* NOTE: Lecture 3. Master Class: Human Brain Dissection (in-class dissection-video not recorded) View the complete course: ocw.mit.edu/9-13S19 KZfaq Playlist: kzfaq.info/sun/PLUl4u3cNGP60IKRN_pFptIBxeiMc0MCJP

Thank you for giving us free GOLD!! I am not being sarcastic. The fact that the best universities are willing to post this stuff for us for free is an amazing service to humanity. Read your history, you will know why we appreciate this so much.

This is someone who was born to teach. I just love her classes.

I wish I knew who to thank for making the push towards filming these lectures and posting them online for free. This truly gives me hope for humanity.

Nooo, I was looking forward to the brain dissection lmaooo

RE: face blindness / prosopagnosia , I think the best way to try and understand what it feels like is to imagine what its like when you look at a tree or foliage with large leaves. We all know what leaves look like. We can tell the difference between leaf types, can see all the details, recognize unique features, etc… You can stare at one of these leaves for 2 hours, but once you stop looking and try to identify it among others at random, you have no idea which one you were staring at for an hour. I live in Florida, so when I first read about this, I tried it on Palm leaves and it helped understand what it would be like to know what faces are, recognize their components and features, but not be able to recognize them as unique from others unless comparing them next to eachother.

Dr the visual of the nerves of the eye is the center of the memory

Thanks Maam for this best lecture and Thanks MIT for recording this lectures for normal people in the world who cannot afford to go to MIT Love from India🇮🇳

What a lovely lecturer. Very personable and she presents the subject in an interesting way. Im a layperson who has a thirst for knowledge. I appreciate these lectures being in the public domain.

in my last year of HS & these lectures are so fascinating; I never seem to loose focus! hopefully my future professors are as engaging and able to explain ideas this clearly :) thank you MIT!

I never knew neuroscience was this interesting. Wow! I'm just so completely mesmerized.

I think you just gave me that piece of information I was lacking. Now I have the tools. Thank you! It made a wicked big difference! You believing in your self… is a gift. Thank you for choosing to be a teacher, a healer. You’re awesome!

The sound playback levels on this A/V recording make it much easier to hear your voice than was the case with the first A/V I found for this course of study . Thanks .

@32:57 "Your perceptual system is tuned to the statistics of its input". Most profound!

21:55 Thinking people luh the Honda Fit.

The brain equalls the mind by consciousness

I have participated in a whoooole lot of prosopagnosia studies and I really appreciate the chance to learn more about what I have, in a small way, helped science figure out!

Great stuff, Prof. K! I love this quote (regarding implicit bias and, by extension, racism): "Your perceptual system is tuned to the statistics of its input". Regarding how much detail to give about anything, the right thing is to go with your gut. To paraphrase A. Lincoln (and Ricky Nelson): You can please some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you can't please all of the people all of the time, so you might as well please your self and don't worry about the rest. They'll either get over it or they won't. Love your teaching. Keep up the great work!

As a person studying this field with AI, my hypothesis is that the blood flow increases because we try and predict more features in terms of faces. It is like a curve of saturation. For objects it reaches faster than faces. This experiment can be run in a couple of other ways as well 1. Use non generic shapes and showcase that . Not a square, not a triangle but a tetrahedron in 3 dimensions ~ Blood flow should increase 2. Use known faces of family and tell the person before hand . This would reduce the blood flow on faces We can conduct these two experiments to verify the hypothesis

I have a slightly hard time remembering faces and associating names to them. Once I've become familiar, it's easy, but if I've met someone for only 10 minutes, unless I can somehow relate them to someone I've met before, I'll probably forget them flat out. Names, some of the people I work with closely day in and day out, slip my mind, and I've even misremembered or forgotten girlfriend names (not because I was cheating). Yet, I can memorize numbers, and nearly on a long-term scale (remembering a SKU for a brand of socks from 10 years ago working warehousing). The brain is truly fascinating!

I am fascinated by the lectures and the lecturer! I really want to work in her lab one day

Iam from El Salvador, learning every day every class of this chanel. Thank you. I love to learn

I started to think that I am losing many things when I continue to work rather than study. Those courses are awesome I wish I could join every single of them :(

I am proud my Alma Mattar for putting this great content online for free. I'll consider donate to them.

Im here researching any affects of a brain injury i had a few years ago... I had a skull fracture and sub dermal hemorrhaging, went to sleep after. Lost memory from that day and most of my hospital stay, had a few concussions after that, i feel memorizing names is very challenging for me at times.

Facial recognition at about 44:40 in the video: How many people have been falsely accused in the justice system due to 'eye witness' accounts who cannot tell unknown faces apart nor things like different colors, or even conscious or unconscious bias?

LOVING THESE COURSES!!!!

Absolutely fascinating. The end made me think about this: comparing one person to another is easier than differentiating between two dogs or cats and it is easier to do those than two ants or elephants or crabs. But between crab and dog it is easy just like between crab and human. Also I think the intricacy and difference between features would matter. The difference between triangle and circle is obvious but between 2 chinese symbols would be harder etc.

[I] is also known at the detection point [L]. Ie draw a line directly from [I] to [L].

I love how anyone could find another way to think about the same data and analyse it differently. Thanks doctor Nancy for this last assignment. It is really inspiring.

See in the muscle of the wing is the access to blood

Notes to self: 7:20 These quotes are so insanely good. "Ill-posed" problems is a very important concept it seems I will need to get used to recalling to mind 45:06 The honda civic example is probably better at presenting this (note to self tiemstamp honda example) but this demonstrates the fundamental thing that our whole reality is based on not just input but conception which ofcourse on a very fundamental level makes sense - if we have the exact same input as output we'd be an infinitely stiff mirror, not a human and the very fact we can give different outputs tells us more than any following information, I would argue it says a lot about entropy and some really fundamental questions but I will try to never be so arrogant as to think I have more than ideas and a grasp of such concepts. And indeed we do not know if reality is stopping-starting-stopping-starting --->>> THERE ARE THINGS WE CAN NEVER KNOW IF WE DON'T KNOW if I can accept that assertion all that I know is that I know nothing but knowing emotionally the consequences for that I continue to search for a different model, based on the very total uncertainty I am combating I use uncertainty to ward it off and search to doom myself in a certain reality or a reality that is any different from this one. ... also something something entropy if it is real we have certainty but its not truly testable, if it isn't nothings real, models and things and models and things and we'd probably have to wait litterally forever to know if entropy is solvable so we need other methods... urgh and the problem is in waiting forever our brains would have no room to exist as they would have dissapated given entropy is real... urgh the circular logic and entropy nessesarily asserts certainty but then it like all things nessesarily must given uncertainty breaks itself aghghghhhhh, I need to read a whole lot more on the basics and then ask a proffessor. Damn I've just thought, assert that 4x = 16x/4 -> something different can be the same? I guess it depends on your model of mathematics but if you accept uncertainty two equivilent things can never be equal, hence in reality there are things like no cloning theorems so does this demostrate a break in reality? Urgghgghgh I really need to test this better with better knowledge and motivation or just direction on wha the heck I'm doing another time. 49:15 OHHHH Yeah I was wondering very briefly about this but ofcourse energy cannot be created or destroyed - therefore if there is energy use you must see how it is being delivered. I now better appreciated more good conceptions of reality. 58:05 I guess I need to be able to recall this to mind, the question is how and how do I know when I have a better approach? None the less it is good at confronting many areas like physics where I see issues being identified and yet what I see to be poorly reasoned persuits of those issues which is just using more of the same e.g. AI researchers don't seem to ask about if something is a fundamental problem with AI and if there is anything they can compromise or change in the fundamentals to proceed (which is a massive and non-boring/non-trivial process so I don't see the need to shy away but can also be quite simple in just identifying the issue but so many at least what I gather which granted could be based on stereotype will push on regardless of their remaining tools to actually solve the problem, although ofcourse brute force might accidentally end up working but I think it is always atleast worth considering as many alternatives as possible if you have the time which in these persuits we very much do) and also physisists seem very keen on new theories or extentions to theories but never backtracking, same as in technology, public transit is not the solution, this 20+year possibly impossible persuit into self driving is the way to go. I started this comment with poor reasoning on a downware trend off of medication with less working memory but my ability to manage it seems to have improved although I can see I am barely hanging on, constantly almost missing what the heck I was on about in a way that is just not present when medication is near its peak effect.

When she said we can recognize people's specific motions I totally tough on how I certainly know which member of my family is walking around the house!

Love these lessons. Thank you.

Information from the picture at about 5:00 in the video, (person running along the beach): Could also have deeper meaning, for example, an entity comes into existence on the right side of the picture until they are fully existent in the middle of the picture, and then cease to exist as they exit the picture on the left side of the picture. A compilation of life itself.

Great to have this online

Awww man I wanted to see the brain 🧠 , oh well I'm still thankful for these uploads MIT

I love this prof.

My answer to the question: 55:42 Does this show that this region is selectively responsive to faces? No, the problem with this experiment is that human faces are not more complex than objects but the brain only requires more blood flow because they have to differentiate the differences between each individual faces therefore lead to a higher neural activity. The objects recognition only require a brief scan because objects are clearly different (shapes) therefore it is not hard. Instead for this experiment, there should be 3 laptops or any three of a kind object.

thank you

Thank you so much!

I guessed two on the facial recognition test. I have a hard time with names sometimes, but not with faces it seems.

Philips ha concentrato tutte le rimanenti forze economiche su questo.

Your brain analogizes. Thank you.

So I recognized only two Dutch politicians... I wonder if that means I'm on the "super recognizer" end of the gradient lol. Great lecture btw. I'm working on my college applications and in the meantime trying to get good concepts of some of the basics of Neuroscience and neurobiology. These OCW lectures have been so helpful!

good work

Notice that "mind" is inextricably connected to physical events, whether self-monitoring, or external, environmental event. Useful solely for prediction, a brain enables motor action quickly, unlike the slow hormonal and related processes of rooted organisms. Whenever representation or speculation arises, it may be subject to error. As prediction becomes more remote than immediacy, errors and dissociation increase. Any individual organism accumulates limited experience. While our symbolic signaling is prone to both error and abuse, the representations occurring in memory and prediction have utility in survival and reproduction. Thus due to the ever-changing nature of the universe - all detectable components being dynamic - selection, and consequently, or coevally, evolution occurs. The word "mind" is illusory in that it, like species or phenotype, it may be inaccurate over time in implying stasis, architecture. Brains and neurons respond, through constant dynamical change, not only in early development, but constantly with every divisible sensory experience. So, mind is process, constant comparison, of evolved useful factors of relationship, interoceptive/introspective with sensed exteriorly sensed changes. Speculation, hypothesis, contingently "factual" associations which preserved an individual organism in the past, or combinations of likely successful response, are heuristically distilled into a "me." We humans are obligate social, so dependent upon our kind, for education in order to survive, that it requires long years of such nurturance to survive. We are "altricial", as opposed to other obligate social and less socially dependent, more precocial animals. The manipulative capacity of our hands and brachiation coevolved with the manipulative capacity of our brains and other sociodynamic factors. We manipulate not only through speech and coalitional organization, but may persist in simulatory, representational, error, for many, many generations. That comment focuses only upon vulnerabilities to error, but such focus is useful to individuals subject to unwarranted assumptions that may persist in any field of endeavor.

You suggested that LEDs placed on the body in a dark room still gives rise to the perception of a person. I saw exactly that at Burning Man in Nevada. Fascinated me …

Faces go under the same category and then details are scanned Objects go under different category...without dealing with details Amazing Brain... Brain tries to know itself!

Great clip

Good explanation 👏 👍 👌

Looking at a physical brain and trying to figure out how it works is perhaps the more difficult task than to find polinomial time algorithm for solving NP hard problem.

In 7th grade we dissected a sheep's eye and I think about R.... Reflective property of the inside of the ship's eye gave it great night vision.... I've been jealous of that sheep for 23 years

21:29 Here she mistook L for I; I think she meant to say "...it's making inferences about I, the illuminant..."

Makes me curious if you could force the use of peripheral vision and see how much faster a human can recognize an animal that has forward facing (predator eyes) vs. Side view non-predatory animals or humans.

About the face features. It's also possible that the brain fine-tunes its feature extraction for faces on the distribution of faces it is exposed to most of the times. Ex. if you were to move to a different country where the structures of faces initially feels very similar, your brain would probably start look for novel discriminative features that it did not learn before. So, if that adaptation is considered, then probably it is some high level feature extraction that is really allowing us to distinguish faces? (As opposed to storing template of some sort).

What appears in my mind is the next logical signal of deviation, what do I see wrong, .. what is the next thing I notice wrong,.. what do I see as the continuing sequence of deviation? Recognition, pattern, identification.

I was actually able to get the right answer(2 people) in the number of people in the photos demo by recognizing face shape and features. However I learned and practiced portrait drawing for few years and trained myself to analyze people’s facial features individually so that might have affected it but I was taken little a back when she said you can’t do it.

Esta palestrante e bióloga linde Nobre

в эксперименте про узнавание по фото мне вообще сначала показалось, что там везде один человек... потом вроде заметила непохожую фотку и решила, что максимум их 2. но я так и не поняла, угадала я или нет

Great lecture! My question is: is an engineering approach best for these topics, or for evolution topics? I think it’s limiting.

Do the monkeys at 12.24 min with only 2 cone types in their retina then have a red-green colour blindness?

44:42 I saw pretty quick there were only 2 people. Only C3 threw me, but then I worked out that was just the facial hair pattern, and there wasn't any facial hair pattern to reference, so I stuck with 2.

The very good question comparing prosopagnosia to ability to distinguish individuals by hand, brings up other, often dynamical, ID variance. First alerted in early childhood by a mother who emphasized ID of often absent father (in Navy, deployed for months at a time) by gait, and being involved in precise physical arts, i noticed the acquired ability to tell pianists' hands, the bodies and motion of those significantly in ballet, as opposed to other physical arts and sports, with the exception of some ball sports, the difference between those who had been trained in hatha yoga and other flexible disciplines (it is dynamical, motion-quality perception). For a long time, i would question strangers with my guesses, being correct to an extreme level since mid-adolescence. Perceptual cues, then, are individual, yet vary culturally. We know that giraffes and so many other patterned mammals i've studied, that cues useful to species tend to be rather specific, though so many birds and mammals can recognize individuals, including humans, from some i've noted or implied. Some unexploited or unabused animals appear to learn quite quickly. We ourselves too often reject that this process is quite conscious, as search imaging is highly useful across taxa.

The pictures about 45:10 are tricky because they're clearly taken at very different ages and with different hair styles and facial hair styles. It's much harder to say if two pictures belong to the same person if they're taken years apart..

This video does not have subtitles😕 it helped me so much with others.

kinda confusing (for me) distinguishing between memory and recognition

I was looking for a video on the brain i could sorta half watch while cooking. 3 videos later im 100% committed to this course 😂 im even goin elsewhere to find and watch the demos and such which have been cut from these videos, , and finding the papers referred to that have been given as reading material to the student Even better to know there are dozens of courses posted to this channel. Im guna have 5 theoretical degrees in a couple months 😂

I wish the Dutch experiment can be run with subjects of super recognizers! I am so curious whether they do have some superior abstract models to help them recognize faces. Or do they just have superior memories of faces? I probably confirmed myself of an underperforming system: although I watched Nancy’s lectures from the previous year and remembered that there were very few people’s faces, I still couldn’t help guessing 20……

Explore Golgumbaz with Guide Jahangir

mit 저런 질문 문화 너무 부럽다..

This was particularly interesting for me as someone who is bad at recognizing faces. Not the worst end of the spectrum, but still quite awkward + bad vision. I also know some people who are super-recognizers, and yes, they say they have to hide it not to come off as creepy 😂

About the perceived color of the car (21:15) If the color of the car is the same in all images, and the illuminant is of different color in each image, I'd think that the light coming from the car should not be grey? (The light coming out from the car should be red-green-yellow-blue respectively, because that wavelength is what we see. Hence we are deceived about the original color of the car.) If the car did not reflect red light in the first image and green in the second image and so on, I would not be able to see the cars in those colors, respectively. So, I find it confusing when you say that "the light coming out from each car is the same: grey". The light coming out from each car would be grey when they are illuminated with a white light but in this case, the cars do not reflect grey light: They reflect the colors that we actually perceive and report. Is this not true?

I have been watching you For a while You have a problem to explain your point

44:40 is further evidence that a blind person suddenly gaining sight wont recognize something by sight alone

I'm guessing "2% routinely fail to recognize family members" means in a clinical setting rather than real world scenarios? If the latter I would expect a slight correlation with IQ since IQ would probably correlate with ability to rapidly use other identifying features and context to figure out who someone is.

I wish I could see the brain dissection

very interesting class, but is this a class aspiring to code or just to understand the brain.

I guessed it was "one" dutch politician within a second. Not because I'm good with faces but because I knew it would be another sneaky trick! After a few more seconds I thought to myself "possibly two" because they would try throw off the people who guess "one" by reasoning the way I did.

Im new to the subject so im just speculating, but I think we write the code as we are looking at the face longer, maybe using a different more general code at first. Upon meeting people I sometimes think two people look alike but then after some time they absolutely don’t. With twins, it takes a long time but eventually you can easily see the differences. Im Dutch but I didnt recognize the politicians as I was still a child back then. I only saw two people when paying attention and when time ran out I assumed it would be 3 or 4 people based on hair differences. Im wondering if my subconscious mind had seen these people before and made it easier for me. One of the two guys had a very distinctive nose for me that popped up throughout the figure.

How do I access readings given in the course? When I try to open the links provided, I am being asked to purchase. Is there any other way to read them?

how about a functional form of logical functions with firstly classing and categorising data and information to see if we can define a pattern structure to possibly define a relation between one piece of data and information and another to then build a mathematical model of relativity between the two. thus thereby proving its existence in the real environment. don't have a logic model you can understand I can give you one. outside of that we have cause/presence = effect logic but this has two flaws associated to it.

"How does the mind rise up from the brain, from the "phisical thing" ?" this is the biggest question indeed. BUT. are we actually ready for an inversion of the "dance" ? does anyone in Neuroscience field can conceive the opposite question? "How the physical thing came out from the mind"? Maybe We are already livng in "the answer", maybe WE ARE the answer, even without knowing how it comes. Pure blindness is working, telling us we are separate existence from i.e. the milky way or the smallest grain of sand on the beach. Blindness actually generated from the mind itself. We shall play better the game in the "consciousness" field? It' beyond the mind, the KNOWER of the mind. Paolo

Ok so the face recognition somewhere near 44 min. I answered 2, and this blew my mind. The picture I didn't think was up long enough. Almost Instantly I went from unknown number to less than 10 and less than 4. I know I consciously only scanned the top two rows. I only did more than a scan with the left most 3 or 4 on top row and second row. In the time the picture was on screen I had narrowed it down to two. Not having enough conscious time to focus on each picture. I thought there was no way there is only two, maybe there's more. And the experiment ended.

Wow..

I understand the problem of create requirements in system engeneering but ...if the mind is not the brain the requirement maybe come from another understanding

any time is it

I enjoy this but i am on the side of I know whats in the box befor the box even got to where it is to be filled with whatever is in there am i going to tell you or myself not likely. :)

Hey uhm I have this question that interests me. In cognitive science with those that are maping the information hopefull. How would you specificly identify a thought being from the acurate individual. I know we have thoughts in different levels one that is stimuli that sends signals throughout the body very basic next possibly instinct or eukarot interchanges if your going into cells anyway then likely are actual physical interactions with other objects or people in the physical sharing ideas and influencing feels from or outer physical actions i am christian though this has little to do with tgat but I beleive in another before our spirit that also interacts in a higher level then what we accept to experience as is. If computers start lookong at these and recording them and subjecting an individual to ownership of the idea this could be the most dangerous issue with the future of that tech. So are there any precautions for this?

Thoroughly enjoying this. Actually learning things!! One criticism tho: I can't hear what the students are asking. It would be a big help if the teacher could repeat the question before answering it: ie. "The student asked X."

Does anyone have course 3? Thank you for ye lectures btw! Nancy is awesome

Gotcha . Kerry ldd 88 , spazio grigio , cool stuff or Francesca vidotto. Nancy got some fun to create a visual overlap , and metacomucation level to get some extra attention, and explain how a trained neural network can receive a message like multiple layer vpn.

I did it!! I saw 2 faces only! 😂 waiting for my brain to be scanned

Do color blind people have a different inference for the colors that they see? similar to the gray car demonstration.

The "two percenters": What evolutionary advantage does this give (poor face recognition) and therefore why was it retained in the gene pool? It would surely help to have been able to recognize members of your own family or tribe in order to avoid those nasty people from the other tribe down the valley. (Excellent lecture series BTW.)

i wish i was there to ask the question but i would wanted to to know attraction would they be more attracted to a woman with make up or is there even part of the face that they would notice at all in that way ...

The experiment with the multiple faces being two people doesn't really explain super recognizers though, does it? And it's quite possible that they were able to instantly recognize their own friends from photos because they've seen them in real life. I wonder how the results would have changed if they were allowed to see the two people in the multiple photos in real life even once before.

im here

I think that we also have the problem these days is that we are exposed to more people these days, not just family, but people on the media. I would expect more older people to suffer from prosopagnosia, than younger people, because they have more lifetime of meeting people.

i did it first try