouldn't be useful at all. The biggest energy release in all possible fusion reactions remains Hydrogen fusion.

@DanielPierce 10 ай бұрын

My goal is to build a Farnsworth Fusor some day.

@boredguy5531 10 ай бұрын

Wow I just watched an episode about Conner (human clone made of Luthor & SuperMan genes - Session 2 of Titans), and he talks about Nuclear Fusion too. What a coincidence.

@47-dimethyl-2-heptene8 9 ай бұрын

In fact the concept introduced in level 1 was the hardest to understand

@kaiperdaens7670 10 ай бұрын

Is there a fifth state of matter too like a the type of fluid you get when you cool a gas down so much that it turns to a liquid?

@JoeLancaster 10 ай бұрын

That's just liquid

@kaiperdaens7670 10 ай бұрын

@@JoeLancaster ok

@max1392 8 ай бұрын

there are many more than 5 states of matter, like bose-einstein condensate and time crystals

@Mickey-le5xt 9 ай бұрын

Like Einstein said, if you can't explain it to a child, you don't know it enough.

@johnh6245 10 ай бұрын

“All the pieces of the puzzle are here” sounds good, but is it true? For example tritium breeding is a massive problem requiring tonnes of lithium isotopically enriched to increase the Lithium 6 percentage - and there is no viable process to do this easily. If it can be done, the costs will be astronomical.

@elvishiekios8826 4 ай бұрын

Lithium is another element. Deuterium and tritium are water isotopes that exist in sea water.