The Hughes OH-6 Cayuse, an American single-engine light helicopter, was conceptualized and manufactured by the renowned aerospace firm, Hughes Helicopters. Its official moniker originates from the Cayuse people, while the colloquial term "Loach" is derived from the acronym for the Light Observation Helicopter (LOH) program, which was the initiative that commissioned the helicopter.
Designed in response to the United States Army Technical Specification 153 issued in 1960, the OH-6 was intended to succeed the Army's Bell H-13 Sioux fleet. Hughes Helicopters' Model 369, which was contending against designs from Fairchild-Hiller and Bell, conducted its inaugural flight on 27 February 1963. The Model 369 featured a unique teardrop-shaped fuselage engineered for crash resistance and optimal visibility. Additionally, its four-bladed, fully articulated main rotor enhanced its agility, making it an ideal choice for personnel transport, escort and attack missions, and surveillance duties. In May 1965, the U.S. Army granted Hughes a production contract.
The OH-6 began serving the U.S. Army in 1966 and was immediately deployed in the Vietnam War. It was often operated in tandem with helicopters like the Bell AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter, using "hunter-killer" tactics to expose and neutralize hostile ground targets. The OH-6 played a crucial role as it attracted enemy fire and identified targets for other platforms such as the AH-1 to engage. A secret mission in 1972, known as the Vinh wiretap, saw two heavily modified OH-6As used by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) via Air America to intercept high-level Vietnamese communications, yielding valuable intelligence. Reportedly, 964 out of the 1,422 OH-6As produced for the U.S. Army were lost in Vietnam.
In 1967, due to cost increases for the OH-6, the U.S. Army reopened bids for up to 2,700 additional airframes, over and above the 1,300 OH-6s already contracted. After a competitive evaluation and a sealed bid process, Hughes lost the contract to Bell, leading to the production of the rival Bell OH-58 Kiowa. The OH-6/Model 369 was subsequently produced under license by the Japanese aerospace company Kawasaki Heavy Industries for both military and civilian use. The design also evolved into a civilian helicopter, the Model 500, which was continued into the 21st century by MD Helicopters as the MD 500.
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