One erratum noticed in the comments: The Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake, not freshwater lake. The world's largest freshwater lake is Lake Superior.

When I first learned of Cassini's end of mission, to my surprise, I actually cried. Slmost anything about man's exploration of space wets my eyes. It's all so profoundly beautiful.

Can't help but learn every time I tune in to this channel. Thank you.

Wow, little did I know what I would find when I clicked on this recommended video. Very impressed, and looking forward to more. Subscribed.

I couldn't help but laugh at your Attack on Titan pun, complete with the opening music to the anime. Spot on. Great vid as well. Now I have to go find the other vids in this series.

Hurray the series continues. We live in interesting times when it comes to astronomy, well probably not just astronomy but ... I actually shed a tear when Cassini send it´s final signal to earth. You´ll probably need some animations yourself should your channel grow. Keep it up!

You do never disappoint! I really enjoyed the animated diversion on Dutch pronunciation.

Excellent production! No annoying background music. Thank you.

Great video but your model of the water molecule is incorrect. The oxygen atom has two lone pairs of electrons, not one. The hydrogen atoms in a water molecule are actually occupying the corners of a tetrahedron. The angle deviates slightly from what you would expect in a true tetrahedron because of electrostatic interactions. In this way the electron pairs and bonding electrons obtain maximal spacing around the oxygen atom. Just FYI. 😀 PS I'm a chemist so I'm admittedly a little picky. However, please don't think I disliked your video. On the contrary, I don't know how you don't have more subscribers. Your channel is excellent.

The defining trait for a desert is the amount of precipitation received, not the amount of water present. Antarctica is the world's largest desert, and it contains lots of water.

What a awesome video, loved it! Hands down the best documentary on Titan there is, I learned so much from this. Good job

So glad you're back! Thanks for the new video.

I'm very happy to have found this channel. Some one recommended it in the comments of Isaac Arthur's newest video. Parallaxicality, you do an excellent job of making this fascinating and entertaining. After watching this, I went over to the SciShow to compare presentation and style, and I like yours much more. You go into detail, use good graphics without making it cartoonish, and you don't implicitly insult your viewers by dumbing it down. This is way, way, way better.

A note on the unique chemical properties of water. Some of those unique properties that make water essential to life on Earth also make water hazardous to life on Earth. For example, the fact that water expands when it freezes. This property prevents lakes and rivers from freezing solid during the winter and protects aquatic life, but it also makes complex life on Earth sensitive to cold........which is partly why that aquatic life needs to be protected from freezing to begin with. Because water expands when it freezes, it causes damage to our bodily tissues if the water in our bodies is allowed to freeze. The expanding water-to-ice transition causes damage to our bodily tissues (ruptured cell membranes, torn capillaries, etc., etc.). If life were based on methane chemistry instead of water chemistry, it is possible that it might not be so sensitive to freezing. Instead of killing a methane-based lifeform, freezing the methane might just cause it to go into a dormant state until it thaws and resumes its activities. Heck, the lifeform might even be capable of functioning with a certain amount of solid methane in its system. In that case, it might not matter all that much that methane exists in liquid form over a fairly narrow temperature range on Titan. Freezing and thawing might just be part of its life cycle during the seasonal variations.

Soooooooo glad to see you back.

You pronounced “Huygens” correctly...you’re braver than I am!

Excellent video! I enjoyed it immensely and I learned so much. This is one of the best channels on KZfaq. Thanks and have a good night! 😊💕

Awesome! Been waiting for this!

dude, I dig your prose. good, thorough coverage

Ahh gosh yesss needed this! More of Titan😍🟠

Sorbet: a dessert made of water.

Wow, this is the type of video I was looking for for quite some time, even suggested it to Isaac Athur. Video on how exactly life could look/work like on a totally different type of planet. Love it! You've got a new subscriber

i dont understand why this channel hasnt got more subs...it is a naration beauty edit: thank you for the like

Fantastic video! A great amount of scientific detail, making it highly compelling, but easy to understand. Overall it's very interesting and informative and massively entertaining. Thank you!

I had a story idea that involved intelligent beings on Titian discovering the Huygens probe and debating where it came from. But these beings have an extremely slow metabolism, to the point that 1 second for us would be like an hour to them. One scientist suggest the object bight have come from Earth, but the idea is laughed at. Earth would be far to hot to support life, with oceans of molten lava and even rock vapor in the air. Remember, for them ice would be rock, and water would be lava.

This has become a great and highly informative video! I'm glad to be able to be part of it. :-) BTW Your pronunciation of Huygens is actually spot on!

Your videos are so good man 👍🏻😀. Great job and thank you!

Best documentary ever. Good job

This channel is amazing :D

Excellent video. i thoroughly enjoyed it, start to finish.

Subscribed... And well narrated.

If you’re francophone, “ui/uy” is pronounced like “œil” (eye in French). ❤️🇳🇱 Phrenomythic is indeed a great channel, and he and PZ Myers shared info about what exobiology could be.

I am going to spend the rest of my morning trying to annunciate Huygens. I do not think I have been close once.

Like the title! Good documentary here, thanks.

7:04 guy in bottom right won the " who has the biggest competition ". just look at the reaction of the guy below him

Keep feeding us this massive content bravo.

At one point in the presentation, I half expected you to say, "Ancient Astronaut theorists say, 'Yes!'"

Fantastic compilation of accessable information. Good work.

Greetings from Sweden. Keep up your great work!

this is such a damn great episode, I love this one is my fav, I think? lol

Nice video.

Thanks for an excellent lecture!

Parallaixicality, you are one gifted science writer. If I was a talent-head at NatGeo or the Discovery Network... (I hope more people find your channel) :)

Awesome

Great video ! 👍🏻

Very nice, thanks

Excellent science vid. I never realized how chemically weird water is!

The way he tried to teach ducth was priceless.

Love ur vids xxxxx

This is fascinating

14:27 Sure as hell didn't see that one coming.

With methane as a non-polar solvent, proteins could still be forced to fold in a certain way, but inside out from those immersed in water. Their polar parts would be forced away from the methane, while the oil-like nonpolar parts would fold outward. small proteins could even dissolve into methane, much as long-chain hydrocarbons can dissolve into lighter solvents in the way that waxy components do in gasoline or diesel fuel.

Damn this was a good video!

I have a question. Why did the probe that landed on Titan die so quick? Why didn't it last months or more?

i think the point at which life starts to truly thrive should be known as the tribble point.

Good work done here.

The "G" sound in Dutch is especially challenging. But if you walk into an American store and ask for Gouda they will jump back thinking you are going to spit on them, then tell you they had never heard of it.

That intro man... Wow! You sound so much like Carl Sagan. Not your voice, but the way you talk, the words you use. If only you had that deep, soothing, introspective voice of the late great Carl Sagan. But you got the rest down. The way he can make you feel so small yet still comforting, you got that.

24:55 - Your explanation of water's polarity is incorrect. Oxygen doesn't steal electrons from hydrogen -- that would be an ionic bond, as exists between sodium and chlorine in table salt. Water has covalent bonds, wherein electrons are shared between atoms, but that is also not the reason why water is polar. Water is polar because oxygen has two matching pairs of electrons that need space to exist in its outer electron shell, and because electrons always repel each other, the arrangement works out to a 3-sided pyramid -- two of the four points are occupied by electron pairs, and two of the four points are occupied by hydrogen atoms sharing their electrons with the oxygen atom. This puts the hydrogen atoms at a 120° angle from each other, so the side of the water molecule with the two sets of paired electrons is negatively charged (because electrons are negatively charged), and the side of the water molecule with the two hydrogen atoms is more-or-less neutral -- which means it has a _relative_ positive charge compared to the negatively-charged opposite side.

Goodbye Cassini the spacecraft!

Interesting!

The toe tag at 27:41 is tantalizingly interesting.

Great video!!! Titan is interesting

Looks at nick having cameos. Nice. Still can’t say Huygens tho haha

Nice someone else spotted that prediction of life on Titan! Yay!

If no life is discovered there, all these ideas on how life could exist can eventually be engineered with nanotechnology. It is bitter sweet to think of all the exciting things that could happen hundreds of years after we die.

I want a Le Verrier/Lassel orbiter for Neptune already.

Rather trivial but what music is playing at the end of the video ?

Is there lightening on Titan?

Wow, infra-red rainbows during methane showers on Titan, wow I never heard that before!

can you talk about Neptune Or Pluto Next Please? Its My One And Only Dream!

Very good video. But surely, being inside Saturn's mag field is one of the main reasons Titan can have an atmosphere? Size and distance from the sun as well, obviously. Just seemed weird to leave it out.

You god damn weeb using that god damn Shingeki no Kyojin meme. I laughed so hard at that. Bravo!

FYI, the Caspian sea is not a fresh water lake. It's brackish. It is the largest enclosed body of water on the planet (ie, lake), but the largest fresh water lake is Baikal, in Russia (by volume). In case you're interested, lake Superior is only the largest fresh water lake by surface area. It holds less water than Baikal, or Tanganyika.

Water isn't really H2O - it's constantly in flux between HO and H3O, swapping hydrogen atoms back and forth between water molecules. It swaps faster as it gets hotter, giving it yet another location to store energy. (along with vibrations/swaps of electrons, and neucleons).

I LOVE YOU I LOVE TITAN

Water is Kirby....

thank you thank you thank you ..... i love all science i watch and listen while i cook dinner for my 7 kids and wonderful wife i,ve been searching for new insights and new presentations of my fave topics and it seems i,ve found it ..... Moon's i'm fasinated and kyper belt objects and particulary the ortt cloud ....... you give deeper detail in susicent explanations and consice over views ...... i'd lole to write more ... but i'm getting distracted by hungry kids ... gotta keep cooking .. and please keep making this kinda content .......... thank you once again .. we here are all very Grateful ... if any one out there could recomend any channels on this kinda subject matter in particular .. or indeed and science .. we would also be very grateful ..... Peace ...

This is a great video but I've just had to pause it for onr momrnt to say that the Caspian Sea whilst being Earth's largest lake is in fact of salty water and not of fresh water. OK I'll continue my viewing now :).

Josh gates?

fun script👍👏👊Huygens😎. High quality* audio would really polish it up. buuut money. I really enjoy the storytelling format.

Pretty decent book report, you're parents should be proud!!!!!

Great content. For a person that does not speak Dutch or Afrikaans (I'm Afrikaans speaking), "Huygens" can be very tricky to pronounce. But great job in trying.

I just say HY-gens like everyone else, but thanks for lesson in Dutch pronunciation. It sucks that probe landed in the wrong spot. We’ll need to go back. Perhaps we need several smaller probes, sort of like a MIRV to ensure we land at least one into the right spot. We got back to Jupiter rather quickly, so it might happen. I know they are working on an orbiter for Neptune, so maybe before I die?

The nature of the solvent on which an entire biology is based is based is just one part of the mystery. Another question, at least as central to the mystery of life is the nature of the common backbone from which the physical structures of this new biome is to be made. In our reality, the backbone is made of carbon-carbon links, because of the makeup of the outer electron shell of the carbon atom. With 4 electrons it can function as either an electron donor or recipient, and form bonds in 4 different directions. Silicon has the same outer shell structure, so some have suggested that it could be the basis of a different form of life, but it is far less reactive than carbon for various reasons, and tends to make things like rocks and glass, not a promising starting place for a biome. Boron and Nitrogen bracket Carbon in the Periodic Table, and have 3 and 5 outer shell electrons respectively, so some have theorized that boron nitrides might be a promising backbone for a kind of life. Boron and nitrogen are abundant, at least here, and Boron nitrides are certainly more reactive than Si-Si, and they make crystaline structures analagous to graphite, graphene, Fullerine, nanotubules and diamond. On the other hand, if C-C and B-N are similar, I can't imagine why the latter would be preferred over Carbon in a shared environment. Hmmmm. Dunno... A mind is a terrible thing to waste...

I got lost in translation when "Huygens" came along.

11:04 Did he come back? Did he survive?

That desperate prayer for abiogenesis to refute creationism is so ironic.

Static magnets attract anything

Do you know you are a genius and a writer of the first order?

15:40 I'm pretty sure the Caspian Sea is not a freshwater lake, it's salty. I'd have to look it up but from what I remember it is less salty than ocean water but far from being considered fresh.

Water water everywhere but nor a drop to drink. In yer face Louis.

I heard Cassini had a gap in his teeth.

I did not expect attack on titan here but it did remind me of how disappointed I was when I realized that show was not about a space war on, for, or waged by the moon titan not even a sci-fi

13:31 thicc atomosphere

What about methanol? 1. Methanol is freely soluble in liquid methane (I would imagine). 2. Methanol is a weak analogue of water - but far 'superior' to methane and ethane in terms of being a 'mini' universal solvent. 3. I would suppose that UV photolysis of CH4 and H2O could create CH3OH and H2? Has methanol been detected there?

All looks like electrical discharge surface damage to me,

There's a diagram at 28:02 labelling part of Titans crust as being made of ice-six. Never having heard of this, Wiki informs me that ice can exist in 18 different phases, with many, many links as to the various definitions and properties of same. Perhaps a more intelligible description might make a useful appendix to this series?

I hear Neil Tyson when I hear you. Very nice story teller. MY hat off to you that you keep trying to pronounce Huygens the dutch way :-)

I'mm out of Cheese Balls.