@Won Jun Lee there is logic there but people said the same about the moon landing. Now the space industry is worth billions globally and the world relies on space technology for communication and navigation. We never really know what the future holds and the impact of this may have many unseen benefits.

Yeah, me too. I'll get back to you in a year. Hopefully we'll see many years of observations from TESS.

@@WSCLATER If you really believe that then why watch it? I don't think that TESS is imaginary.

Thanks, I'm glad you're enjoying it.

Yep, I'll come back around in a year and give another update.

Thanks!

Thanks for watching!

Email NASA, ask them for the name change.

That's all NASA footage. :-)

I know, I'm so excited!!! We're in the final month before the calendar changes to *the* month that James Webb, god willing, will finally launch in, after all those years of patience, delays, uncertainties, and the like. We get closer every day, and I've been getting exponentially more nervous every day lol.

Hah, true. I liked that image so much I used it for the thumbnail.

We just need more time. It'll take at least 3 years to confirm Earth-sized worlds taking a year to go around a sunlike star.

It's a very cool idea. Professor Kipping is a really original thinker and a great communicator. I hope the idea gets considered more deeply.

TESS needs to make 3 observations to detect a planet, and it's only been going for a year. So any planets it discovers will have short orbital periods. Over the years, it'll start turning up the planets with even longer orbital times. It needs three years to discover a planet that takes a year to go around its star.

CharlesTheBanHammer that’s my question also. All the planets mentioned have short orbital periods.

That was what Kepler was going to do before its reaction wheels failed. TESS is just going to keep scanning, building up transit candidates and letting other telescopes do the follow on observations.

Yes, there's no reason why TESS couldn't operate for years. It'll need 6 years to confirm an Earth-sized planet with a 365-day orbit around another star.

You can measure the temperature directly with an infrared telescope like Spitzer and ground-based observatories. It's the kind of thing that James Webb will be doing a lot of.

We really don't know if evolution could get started, we'll need to actually find examples of worlds like this and then determine if there's any life there by searching for biosignatures in the atmospheres.

Yes, there's the direct detection and a few others. I'll probably do a video on this at some point.

@@frasercain Thanks for answering.

No problem, thanks for watching my videos. :-)

I was thinking about that. I wonder if amateurs could try to do follow on observations of transiting events, to try and detect planets with longer transit times.

@@frasercain I would say so, with some caveats. I recall it took me quite some time just to be able to really do anything with the data. At the time just demo data, but with the same format as to what the actual data would look like. I'm in computer sciences and I would still say wrapping your head around the data format and how to use the api wasn't straightforward. This may have changed now that it's been going on for a while, perhaps some people have come up with a convenient wrapper to download whatever you're interested in without having to do it all yourself. As for transit events, I didn't quite get to have a working script myself, but I had a look at a bunch of approaches that had been used for Keppler (which had similar data type in many respects). There were quite a many relying on neural networks, mostly from academia (or perhaps those were the most available as open source projects, there may be selection bias there). Those tended to be quite involved - some level of data cleaning required. I am not 100% certain this would be mandatory to find anything interesting (persumably if you're a post-doc, you're going to get fancier than the average amateur astronomer). The good thing about this approach, now that people have identified transit, is that training your network would be easier - you could those transit event as a training dataset and make your life much easier than having to go with clustering or other unsupervised training approaches. At any rate this route is quite involved. An easier route for an amateur might be to look at already identified transit even and peek deeper into the data...

Wait until LSST comes online and starts dumping its data onto the internet. That'll be hard to catch up.

@@frasercain Sorry for being so late to the party, but if you haven't encountered this yet: www.zooniverse.org/projects/nora-dot-eisner/planet-hunters-tess It's a really nicely organized way to find longer-period planets by using the pattern-matching neural net of "human brains". Enjoy!

Not yet. Only recently we managed to detect gravitational waves produced by two colliding black holes. We know how it works. We know it works. Unfortunately our detecting instruments are not yet up to the task of reaching resolution required for finding planet-sized objects. Give scientists and engineers a bit more time :)

You can determine mass by measuring how things orbit each other. That's why you have to use the radial velocity method to determine the mass of an exoplanet. I talk about that in this video: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/q6mEeqyp0rORlWg.html

We deserve a super-Earth too.

Right at the very end of the episode, I put a link to a playlist of related videos. You should see it in the last few seconds of the video.

@@frasercain I think I have found it! Is this what you meant?: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/bbJ8rKl32L-bio0.html If yes, I guess I'm blind to these end of the video links. Some kind of Ad blindness maybe?

Yup, that's it. I put a different playlist at the end of every video.

@@frasercain Oh! Silly me. Thank you for your replies and for the wonderful work you do for all of us space crazy people. Cheers

I like that idea. What are all the different techniques astronomers can use to learn as much as possible about a planet. I'll put that on my list of topics.

@@frasercain - nice, thanks, I think that suddenly could be relevant

Agreed.

Thanks! Glad you enjoy them.

Thanks a lot, we really appreciate your support.

Random as if they weren't random then the Transit Method wouldn't work. Remember the solar system is inclined over 60 degrees above the galactic plane.

Nope, it's totally random.

There are no plans right now. Getting to Mars is already going to be incredibly difficult. I can't imagine how tough it would be for a mission to Jupiter or Saturn.

There are a few, and they'll be able make those observations a little more quickly.

If you were close enough, you'd definitely feel the force of the gravitational waves as they pushed and pulled you apart. But the tidal forces would be even stronger, so you'd already be doomed.

It comes down to the region where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestrial planet.

Yes, this is already done through a technique called gravitational microlensing. You're looking for a star to get momentarily distorted because of the gravity of an object passing in front of it.

@@frasercain Thanks Fraser, I had also wondered if there was the possibility to detect Oort cloud objects thru occultations and I'll add to that gravitational microlensing now

He speaks those lines every time. I've tried convincing him to save time and reuse the old audio, but he likes doing it this way.

I do it each time so that the audio sounds consistent.

To know that a planet is there you need to look at it for at least a full orbit (to see two identical dips in the light curve). TESS is only looking at chunks of sky for 27 days at a time, there is some overlap so for some of them it has more time. The "poles" go up to 351 days. I am not sure if they could tease apart the information of longer orbit planets from multiple separate 27 days observations over the years but it is not going to be easy or fast if it is possible at all.

TESS is just getting started, it'll need multiple years before it can start turning up planets like Earth, which take 365 days to orbit.

If you have a gyroscope probably manipulate the position of it you can stop the tumbling

Could you use your arms like gyroscopes?

@@Drakcap that was my thought, but then what happens when you stop swinging your arms? does the overall rotation return? or is there a way (eg swinging your arms only at orthogonal angles) to overcome this?

@@Drakcap - I guess you can stretch them out and move in one direction, then take them in and move back to original position and repeat? Like rowing kind of? Rowing in space, probably look ridiculous but can save your life?

If you turned your arms like gyroscopes, yeah, I guess you could set yourself spinning?

It's only about 1% of planets that actually line up. So we're only discovering a fraction of the planets that are out there. Different methods will need to be used to find others.

@@frasercain Thanks for replying. Seems higher than expected when imagining the scale of our own system. Is there a tendency to be more likely to line up under the effect of our Galaxy's spiraling plane and the initial momentum of the particles before a solar system is formed?

Nope, it's totally random.

As the missions last longer, and make more observations, they'll see planets orbiting these hotter stars.

Than M types? That we can probably say definitely friendlier than M dwarfs especially in light of their flare activity since even quiet M dwarfs are relatively high flare stars, but for G types that is hard to say our only example of life is around a G type star but we now know or sun was on the lower end of the angular momentum distribution meaning the sun has been less active than the majority of G type stars. But also note that are Sun is on the upper end of the mass for a G type star has two gas giant planets which tend to be around higher mass stars. Ultimately there are many factors smaller stars are more active flare wise which will likely strip their planets of their initial atmospheres but they are also relatively stable and extremely long lived. More massive stars flare less or even not at all for stars more massive than our Sun due to being larger and more importantly for the largest stars lacking any convective layers, but they don't live any where near as long. Putting all that together I'd say we might find life around F, G and K stars but we can't rule out other possibilities. Simple life could probably evolve quite easily around A type stars though complex life probably wouldn't have enough time to form. M dwarfs could possibly harbor life the trick would be the ability to hold onto an atmosphere through their first few billion years its worth noting that as with all main sequence stars where they grow hotter as they age resulting in their "habitable zone" moving outwards, (Likely the unfortunate fate of Venus) so they might become habitable in billions to trillions of years from now.

I know it feels like we've been searching for planets for a long time, but we're really just at the beginning. :-)

That is the black hole that flared up. Even if the Milky Way became a full on quasar we wouldn't really notice it. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/qsyBo6hn2sjGY2g.html

It's based on the models they've created to calculate the formation of the early Solar System. You would expect the planets to get smaller in size as they get farther, but Neptune is actually little bigger than Uranus.

The year 3000...

Wrong type of stars.

Astronomers have scanned many of them and haven't turned up any planets yet. So if they do have planets, they aren't lined up perfectly with the Earth.

@@frasercain there must be another way to detect planets that doesn't involve them being "lined up". I mean if we are finding that many planets out there the odds favor many in our neighborhood. Thank you for reply, Mr cain

There are some other techniques, but they're not as good. We need the next generation of telescopes to come online.

If it was changing it's environment, I think we could recognize it

@@frasercain true. I was thinking we think of life moving, reproducing, and consuming.

Sure those things would be really obvious, but anything that seems to be out of balance would be an indication of life.

They're just the easiest ones to detect. Over time, TESS will turn up planets in longer orbits.

Not every gold-plated cylinder is Huygens. :-)

@@frasercain or are they? :o

It would be a pretty bad place. Hot on one side, dark on the other, just a thin region right at the terminator where life might be possible.

@@frasercain Maybe if intelligent life evolved on a tidally locked planet, they would think a non-tidally locked planet would be a bad place to be. I found this article about it, talking about the possible atmosphere and climate. arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1405/1405.1025.pdf

Hah, great point. But it's really all about the amount of usable solar energy that comes into the system that defines how vibrant life can be. If you've only got the terminator, you don't get as much activity.

Hah, let's find out.

It would be very very cold.

@@frasercain For those of us not in Canada that might not be the worst thing. On a serious note, what would be the habitable zone for the sun at that point?

You would get a habitable zone that's about 1% the distance of the Earth to the Sun.

@@frasercain Hey Fraser. Just wanted to thank you for answering my question and for all you and your team do. I really enjoy your videos and try not to miss any. Your calm and even delivery is surprisingly rare and makes your videos really accessible to people of all backgrounds

TESS orbits to several hundred thousand kilometers away. CHEOPS will be in a low-Earth orbit, just 700 km altitude.

Here's an episode we did about space-based navigation systems: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/mcx5qLKWkpu4iGg.html

Thanks

No problem. :-)

Very cool. That would have given me more to work with. Would they available to use in our videos and articles?

Awesome, let us know if we can use them in our videos.

Maybe? But something that's dense could still be detected. The strange thing with dark matter is that it doesn't interact with regular matter, or itself.

Give it time. They need three observations to confirm a planet. So it would take 3 years to find Earth. And it's going back and forth from hemisphere to hemisphere, so it'll need 6 years to find an Earth.

I didn't actually play the FF series. I was playing tabletop RPGs and then I shifted over to strategy games on the computer.

Fraser Cain Earth2025???

No, haven't played that either.

I don't think astronomers know what that connection is. It would be a convenient time, though, helping to counteract climate change.

They'll be fascinating planets to explore in more depth once James Webb comes online.

@@frasercain Hey Fraser, i been watching one video about Voyager 1 and that its heading to Gliese 445 and should reach it in about 40k years. I am curious about why Gliese 445, Gliese 581 and Gliese 667 solar systems are called Gliese ? Are they in the same Constellation and why are they called Gliese ? Does name Gliese actually mean anything? Thanks ! :)

Yes, but then it'll take 3 years to make your first observation. All the planets found so far are orbiting quickly. Then over the years, astronomers will announce planets more like Earth. It'll take 6 years of observations before TESS can confirm a planet like Earth.

TESS isn't looking for meteors, it's helping us learn if there planets out there like Earth. There are different telescopes which are watching the skies for dangerous meteors. The biggest one will be the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope which will come online in 2021 and find pretty much all the dangerous spacerocks in the skies.

TESS is tracking each dimming, but they're not confirming the planet until three observations. Since they're doing each hemisphere for a year, that means 6 years of data before the earth-sized worlds start turning up around sunlike stars.

@@frasercain I get it, my question is, how likely is TESS will point in a given patch of sky, it will be able to observe 3 dimming of a Earth like planet in that six years of period? Will it remember previous dimming from older observations? Will they change schema of observations after two years of primary mission? Don't get me wrong, I think TESS is a great idea and a step forward. I just think finding Earth like planet around Sun like star would be much more thrilling and is more difficult. And maybe it is worth a new mission that will find all possible G type stars and look for the planets around them. Great video though, please keep them coming.

It covers each patch of sky for 27 days and then moves on. So eventually it'll start finding planets with a year-long orbit. And after many years, it will have detected many of the planets perfectly lined up. And there are other missions coming to help out in this task.

Yeah, on average. So... hot.

Fraser Cain 67C in the video

The kinds of nuclear explosions we could create probably wouldn't be visible too far off into space.

Yes!

Fraser Cain that is awesome! Not like a hotdog awesome but truly awesome

Here's an article that talks about it: www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/kelt-9b-hottest-hot-jupiter/

James Webb will do the follow on observations of these worlds.

And it's just getting started.

@@frasercain 💕🚀🌍

Like, the Deaththrone song?

@@frasercain indeed 😂😂

Sure, let me know when they respond.

Are you wanting to find the QAs or the regular episodes? But yeah, I'm definitely not going to go down the clickbait path.

Whoa, give TESS a few more years to find a good target.

Astronomers will make predictions based on what they can detect and what we already know about planets. So, some things are just calculations, like whether or not a planet is in the habitable zone. Other times they can actually detect chemicals in the atmosphere, or the temperature.

It's going to happen. It'll launch... I hope...

Because it’s the star. In the WMC naming system, the brightest member of a star system receives the letter "A". If additional planets are discovered later I guess they’ll be named with the first letter available, irrespective of position. Something similar has already happened with Saturn’s rings.

As Pat said, the star gets the "a" and then the planets are given letters in order of discovery date.

We've only looked a tiny little bit.

Webb will help study them, but TESS is the finder scope. It's the mission that's going to discover all the candidates that Webb and others will follow up on.

We don’t do these research because “it’s fun”. We do them because data are valuable, every sort of data, even what seems boring to you. I don’t even know if the James Webb will be useful for exoplanets. It’s been designed to detect mainly in the infrared to look deeper into space than Hubble and explore the oldest galaxies as they were soon after the the Big Bang.

There's James Webb and about 10 other ground and space-based telescopes coming. Did you ever see this video? kzfaq.info/get/bejne/q6mEeqyp0rORlWg.html

As always, blame it on my hilarious Canadian accent.

@@frasercain :)))) it makes sense now! Nice reply, thx!

You're about 3x the actual number and I have 4 full time staff that I pay as well as other part time people.

Fraser Cain wow, I guess it’s not just that easy as just putting a video together I guess there is more that goes into it..I been subscribed for a while now

Well, not quite. You can see the strippers from a very close distance while these exoplanets are just dips in the luminosity of their parent star. We can “detect” them but we cannot actually “see” them.

It's tough, but the first step is just learning all we can.

@@frasercain About the strip club? Or about the strippers?

I was talking about planets, I'm not sure where your mind was going. ;-)

@@frasercain For some reason, every time I come back to this thread I'm reminded of that Family Guy song about 'Canadian Nudie Bars' kzfaq.info/get/bejne/hdWWhJl5trjOoZc.html

At this point JWST will probably go up in about 2 years. The last inspection by NASA is turning out pretty accurate.

@@frasercain I'm just thinking they may be over egging the pudding, due to the scale of the project, that is adding to the testing time. Nevermind the thought of a launch accident on such a large one-chance endeavour. Bullets have to be bitten at some point and checking something 6 times doesn't mean the seventh won't break. But, hey, It'll be fine :-)

That's the real objective of project Artemis, to save those Tardigrades!

They're probably alive up there, but they're not happy. :-)

Mini-Uranuses. It just doesn't roll off the tongue in the same way.

@@frasercain that's what she said 😂

Hey, you brought up all this Uranus talk.

you are of course right. some things better remain untouched. and uranus might be one of them.

Says who?

@@Top_Weeb Wikipedia: Wilhelm Gliese German pronunciation: [ˈɡliːzə]

Katsu Zatoichi That looks like the way Fraser says it to me.

@@Top_Weeb - yes, i agree

@@Top_Weeb Nope, [i:] is a long i, and is pronounced like the double e in 'cheese'

That’s positive thinking! Hubble was sent into orbit timely and it had problems that needed to wait for astronauts to be fixed. There’s no way we can fix JWT in space, that’s why they are taking their time to make sure everything goes smoothly.

@@pansepot1490 I agree but NASA bloat and it was born in the last decade so I think that a moon landing scope is a better boondoggle I am a space dreamer but politics and budgets have been wasted and critics will block the next great thing

At this point the telescope is almost completely tested, and the last investigation by NASA set a pretty accurate date. It's not a huge effort at this point, just send it to South America and launch it as planned.

@@frasercain I hear its to go 2021 really